BMEE203L – Engineering Thermodynamics

Module 4 – Second Law of

Thermodynamics
Dr. FEROSKHAN M
Associate Professor, SMEC
Module 4 – Second law of thermodynamics
Topic Date

30/09/2022
Limitations of 1st law
3/10/2022
Reservoirs, heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, COP
5/10/2022
K-P and Clausius statements, equivalence
7/10/2022
PMMs, Reversibility and Irreversibility
8/10/2022
Carnot's theorem
31/10//2022
Entropy, Clausius inequality, Tutorial
10/10/2022
Availability, irreversibility, quality of energy
10/10/2022
Second law efficiency
 Limitations of the 1st Law of TD
• Any process must satisfy the 1st Law of TD
• But satisfying the 1st Law does not ensure that
the process will actually take place
Examples:
• Hot Coffee
• Electric Heater
• Paddle Wheel

3
 Hot Coffee
• A cup of hot coffee does not get hotter in a
cooler room

4
 Electric Heater
• An electric resistor, on heating, will not
generate electricity

5
 Paddle Wheel
• Transferring heat to paddle wheel will not
cause it to rotate

6
 Limitations of the 1st law of TD…
• Processes proceed in a certain direction only
• The 1st Law places no restriction on the direction
of the process
• However, satisfying the 1st Law does not ensure
that a process can actually occur
• This drawback of the 1st Law is taken care by the
2nd Law of TD
• The 1st Law is concerned with the quantity of
energy while the 2nd Law is concerned with its
quality too

7
 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
• A hypothetical body with a large thermal energy
capacity (mCp) that can supply or absorb finite
amounts of heat without undergoing any change
in temperature is called as a Thermal Energy
Reservoir
• Examples are oceans, lakes, atmosphere, two
phase system, industrial furnace etc
• A reservoir that supplies energy in the form as
heat is called as Source and one that absorbs
heat is called as Sink
8
 Heat Engines
• Work can be converted to other forms of energy
but the reverse is not a straight forward process

• Work can be converted to heat directly and

completely but converting heat to work needs a
special device called Heat Engine

9
 Characteristics of a Heat Engine
• They receive heat from a high
temperature source
• They convert part of this heat
to work
• They reject the remaining
waste heat to a low
temperature sink
• They operate on a cycle

10
 Heat Engines…
• Heat engines involve a fluid to and from which
heat is transferred while undergoing a cycle
• That fluid is called a Working Fluid
• The term Heat Engine is used broadly to
include work producing devices that do not
operate on Thermodynamic Cycles (IC
engines)
• The working fluid is purged and replaced by a
fresh air-fuel mixture
11
 Steam Power Plant
• A Steam Power Plant is a device that fits the
definition of a Heat Engine

12
 Thermal Efficiency
• For the steam power plant,
Wnet,out=Wout-Win
Wnet,out=Qin-Qout
• The fraction of the heat input that is
converted to net work output is a measure of
the performance of the heat engine and is
called as Thermal Efficiency

13
 Thermal Efficiency…

Net Work Output

Thermal Efficiency ,  th 
Total Heat Input
Wnet,out
 th 
Qin
Wnet,out  Qin  Qout
Qin  Qout Qout
 th   1
Qin Qin

14
 Thermal Efficiency…
• For a Heat Engine,
Wnet,out  QH  QL
Wnet,out
th 
QH
QH  QL QL
th   1
QH QH

• QH and QL are positive quantities

15
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
Kelvin-Planck Statement
• It is impossible for any device that operates on
a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce a net amount of work

A heat engine that violates

the Kelvin-Planck
statement of the 2nd Law

16
 Refrigerators
• The transfer of heat from a
low temperature medium to a
high temperature medium is
facilitated by a device called
Refrigerator
• They operate in cycles
• The working fluid used in the
refrigeration cycle is called a
Refrigerant

17
Basic Components of a Refrigeration
System

18
 Coefficient of Performance (COP)
• The performance of a refrigerator is evaluated
by the COP
• The objective of a refrigerator is to remove
heat from a low temperature space and expel
it to a high temperature space
Desired Effect QL QL 1
COPR    
Work Input Wnet,in QH  QL QH 1
QL

• COP can be greater than 1

19
 Heat Pumps
• Heat Pump is another device
that pumps heat from low
temperature to a high
temperature medium
• The objective of a heat pump
is to maintain a heated space
at a high temperature
• This is done by absorbing
heat from a low temperature
source
20
 COP of a Heat Pump

