Production Managen

emenu
SYBBA (Sem
NIM, Sura
Prcedure)
Measurement
O6 Process/Steps of Time Study (or Work So all ihe step descibe
exercise.
AS it was discussed, time
study is a part of total work study
below automatically become required activities even in total w
CSelectthe Activity or Department:
the same guidance caa
this step 1s more or less siinilar to step no I of work study exercise, t
DC usea exercise, the same guidelines can be used to select the activity ror llic
(a) Select a new job or new activity.
(b) Conduct time study when tew product technologyis developed
() Conduct time study for new product manufacturing.
(d) Conduct time study for the areas where labor productivity is low.
(e) When method study is conducted to find out improved method of doing any acti vity the
analyst usually finds out more than one improved method to select the best method & to
find out benefit because of improve methods. The time study is almost inváriably
conducted for the activities scrutinized by method study.
() Sclect the activity or department for which labour cost is to be determined & is required
to be allocated to different products.
(Conducttime study whenthe new design of same product is manufactured.
Select the worker for observation
If too skilful worker is selected for time study, he will be able to
finish the required activity
much faster than an average worker. Because of this, an analyst may lead to very strict &&
unrealistic standard time. Most of the worker will fail to achieve these time standards. On the
other hand, if least skilful worker or the weakest
worker is selected for time study, he will
take more time than the time taken by average worker. This
will result in very liberal
standards time þeçauge of these extra liberal,time standards, most of worker will
very easily
achieve the performance standards. Subsequently this will cause low. productivity standards
for workers. It is therefore necessary that for time study
we must select a worker
represents the average level of skill physical strength,education of the total work force who
Record relevantfacs:
In this stage all the details about job, worker & the working conditions are recorded.
Break recoredfiie into elements:
An element defined
is a distinct
as
part of specitic job selected for
convenience of
measurement; observatignand anaSIS: VarioUs etemsnts can be
listed:asfettows
 2Occasional Element: Such
interpreted elements do not âppear in
every work cycle. They ShOuig
accordingly. For g)
e
setting up machine D
shift. That is why time takcn for parameters is done only once enic
suclh ele1nents should not
in
basic time. For e.g. be considered directly to find out
time_taken on
manufactured. We should consider m/c setting is 300 second & in.every shift 150 pieces are
& not 300 300/!50 which is equal to 2 seconds as a time for element
seconds.
3 Constant
Element: This taken for such element is
by whom so-ever the almost cornstant. Whenever, wherever,
vertical transport time of activity is performed. For e.g. pressing a button to start the
elevator. m/C,
4 Variable
Elements: Time of such
production operation element vary external conditionskFor e.g.
required heating of raw material Suppose
piece. Time taken shall be more
a
interwhen compared with summer season. Similarly time taken to shift Jn
article from manually any
place to another shall vary worker to worker.
one
5 Manual Element: This are the elements associated
with manual activities.
6 Automatic Element: This element is related to
cycle. Usually automatic
totally automatically part of production
elements are also constant
of a m/c once raw material piece is loaded. element. For e.g. automatic running time
7 Foreign Element: This element comes into observation
because of abnormal external
disturbance. They should be discarded from observation. For
e.g. if there is a break of two
minutes because ofpower failure or worker sickness) Such occurrences are of
type& are not frequently expected to occuf in normal production cycle. non-routine
8 Governing Element: These element is
time-wise longest element. They occupy more than
80%oftotal of hormal work cycle. Usually, they are useful work contnts.
5.Examine the elenent
As it is discussed in previous point, all elements arenot routine &desirable elements? We
have to eliminate such element while calculating the standard time. This is done to ensure
that the most efficient method has been observed while deciding time standard. Another
is to give appropriate mathematical treatment to various
purpose to examine element
For
& while counting normal time. if read
e.g. activity
elements while counting average time 1 by 50.
we shall divide timing ofreading ofcycle
as, "Workerbrings 50 pieces from store,
 Production Management
SYBBA (Sem
NIM, Sur-
6. Measurement of time
This activity is perfommed using different time measuring equipments like(this topic shall t
separatety discussed later on under the hcading of cquipment of time study)stop-wateh,
study board, motion pictre camera..
Peiernine perfornance rating &efficiency of worker while he was observea
As indcated in
stcp ne 2, thc analyst takes precaution to select the most representati-
worker. Stul! because of errors of judgment, an extra sRilled or under skilled worker
may e-
selected) Apart from this, worker efficiency is found to be changing by external workim
condition as per worker desire to perform. It also
&
changes with time period of shift urius
which the worker is
of shift, he will
observed.. Initially, he is fiesh & hence efficiency shall be more. In late
experience mental & physical fatigue. Because of this, in 7" hour of the shif
efficiency shall be less. On the day of observation, he is
may not perform at hi_ usual
suffering from cough and cold an
