QUESTION AS PER NEW SYLLABUS (2016-17) @.1. What is the functions of optic fiber exble? ‘Ans-‘The funtins of the optical eable may be summarized into four main areas, ‘Those are a fellows Teast Fiber protection. The major function ofthe opteal cable isto protec agains ser dannge bod beskage bath during instalation and Uroughcut the if of the ber 2 Stability of the fiber transmission charaeteristis. The cable fiber must have ond stable transmission characterises which are comparable with the uneabled {Mraptealatanvation dus to cabling are quite usual and miust be must have strength. Optical ca 1 mechanical properties to citical transmission cables in order that they may be handled in the same manner, se mechanical properties include tension, tarsion, compression, bending, squeezing and vibration. Hence the cable strength may be improved by incorporating a suitable strength member and by giv jgned thiek outer sheath. Q.2. What are the factors to limit the speed of response of a photodiode? ‘Ans.Three main factors to limit the speed of Fesponse of a photodiode are as follows: | 1. Drift time of carriers through the depletion region. The speed of response of photodiode is fundamentally limited by the time it takes photogenerated carriers to drift across the depletion region. When the field in the depletion region exceeds ‘saturation value, the carriers may be assumed to travel at a constant (maximum) drift velocity v,. The longest tr full depletion layer width w andis given by: Ww. tat = tat = Vg 2. Diffusion time of carriers generated outside the depletion region, Carrier diffusion is a comparatively slow process where the timo taken, taip for carriers to diffuse a distance d may be written as: e tain = 2D, whereD, is the minority carrier diffusion coeficiont. 3. Time constant incurred by the capacitance of the photodiode with its load, A reverse biased photodiode exhibits a voltage-dependent capacitance caused by the variation inthe stored charge atthe junction. The junction capacitance C,is gived is eA Cs Ww where ¢ s is the permittivity of the semiconductor material and A is the diodé) it time, typ is for carriers which must traverse the | junction area. LP. University(B-Tech)-Akash Books 2015-23 Q.3. Explain output patterns of source to fiber power launching. Ans. Source Output Patterns: To determine the optical power accepting capability of a fiber the spatial radiation pattern of the source must first be known. This pattern irly complex. Consider Fig. which shows a spherical coordinate system ed by R, 0 and § with the normal to the emitting surface being the polar axis. 1ce may be a function of both 0 and 6 and can also vary from point to point on the emitting surface. A reasonable assumption for simplicity of analysis is to take the ‘emission to be uniform acrosis the source area. ‘Surface-emitting LEDs are characterized by their lambertian output pattern, which ‘means the source is equally bright when viewed from any direction. The power delivered at an angle 0 measured to a normal to the emitting surface varies as cos 0 because the “ projected area ofthe emitting surface varies as cos 6 with viewing direction. The emisssion patter for a lambertian source thus follows the relationship BO, = Bycos0 whore B, is the radiance along the normal to the radiating surface. Emitting area Bt rg CRIGKK ww RO Fig. Spherical coordinate system for characterizing the emission pattern, from an optical source. Q4, Calculate the optical coupled power of an optical source. Ans. Power-Coupling Calculation: To calculate the maximum optical power coupled into a fiber, consider, first the case shown in Fig. for a symmertrie source of brightness 2(A, 0) where A, and Q, are the area and solid emission angle of the source, respectively: Here the fiber end face is contered over the emitting surface of the souree, ‘and is positioned as close to it as possible. The coupled power ean be found using the relationship. Emitting area of teD P= fad, fy d0,204,0) “Df [f° f“*sepinocat ond whore the are Ay and solid accoptance angle 9,0f the fiber define the integrals, In this expression. First the radiance 5(0,) from an individual radiating point source on the emitting surface is integrated over the solid acceptance angle ofthe her. ws by the expression in square brackets where 0, is the maximum is related to the numerical a ing surface taken as being ereular. the ius a, then the upper integration limit r. =, for souree areas largor than the iber-core area, ., ~a weation mitra et ge ¢24-2015 Seventh Semester, Optical Communication Source radiation Big. Schematic diagram of alight source coupled to an optical fiber. Light outside of the acceptance angle is lost 5. Define equilibrium numerical aperture (NA). Ans. When theo ‘modes ha equilib Q6.Laser diode to optical fiber coupling. Ans. Laser Diode-to- imode fibers of 35, laser arrays to parallel optical fibers and efliciencies of uy Airect ensless) coupling from a single VCSEL source Loa multieote Hg: ptical power is measured in long multimode fibers after the launched ve come to equilibrium (which is often taken to occur at 50m). The effect of the ‘um numerical aperture NA,, becomes apparent, At this point the optical power ereent result for mass-produced connections of P to 90 percent are possible by. | SEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH.] FIRST