Desired Effect QH
COPHP  
Work Input Wnet,in
QH 1
 
QH -QL 1  QL
QH

COPHP  COPR  1

21
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
Clausius Statement
• It is impossible to construct a device that
operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower
temperature body to a higher temperature body

A refrigerator that
violates the Clausius
Statement of the 2nd
law
22
 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and
Clausius Statements

Violation of Kelvin-Planck Violation of Clausius

23
Statement Statement
Perpetual Motion Machine (PMM)
• Any device that violates either the 1st or the
2nd Law of Thermodynamics is called as a
Perpetual Motion Machine
• Perpetual Motion Machines do not work
• PMM1 violates the 1st Law while PMM2
violates the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

24
 PMM1 and PMM2

PMM1 PMM
2
25
 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
• A Reversible Process is one that can be reversed
without leaving any trace on the surroundings
• Both the system and surroundings are returned
to their original states at the end of the reverse
process
• This is possible only if the net heat and work
exchange between the system and the
surroundings is zero for the combined process
• Processes that are not reversible are called as
Irreversible processes
26
Reversible and Irreversible Processes…
• Reversible processes do not occur in nature
• They are merely idealizations of actual
processes
• Engineers are interested in Reversible
processes because work producing devices
produce most work and work consuming
devices consume least work when operating
on reversible processes

27
 Irreversibilities
• The factors that cause a process to be
irreversible are called Irreversibilities
• They include Friction, Unrestrained Expansion,
Mixing of two fluids, Heat Transfer across a
finite temperature difference, Electric
Resistance, Inelastic Deformation of Solids and
Chemical Reactions

28
 Internally and Externally Reversible
Processes
• A process is called Internally Reversible if no
irreversibilities occur within the boundaries of
the system during the process
• A process is called Externally Reversible if no
irreversibilities occur outside the system
boundaries during the process
• A process is called Totally Reversible or simply
Reversible if it involves no irreversibilities
within the system or its surroundings

29
 Reversible Cycles
• Heat engines are cyclic devices that consume
heat and deliver work
• Work is done by the working fluid during one part
of the cycle and work is done on the fluid during
the other part
• The net work is the difference between the two
• The efficiency of a heat engine depends on the
net work
• The net work can be maximized by using
processes which require least amount of work
and deliver maximum work, i.e. Reversible
Processes
30
 Reversible Cycles…
• Therefore, the most efficient cycles are
Reversible Cycles, which have reversible
processes
• Reversible cycles cannot be achieved in
practice as the irreversibilities cannot be
eliminated
• But Reversible Cycles provide the upper limit
of performance of real cycles

31
 The Carnot Cycle
• The best known reversible cycle is the Carnot
Cycle, proposed by Sadi Carnot
• The theoretical heat engine that operates on
the Carnot Cycle is called the Carnot Heat
Engine
• It consists of four reversible processes-two
isothermal and two adiabatic

32
 The Carnot Cycle…

Reversible Isothermal Expansion Reversible Adiabatic Expansion

Reversible Isothermal Compression Reversible Adiabatic Compression

33
The Carnot Cycle…

Carnot Cycle on P-V

Coordinates 34
 The Reversed Carnot Cycle

The Reversed Carnot Cycle or The Carnot

Refrigeration Cycle 35
 Carnot Principles
• The efficiency of an
irreversible heat engine is
always less than the
efficiency of a reversible
one operating between
the same two reservoirs
• The efficiencies of all
reversible heat engines
operating between the
same two reservoirs are
the same

36
Proof of the Carnot Principles

37
 Carnot Efficiency
• The Thermal Efficiency of any heat engine,
reversible or irreversible is given as:
QL
th  1 
QH
• The Thermal Efficiency of a Carnot Engine (Carnot
Efficiency) can be written as:
QL TL
th ,rev  1  1
QH TH
• This is the highest efficiency a heat engine
operating between the two thermal energy
reservoirs at temperatures TL and TH can have
38
Actual and Carnot Efficiencies