performance level. This can be understood by follo
wing e.
Suppose ihere is manual job of
taken by the worker is observed as
shifting 15 kg weight fron location 1 to location 2. he liu=
20 seconds. We cannot
to find out standard time for directly consider this observatio-
the activity.
Suppose the selected worker is much stronger tha-
an
average worker. Assumerthe efficiency of the worker
is estimated to be 25%% higher tha
the average workers
efficiency. This efficiency must be judge by an
experienced observer. I
this casc if 20 second is
direetly set as time standards no worker shall be able to achieve thi=
The reversed situation
may take place if less efficient worker is selected for
will take probably 30 seconds observation. H
carry out the same job.
Find out nornnal time
Now we
çan define normal time as *Time taken
by a qualified worker to perform a specifi
taskaldelinite level of performance for one eycle."
Tiis is
expressed by following fonnula.
NORMAL TIME [NT] =
AVERAGE OBSERVED TIME
EFFICINCY (PERFORMANCE RATING) (BASIC TIME)
Add allowances
Normal time which is found from average observed time cannot directly
he considered a
timestandard. Because when certain job is
hundreds of time by the worker, it .is performed on répetitive basis, probably fev-
legitimate to provide certain relaxations in termso
various allowances. In other words,
Worker shall not
continuously work as a robot for shift of 480
minutes Following
different types of allowance. are
(1) Relaxation Alowances: The relaxation
allowances are granted to täke care of
dheeat.delays.because of jeonigaloompulsionsfactor-
like fatge, boredompetsopalneed &
 Surat
be Production Management II
, a SYBBA (Sem IV)
(a) Fatigue allowances: NIM, Surat
Fatigue is boredom or
activity again & again. Because of this tirednessthebecause of repetition of same
productve.(For problem, worker may do some non
e. aftef one hour or one & a half hour, a worker
may change the posture. He may ever1 stand may stop working &
up & can walk two or three
with a fellow worker. steps. He may
One has to provide allowances for
such activities of
worker.
Personal Ailowance: These are the ailowances granted for
worker(Fore.g time to drink biological needs of the
this they may winter, to(go
also be granted some time for
to toilet, & ahlunch breakApart from this,
social or
may talk with a
fellow worker or may inquire on phoneemotional needs.For e.g. a worker
about ailing mother.
Delay Allowances: These
allowance
are
which takes care of time wastage
technical limitation of process. For e. while calculating time
because of
OPerator whose taken by
be given an allowance of delay whichelevator,
an
doors automatic shouid
betweenstopping of elevator & oponing the door.
occurs
2)
Contingency Allowances: These are delay because of
Stage ofproduction workér. Such non-repetitive & during certain
activity is not totally useless
Irequently. For e.g. sharpening of cutting tool by worker, i_sueactivity but they occur very in
material at the
beginning of the shift. Such of required quantíty of raw
allowance required usually takes
time. 3%-5%
of the
(3) Process Allowances: This allowances is given to the worker
of production worker has to remain idle as the m/c is doing becausean
during certain stage
automatically
Despite of the production managers; it is not possible to engage the worker for entireoperation.
shift_.
(4) Interference Allowances: To avoid idle time of the worker, sometime one worker is
assigned(more than one equípment br m/c because of this, the worker has to move from one
locationto another location.iftwo lcare different nature every time workerwilltake some
little time to adjust himself to another m/c. this delay or movement issomethingwhich is
prescribes to the worker. A part from basic production operation certain time allowance
should be provides which is called interference allowance.
(S) Periodic Activity Allowances: These allowances are related to periodic activities which
activities. For e.g. there mnay be a quality controlguideline
arenotrelated to main production check m/c setting &
will
control department will come
thattwicein shifi an officer quality
of
are
articles. The allowances provided forsuch activity
take samplo from already produced
called periodic activity allowances.
Usuaiy
disturbance& natural
façtors.
To take care ofunexpected
*
(6) Policy Allowances: management.
3% of genéral allowances are
granted by the
2% or
 Production Management In
SYBBA (Sem IV
NIM, Surat

time
10. finding standard found out using the followingformula
time can be
Standard

is given
Used when cycle time
ST NT (1 + AF),
shift time is given
NT Used when
ST 1AF

Where ST
=
StaFdard Time
NT =Normal Time
AF = Allowance Factor

Y9 Techniques of Time Study the

the worker. At times,
done by the analyst by directly observing
Generally time study is decides
aclually observing the worker
withoul
analyst may rely secondary data and
of time study are divided
on

activities. Considering this, techniques

standard time for various
into two groups.
Time Study Techniques

Indirect Time Study

Direct Time Study
1. Historical Data Approach
2. Synthesis Approach
3. Analytical Approach
4. Work Sampling
5. Pre-determined Motion &
Time Study (PMTS)

() DirectTimeStudy
It is direct time measurement by observing the worker. "The process discussed above is af
direct timestudy

(2) Indirect Time Study

1. Historical Data Approach
This approach assumes that when the business-was running satisfactorily in the past,
when all the. financial & production parameters were within the limit, the labor
productivity was also good Because of this reason, time standards and productivity
standards are taken directly from past performance of company's employees.