TERM EXAMINATION [SEPT. 2016] OPTOELECTRONICS AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (ETEC-403) | Time: 1.5 es M.M.:90 Note:-Q. no, 1is compulsory. Attempt any two more questions from the res (QA. (a) Draw and explain the o Ans. The information source provi electrical stage which drives an optical carrier. The optical source whi rer consists of an optical detector which drives a stage and hence provides demodulation of the optial carrier. Photodiodes or avalanche) and, in some instances, photo transistors and photo conductors lecommunieations a transmitter or the aid ofan antenna produces radio frequency altering current, which is, ceived optical signal into-an processing, therefore when erformance is determined at2-2016 Seventh Scinester, Optoelectronics and Optical Communication ‘ectrical Receive: Its the part in a complete cireuit that receives the electrics) QA, (0) Classify fibers on bi is of -1) Mode 2) Bending of light 8) Waveguid Ans. 1. Mode: A mode is essentially a path that light ean optical fiber communication, a single mode optical fiber, designed to car directly down the fiber-the transverse mode. Modes are the possi Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by combining maxwell’se the boundary conditions. These modes define the way the wave travels throug ibuted in space. rs suffer radiation losses at bends or cu is due to the energy in the evanescent inhibited, which causes light energy to be radiated from the fiber. 8. Wavegiiides: An optical waveguide electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum, include optical fiber and rectangular waveguides, Optical waveguides are used as component transmission medium waveguides can be cl rode struct ;pes of optical waveguides in integrated optical circuits or as the local and long haul optical communication system, Optical ified according to their geometry (planar, strip, or ber waveguides), (single mode, multimode), refractive index distribution (step or graded) polymer, semiconductor) ©) 1. Fiber protection. The major fu ‘Sber damage and breakage both during inst of the optical cable is to protect a lation and throughout the life ofthe fiber. +r transmission characteristics. The eabled fiber must characteristics which are comparable with the uneabled ‘ation due to cabling are quite usual and must be cables must have similar mechanical properties to electrical transmission cables in order that they may be handled in the samne manner ‘These michanical properties include tension, torsion, compression, bending, squeezing and vibration, Hence the cable strength may be improved by incorporating a suitable strength member and by giving the cable a properly designed thick outer sheath, 4. Identification and jointing of the fibers within the cable. Ths is especilly {important for cables including a large numberof optical fibers. tthe fibers are arranged ina suitable geometry it may be possible to use multiple jointing techniques rather (4) Numerical aperture Ans. Given that ny = 15 | | LP. University-(B.Toch)-Akash Books 2016-3 ‘We know that, as my = 1-A=1-0.0005 2 np = 0.9995 xn, = 1.49925 1. Cladding index (n,) = 1.44925, 2 4, = sin" 7 = sin-\0.9905) = 86.18" 3. (a) Explain vapor phase axial deposition fabrication method for fiber. @) ‘Ans. The Vapour phase axial deposition techniques uses an end-on deposition on & ‘rotating fused silica target, as illustrated in figure below \ i ep 3LP. University-(8-Tech)-Akash Books 2016-5 4-2016 Seventh Semester, Optoelectronics and Optical Communication : + Refractive Index: In free space alight wave travels at speed of C =3 x 108m ‘The: .d constituents are injected from bi \dreact to form silica soot by |The ratio of speed of light in a vacuum to that in matter is the index of refraction n of the ‘vaporized constituents ar injected from burners an | s fame hydelysis, This is deposited on tho endothe starting targtin the axial direton | as. sven by ne & Hara puoas aloe porinm ints thape of a boule The perform whichiy | ™a given byn= {growing in the axial direction is pulled upwards at a rate which corresponds to the growth rate, It is initially dehydrated by heating with $OClI, using the reaction. When alight ray encouriters a boundary separating part of the ray is reflected back into first medium and the i remainder is bent (or refracted) as it enters the socond material H,0 + SOC, 2HCl + SO, + Polarizatio: ightwave consists of many transverse electromagnetic and is then sintered into a solid preform in a graphite resistance furnace at an | waves that vibrate’ a variety of direction and ry direction of vibrati tovated temperature pf around 1500%O. Therefor, in principle this process may be | ean represent any ‘pled draw ther community, althaghat present tends tobe operatedasabatch | — prpendiclar vibration. prose paslybeeese the resultant performs can yeld more than 100m offer. 