< th,rev Irreversible Heat Engine

 th = th,rev Reversible Heat Engine
> th,rev Impossible Heat Engine
39
 Improving the Efficiency of Heat
Engines
• The Thermal Efficiency of a Carnot Heat Engine is:
QL TL
th ,rev  1  1
QH TH
• The efficiency increases as TH is increased or TL is
decreased
• This is also true for actual engines
• The Thermal Efficiency of actual heat engines can be
maximized by supplying heat to the engine at the
highest possible temperature and rejecting heat from
the engine at the lowest possible temperature
40
 Carnot Refrigerator and Carnot Heat
Pump
• A refrigerator or a heat pump that operates on
the reversed Carnot Cycle is called a Carnot
Refrigerator or a Carnot Heat Pump
1 1
COPR  
QH 1 TH 1
QL TL
1 1
COPHP  
1  QL 1  TL
QH TH
• These are the highest coefficients of performance
that a refrigerator or a heat pump operating
between the temperature limits of TL and TH can
have
41
 Actual and Carnot COPs

< COPR,rev Irreversible Refrigerator

COPR = COPR,rev Reversible Refrigerator
> COPR,rev Impossible Refrigerator
42
 Problem 1
A steam power plant with a power output of
150 MW consumes coal at a rate of 60 tons/hr. If
the heating value of the coal is 30,000 kJ/kg,
determine the overall efficiency of this plant.

Ans: 30%

43
 Problem 2
A coal burning steam power plant produces a net
power of 300 MW with an overall thermal
efficiency of 32%. The actual gravimetric air-fuel
ratio in the furnace is calculated to be 12 kg air/kg
fuel. The heating value of the coal is 28,000 kJ/kg.
Determine (a) the amount of coal consumed during
a 24-hour period and (b) the rate of air flowing
through the furnace.

Ans: (a) 2.89 X 106 kg, (b) 402 kg/s

44
 Problem 3
A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.2
removes heat from the refrigerated space at a
rate of 60 kJ/min. Determine (a) the electric
power consumed by the refrigerator and (b) the
rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air.

Ans: (a) 0.83 kW, (b) 110 kJ/min

45
 Problem 4
A household refrigerator that has a power input
of 450 W and a COP of 2.5 is to cool five large
watermelons, 10 kg each, to 8 0C. If the
watermelons are initially at 20 0C, determine
how long it will take for the refrigerator to cool
them. The watermelons can be treated as water
whose specific heat is 4.2 kJ/kg-0C.

Ans: 2240 s

46
 Problem 5
A completely reversible heat engine operates
with a source at 800 K and a sink at 280 K. At
what rate must heat be supplied to this engine,
in kJ/h, for it to produce 4 kW of power.

Ans: 22,150 kJ/h

47
 Problem 6
A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in
which the temperature is 25 0C. The refrigerator
consumes 500 W of power when operating and
has a COP of 4.5. Determine (a) the rate of heat
removal from the refrigerated space and (b) the
temperature of the refrigerated space.

Ans: (a) 135 kJ/min, (b) -29.2 0C

48
 Problem 7
Consider two Carnot heat engines operating in
series. The first engine receives heat from the
reservoir at 1800 K and rejects the waste heat to
another reservoir at temperature T. The second
engine receives this energy rejected by the first
one, converts some of it to work, and rejects the
rest to a reservoir at 300 K. If the thermal
efficiencies of both engines are the same,
determine the temperature T.

Ans: 735 K
49
 Problem 8
A refrigeration cycle having a coefficient of performance
of 3 maintains a computer laboratory at 18 C on a day
when the outside temperature is 30 C. The thermal load
at steady state consists of energy entering through the
walls and windows at a rate of 30,000 kJ/h and from the
occupants, computers, and lighting at a rate of 6000 kJ/h.
Determine the power required by this cycle and compare
with the minimum theoretical power required for any
refrigeration cycle operating under these conditions, each
in kW.
Ans: 3.33 kW, 0.41 kW

50
 Clausius Inequality
• The Clausius inequality is given as:
Q
T 0
• The cyclic integral of Q/T is always less than or
equal to zero
• It is valid for all cycles, reversible or irreversible
• The equality in the Clausius inequality holds for
totally or just internally reversible cycles and the
inequality for the irreversible ones

51
 Entropy (S)
• Entropy is a property designated by the
symbol S
 Q 
dS    kJ / K
 T int rev

• Entropy change of a system during a process

can be determined by integrating the above
equation
 Q 
2
S  S 2  S1    
1
T int rev

52
 Entropy…
• Entropy is a property and hence has fixed
values at fixed states
• The entropy change between two specified
states is the same irrespective of the path,
irreversible or reversible, is followed

53
 Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat
Transfer Process
• Isothermal heat transfer processes are internally
reversible since there is no finite temperature
gradient
2
 Q 
2
 Q  2
S         
1
 
 int rev
Q 
Q
1
T int rev 1  T0 int rev T0 1
T0

• The above equation is useful in determining the

entropy change of thermal reservoirs
• Heat transfer to the system increases the entropy
while heat transfer from it decreases the entropy

54
 Increase of Entropy Principle
• Consider a cycle having two processes: 1-2 is
any arbitrary process and 2-1 is a reversible
process

• From the Clausius inequality,

Q 2
Q  Q 
1

T 0
1
  
T 2  T int, rev
0

55
 Increase of Entropy Principle…
2
Q

1
T
 S1  S 2  0

2
Q
S 2  S1  
1
T
Q
dS 
T
2
Q
• S2-S1 is the Entropy Change and  T is called the
1
Entropy Transfer
• The Entropy change is always greater than
Entropy Transfer

56
 Increase of Entropy Principle…
• The Entropy Change can be written as
2
Q
S System  S 2  S1    S gen
1
T

• Sgen is always a positive quantity or is equal to

zero
• Sgen depends on the process and thus is not a
property of the system
• In the absence of entropy transfer, the entropy
change of a system is equal to the entropy
generation

57
 Increase of Entropy Principle…
• For an isolated system or an adiabatic closed
system, the heat transfer is zero

Sisolated  0

• The entropy of an isolated system during a

process always increases or, in the limiting case of
a reversible process, remains constant
• It never decreases
• This is known as the Increase of Entropy Principle

58
 Increase of Entropy Principle…
• As no actual process is truly reversible, it is
concluded that some entropy is generated
during a process
• The universe can be assumed as an isolated
system and hence the entropy of the universe
is continuously increasing
> 0 Irreversible Process
= 0 Reversible Process
S gen < 0 Impossible Process

59
 Some Remarks about Entropy
• A process must proceed in the direction that
complies with the increase in entropy principle,
i.e. Sgen  0
• Entropy is a non-conserved property. It is
conserved during the idealized reversible
processes only and increases during all actual
processes
• The performance of engineering systems is
degraded by the presence of irreversibilities, and
entropy generation is a measure of their
magnitudes

60
 Isentropic Process
• Entropy of a system can be changed by heat transfer
and irreversibilities
• So, entropy does not change during a process that is
reversible and adiabatic
• Such a process where entropy remains constant is
known as Isentropic Process
• Many engineering devices like pumps, nozzles, turbines
are adiabatic and they perform well when the
irreversibilities such as friction are minimized
• Therefore isentropic processes enable us to compare
with actual processes
61
 TdS Relations
• For a closed system, the energy balance is
Qint rev  Wint rev,out  dU
Qint rev TdS  dU  PdV
dS   Qint rev  TdS
T
Tds  du  Pdv
Wint rev,out  PdV
TdS  dU  PdV Gibbs Equation 
TdS  dH  VdP
h  u  Pv  dh  du  Pdv  vdP Tds  dh  vdP
du  dh  Pdv  vdP
dU  dH  PdV  VdP
TdS  dH  PdV  VdP  PdV
TdS  dH  VdP
62
 Important Relation
• For an ideal gas undergoing as Isentropic
Process
 1
 1
T2  P2    v1 
     
T1  P1   v2 

63
Entropy Change of an Incompressible
Substance
Tds  du  pdv
du p
ds   dv
T T
For incompressible substances, dv  0
du c p dT
 ds  
T T
On integratin g over a process1 - 2,
2 2
dT
1 ds  c p 1 T
T2
s2  s1  c p ln
T1
64
 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas
Tds  du  pdv Tds  dh  vdp
du p dh v
ds   dv ds   dp
T T T T
p R v R
pv  RT   pv  RT  
T v T p
du dh
Also cv  Also c p 
dT dT
dT R dT R
 ds  cv  dv  ds  c p  dp
T v T p
For a process1 - 2, For a process1 - 2,
2 2 2 2 2 2
dT dv dT dp
1 ds  cv
1
T
 R 
1
v 1 ds  c p 1 T  R 1 p
T2 v2 T2 p2
s2  s1  cv ln  R ln s2  s1  c p ln  R ln
T1 v1 T1 p1 65
 Entropy Balance
 Change 
 Total   Total   Total   
       in the Total 
 Entropy    Entropy    Entropy    
 Entering   Leaving   Generated   Entropy of 
       the System 
 
Sin  S out  S gen  S System
S System  S final  Sinitial  S 2  S1
Entropy Transfer by Heat :
2
Q Q
S heat   
1
T T
Entropy Transfer by Work :
S work  0
Entropy Transfer by Mass :
S m ass  ms 66
Entropy Balance for Closed System