8.) Expnin various types of fiber losses. © Ans. Material absorption sa loss mshanism related to the material composition ya plane pee A srocess for the fiber, which results in the dissipation of some of the Tower avheat inthe waveguide. Step Index fer: d unpolarized light, However, one ‘combination of a parallel and ‘Therefore, one can consider uny gation eomponet ;polatized light a consisting of two orthogonal plane that lies in a indrica core ofradius,'a'and refractive index n, surrounded bya cladding of slightly lower refractive index gives a step-index fiber the refvactive index profile is defined as : isms cause the transfor of some oral of the optical power contained within one propagating mode tobe transferred linearly into [ny r SiO, (solid) + 201, (in the presence of heat) n of all standard communication fibers ‘consists primarily of ts of germania added to increase the fiber's refractive index to ode fibers typically have only small amounts of germania and thin the core. Multimode fibers.typically have a much therefore much higher germania content. Also, the core1nd Optical Communication imode fibers changes acrogy 10-2016 Seventh Semester, Optoelectronics a coinposition and the refractive indéx of graded-indox the core ofthe fiber to give the refractive index a paral ‘everal methods used to inanufacture prefo be ) process, the highly cot mixture of chemi ‘There are s ‘Vapor Deposition (MCVD) above ig passed through the inside of « rotating glass athe equipped with a spe ibmicron particles, ‘af the heat zone. Once the soot is deposited on the sraverges over the deposited soot, the heat transforms transparent glass, in a process called vitrification, “ore region ofthe optical fiber see Fig. for a schematic. ‘The deposited material diagram of the process. Sintered Giass Layer Soot Deposition ‘Traversing Bumer Figure. 2 Preform Fabrication ‘The process is repeated for many hours as each subsequent core layer is formed. For wvery sweep of the burner, the manufacturer can modify the comy viscosity ant thickness of the deposited layer in order to produce specific fiber designs. ' ‘conjunction with the ability to change the speed at which the burner moves and the temperature of the flame, gives us the ability to manufacture a wide range of ultra-pu optical fiber types. ‘The precise delivery of chemicals is ensured through the design of manufacturing equipment that performs accurately and consistently. ‘After the desired amount of core material is deposited the chemical flovris. the speed of the torch is decreased and the temperature of the flame is inereased so th the tube collapses into a solid rod. At the end of this process, an operator separates tht preform from the rest of the glass assembly and moves it to the next step. ‘The pure silica glass starting tube has become part preform, The cladding region is furth sased by the process. Here, another pure silica tube is collapsed on the outside of the bringing the geometrical dimensions of the preform to final specifications. ‘Another process used is Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD), where the soot is deposital ‘on the surface of a “bait rod” made of pure silica. The first layers are the core then # Gladding is added. After all the layers.are deposited, the bait rod is removed and tif preform is headed and collapsed in a similar way to the MCVD process. EP. University Tec Akash Books 2016-11 FIBER RAW Feed Mechanism Preterm Fumece Floor | Laséeticrometer A costing -opliction —— costed Fiver uvoue Laser Micrometer Pinch Whee!1, Optoelectronics and Optical Communication 122016 to convert the manufactured Seventh Semester ‘The next stepin the process of producing optical fibers is preform into a hair-thin for. Thisis done in an o of the preform is lowered into a high-purity gr into the furnace to provide a clean and con controlled temperatares approaching 1900 {tof the preform tip is Fr Tanti it has been gfretched into a thin strand. rand of fibet through a series of coating dies, and the ‘bet situated at the bottom of th he draw, the preform is heated at tension, Draw speeds of 10 - 20 soften the tip of the tranity takes over and allows a molten gob ‘The operator threads raving process begins. The pulled By a tractor| raw tower and then wound on winding drums, During th the optimum temperature to achieve an ideal drawing meters per second are not uncommon in the industry. ring the draw process the diameter of the drawn within a toleranee of only 1 micron. Q3. (6) Describe the fiber optic cable structures. ) ‘Ans. Refer Q. 2a) of First term 2016 Q4, Explain (a) Seattoring Losses ‘Ans, Scattering losses i density, from compositional fluctuations and from: occurring during fiber manufacture, E scatters , 1 Rayligh Mie Seating Stmisled Raman . : Brin Scaring Seating fiber is controlled to 125 mierons. 's arise from microscopic variations in the mater structural inhomogeneties or defects 1. Linear Scattering mechanism: sit causes the transfer of some of propagating mode tobe transferred linearly into a different mode. | (ris proces ends toa resin atenaton ofthe transmitted ight a the transer may be toa leaky or radiation mode ropagate within the fibre | ‘core, but is radiated from the fibre. Wi re is no change of frequency on scattering. . i * Linear scattering may be categorized as ) Rayleigh satering | scattering ) Rayleigh scattering: ‘For glass fibers the foremost type of scattering process atoms or other particles within theTiber abso in another direction. LP. Unive ‘ P. University-(B-Tech)-Alkash Books ” 2016-18 ayleigh scattering appears ight 90 quickly thet imine ‘absorption but it absorbs and redirects = Cladding Raytigh _seatorng Mico-eontre Scattering of ight Figure + The Rayleigh scattering formula is