Q
 T  S gen  S system  S2  S1
For an adiabatic system :
S gen  S system  S 2  S1

67
Entropy Balance for Open System
Q
 T  mi si   me se  S gen  S2  S1
For steady flow systems,S 2  S1
Q
 T  mi si   me se  S gen  0
In rate form
Q
 T  m i si   m e se  Sgen  0
For steady flow, single stream
Q
 T m si  se   Sgen  0
For steady flow, single stream, adiabatic
m s  s   S  0
i e gen
68
 Problem 9
Air is compressed by a 12 kW compressor from
P1 to P2. The air temperature is maintained
constant at 25 0C during the process as a result
of heat transfer to the surrounding medium at
10 0C. Determine the rate of entropy change of
the air.

Ans: -0.0403 kW/K

69
 Problem 10
Heat is transferred at a rate of 2 kW from a hot
reservoir at 800 K to a cold reservoir at 300 K.
Calculate the rate at which the entropy of the
two reservoirs change.

Ans: 0.00417 kW/K

70
 Problem 11
A completely reversible heat pump produces heat
at a rate of 100 kW to warm a house maintained at
21 0C. The exterior air, which is at 10 0C, serves as
the source. Calculate the rate of entropy change of
the two reservoirs and determine if this heat pump
satisfies the second law according to the increase of
entropy principle

Ans: Yes
71
 Problem 12
A 20 kg aluminium block initially at 200C is
brought into contact with a 20 kg block of iron at
100C in an insulated enclosure. Determine the
final equilibrium temperature and the total
entropy change for this process. CpAl=0.93,
CpFe=0.45 kJ/kg-K
Ans: 167.4 C, 0.175 kJ/K

72
 Problem 13
A piston-cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of
nitrogen gas at 120 kPa and 27C. The gas is now
compressed slowly in a polytropic process
during which PV1.3=constant. The process ends
when the volume is reduced by one half.
Determine the entropy change of nitrogen
during this process.
Ans: -0.0617 kJ/K

73
 Availability (Exergy)
• The useful work potential of a given amount of
energy at some specified state is called Exergy or
Availability or Available Energy
• The Work Potential of the energy contained in a
system at a specified state is simply the maximum
useful work that can be obtained from the system
• A system delivers the maximum possible work as
it undergoes a reversible process from the
specified initial state to the state of its
environment, that is the Dead State
74
 Some Terms
• Dead State: The state when a system is in
thermodynamic equilibrium with the
surroundings. (T0, P0)
• Surroundings: Everything outside the system
boundary
• Immediate Surroundings: Portion of the
surroundings that are affected by the process
• Environment: Region beyond the immediate
surroundings whose properties are not affected
by the process at any point
75
Some Terms…

76
 Exergy Associated With KE and PE
• Kinetic Energy is a form of mechanical energy and it
can be converted to work entirely
• Exergy of the KE of a system is its KE itself
V2
xke 
2
• Exergy of the PE of a system is its PE itself
x pe  gz

• Therefore, the KE and PE are entirely available for work

• However, internal energy and enthalpy are not entirely
available for work

77
 Surroundings Work
• Surroundings work is the work done by or
against the surroundings during a process

Wsurr  P0 V2  V1 
Wu  W  Wsurr  W  P0 V2  V1 
78
 Surroundings Work…
• When a system is expanding and doing work,
part of the work done is used to overcome the
atmospheric pressure
• When a system is compressed, the
atmospheric pressure helps the compression
process
• Wsurr is significant only is systems involving
moving boundary work

79
 Reversible Work (Wrev)
• Wrev is the maximum amount of useful work
that can be produced (or the minimum work
that needs to be supplied) as a system
undergoes a process between the specified
initial and final states
• This is the useful work output (or input)
obtained (or expended) when the process
between the initial and final states is executed
in a reversible manner

80
 Irreversibility
• Irreversibility is the difference between the
reversible work and useful work
• Irreversibility is equivalent to the exergy
destroyed I W W
rev ,out u ,out

or
I  Wu ,in W rev ,in
• For a reversible process, the irreversibility is zero
• Irreversibility is a positive quantity

81
 2nd Law Efficiency
• Thermal Efficiency and COP are defined based
on the 1st Law of TD
• They make no reference to the best possible
performance
• Therefore 2nd Law efficiency is defined in
order to compare performances of devices
based on their working potentials

82
 2nd Law Efficiency…
• Engine B has a greater
potential
• So Engine B is
performing poorly

 TL  300
 rev , A  1    1   50%
 TH A 600
 T  300
 rev , B  1  L   1   70%
 TH B 1000
83
 2nd Law Efficiency…
• 2nd Law Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the
actual thermal efficiency to the maximum
possible thermal efficiency under the same
conditions
th
 II 
th ,rev
0.3 0.3
 II , A   0.6 and  II , B   0.43
0.5 0.7

84
General Definition of 2nd Law Efficiency

 II 
Wu
For work producing devices 
Wrev

 II 
Wrev
For work consuming devices 
Wu

 II 
COP
For refrigerat ors and heat pumps
COPrev

85
Exergy of a Closed System

86
 Exergy of a Closed System…

Exergy :
V2
  u  u0   P0 v  v0   T0 s  s0    gz
2
Exergy Change:
V22  V12
  2  1  u2  u1   P0 v2  v1   T0 s2  s1    g z 2  z1 
2
For Stationary Systems :
  u  u0   P0 v  v0   T0 s  s0 

87
 Exergy of an Open System

Flow Exergy :
V2
  h  h0   T0 s  s0    gz
2
Flow Exergy Change:
V22  V12
   2 - 1  h2  h1   T0 s2  s1    g z2  z1 
2

88
Exergy Transfer
By Heat :
 T0 
X heat   1  Q
 T 
By Work :
X work  W  Wsurr
W
By Mass :
X m ass  m
89
 Decrease of Exergy Principle
• Exergy of an isolated system during a process
always decreases
• Only in a reversible process, exergy remains
constant
• Exergy never increases and in an actual
process it is destroyed and is given by the
Gouy-Stodola Theorem

X destroyed  T0 S gen
90
 Exergy Destruction

X destroyed  T0 S gen
X destroyed  0 Irreversib le Process
X destroyed  0 Reversible Process
X destroyed  0 Impossible Process

91
 Exergy Balance

Exergyin  Exergyout  Exergydestroyed  Exergy Change

xin  xout  xdes  x
For Closed System :
xheat-xwork -xdes  Δx
For Open System :
xheat-xwork  xmass,in -xmass,out  xdes  Δxcv

92
 Summary

Energyin  Energyout  Energy

Entropyin  Entropyout  Entropygen  Entropy
Exergyin  Exergyout  Exergydes  Exergy

93
 Problem 12
A heat engine receives heat from a source at
1500 K at a rate of 700 kJ/s, and it rejects the
waste heat to a medium at 320 K. The measured
power output of the heat engine is 320 kW, and
the environment temperature is 25 0C.
Determine (a) the reversible power, (b) the rate
of irreversibility, and (c) the second law
efficiency of this heat engine.

Ans: (a) 550.7 kW, (b) 230.7 kW, (c) 58.1%

94
 Problem 13
A house that is losing heat at a rate of 80,000
kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to 15
0C is to be heated by electric resistance heaters.

If the house is to be maintained at 22 0C at all

times, determine the reversible work input for
this process and the irreversibility.

Ans: 0.53 kW, 21.69 kW

95
 Problem 14
A freezer is maintained at -7 0C by removing
heat from it at a rate of 80 kJ/min. The power
input to the freezer is 0.5 kW, and the
surrounding air is at 25 0C. Determine (a) the
reversible power, (b) the irreversibility, and (c)
the second-law efficiency of this freezer.

Ans: 0.16 kW, 0.34 kW, 32%

96
 Problem 15
A cylinder of an internal combustion engine
contains 2450 cm3 of gaseous combustion products
at a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature of 867 0C
just before the exhaust valve opens. Determine the
specific exergy of the gas, in kJ/kg. Ignore the
effects of motion and gravity and model the
combustion products as air as ideal gas. Take
T0=300 K and P0=1.103 bar.
Ans: 325.2 kJ/kg

97
 Problem 16
Show that the power produced by a wind
turbine is proportional to the cube of the wind
velocity and to the square of the blade span
diameter

98
 Exergy vs. Energy
Energy : First Law Exergy : Second Law

Energy ≡ Work Exergy (Availability) ≡ Useful Work

Quantity of energy Quality of energy

f (system) f (system, surroundings)

Energy is conserved Exergy is destroyed due to irreversibilities

Can be 0, >0 or <0 Always  0

MEE 1003 - Engineering Thermodynamics

Thank You !