given by: Where yp is Rayleigh scattering coefficient. ‘cis optical wavelength and nis the refractive index of the medium pis average photoelastic coefficient {is igothermmal compressibility ata fictive temperature Ty ‘+8 Boltzmann's constant () Mie scattering: «+ Imperfections caused due to iahomogenities at the core- cladding interface which causes seattering of light. + The scattering created by such inhomogenities is mainly inthe forward direction - and is called Mie scattering. sl by removing imperféctions of lass at the time of manufacture, ndex ofthe core and the cladding. ILLNon Linear Scattering Losses: saitering cause disproportionate attenuation, usually at high optical power levels. nos linear seatering causes the optical power from one mode tobe transferred in ith the forward or backoward direction tothe same, or other modes, ata different frequency. ; {near seattering may be categorized as: Julated Brillouin seattering (SBS) stad Raman scattering (SRS) + No j14-2016 Soventh Semester, Optoelectronics and Optical Communication (@) Stimulated Brillouin seattering (SBS! + In SBS strong optical signal generates acoustic waves, These ‘variations in refractive index ‘© Teeauses lightwaves to seatter in backwar as backward seatter wave which affects the fora power, “waves produce <4 direction towards transmitter signal leading to depletion in signal jmulated Raman scattering (SRS): «SRS is transferring of energy’ from short wavelengths to nel ‘wavelength channels. : «If two input signal with equal power are tran owitenergy andthe ater will gain this energy, this QA. (6) Bending losses 7 ‘There are to types of bends in optical fibers Macroscopic loss (having a larger radi than that of the fiber dmeter) (b) Microscopic loss (random microscopic bends of the fiber axis) jghbouring high xd than the former will lose its its the performance ofthe system. (a5) served. As the radius of ‘acertain critical radius of Joss is extremely small and is, curvature decreases, the loss increases exponenti ‘curvature loss becomes observable. Ifthe bend radius {threshold point has been reached, the losses suddenly become extremé known that any bound core mode has an evanescent field tail in the decays exponentially as a function of distance from the core. Since thia field tail moves “long with the field inthe core, part of the energy ofa propagating mode travels in the fiber cladding. When a fiber is be onthe far side ofthe eentre of curvature ‘must move faster to keep up wit cote, for the lowest order fiber mode. At ipeertain critical distance x, from the oentre of the fiber; the field tail would have to move faster than the speed ofl the core field, Since this js not possible the optical energy inthe field tail beyond x, radiates away. ‘The amount of optical radiation from a bent fiber depends on the fi sand on theradivs ofcurvatureR Sie higher order modes are bound less “Ther core than lower order modes, the higher order modes will first. =e LP. Universit ‘ . University-(B-Tech}-Akash Books 2016-15 ‘Micro bending Loss ‘Another form of radiation lose in optical waveguide results from mode coupling ‘caused by random miero bends ofthe optical fiber. Micro bends are repetitive small scale sn the radius of curvature of the fiber axis. They are edused either by nom ‘uniformities in the manufacturing of the fiber or by non uniform lateral pressures created during the eabling of the fiber. An inerease in attenuation results from miero bending because the fiber curvature eauses repetitive coupling of energy between the guided ‘modes and the leaky or non guided modes inthe fiber. forces are appl to stay relatively straight vs the different factor contributing to dispersion. ® Teibuting to increasing chromatic dispersion sal distortion inlude ep, Lasers with wider important to refer to ispersion that can be jc dispersion varies with wavelength a16-2016 - Seventh Semester, Optoelectronics and Optical Communication | LP. University allows routing ofthe cable through bot wns and other internal data syste in the communication, navigation and Aireraft. This required a large core diamet 24 Kbits/s, Q9. Write short notes on: IN. Optical earri defined for their electrical equi called 6 fined for their lcrcal equivalents, led ynehronos transport signals forthe ope Recta optical power combiner 3, Although four optical ith within a tolerance ‘Fig. Four channel OTPM fiber syste we four 4 Gbits data signals ovee combined in a bat, in principle, a teat lemant cos te ‘sources were employed,re nd Optical Communication of 0.1 nm and hence the 4 Ghits-! data streams were bit interleaved to produce the 16 Gbits™ signal. At the receive terminal the incoming signal was decomposed into the 4 sed two levels. Again, 4Gbits) baseband components in a demultiplexer which compris ig function at each level. At the first TOwaveguide devices were used to provide a switchin level the I switch was driven by a sinusoid at 8 GHz 19 demultiplex the incoming 16 Gbits" stream into two SGbits signals. At the s imi i operating at 4 GHz, dernultiplexed each of the Gbits! data streams into signals. Hence single wavelength 16 Ghits"! optical transmission was obtained-with electronics which only required a maximum pandwidth of about 2.5 GHz, as return to zero pulses were employed. 22-2016 Seventh Semester, Optoelectronics a1