NADINE GORDIMER- SOUTH AFRICAN WRITTER

-BORN ; NOVEMBER 20 1923 (SPRING SOUTH AFRICA)

-DIED JULY 13 2014 ( AGE 90)
NOBEL PRIZE (1991) BOOKER PRIZE (1974)
FAMOUS WORK : JULY’S PEOPLE AND BURGHERS DAUGHTER
BACK GROUND
AT THE AGE OF 9 SHE STARTED WRTINGAND SHE PUBLISHED IN HER FIRST STORY COLLECTION
IN A MAGAZINE WHEN SHE WAS 15
FIRST BOOK
( FACE TO FACE (1949) A COLLECTION OF SHORT STORIES.
(CONCEPT)
SHE WROTE ABOUT THE ENFORCED POVERTY AND ISOLATION OF BLACK PEOPLE
(THEMES)
HER MAJOT THEMES ARE EXILE AND ALIENATION
EXILE MEANS: STATE OF BEING BARRIED FROM ONE;S NATIVE COUNTRY TYPICALLY FOR
POLITICAL REASONS
(ALIENATION): STATE OR EXPERIENCE OF BEING ISOLATED FROM A GROUP ( NOTE READ THE
BANNED NOVELS)
BEFORE AFRICA IS APARTHEID COUNTRY WITHIN 1948-1994 MEANS SOUTH AFRICA WAS THE
RACIAL SEGREGATION UNDER THE ALL WHITE GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA WHICH
DICTATED THAT NON- WHITE SOUT AFRICANS WERE REQUIRED TO LIVE SEPARATE AREAS
FROM WHITE.
(THAT’S WHY NADINE GORDIMER STRIVE TO WRITE FOR HER COUNTRY TO HAVE PEACE AND
NON VIOLENCE SOCIETY , SHE CARED THE MOST EEPLY ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA

 ALBERT CHINUA LUMOGU ACHEBE KNOWN AS CHINUA ACHEBE

NIGERIAN AUTHOR BORN ON NOV 16 1930 OGIDI NIGERIA. CHINUA ACHEBE IS CINSIDERED AS
THE MAN WHO INVENTED THE AFRICAN LITERATURE. HIS FAMOUSWORK IS THE THINGS FALL
APART 1958 WAS CONSIDERED AS A MODERN AFRICAN LITERATURE
 BOOM IN LATIN LITERATURE

 JULIO CORTAZAR
*BORN IN AUGUST 26 1941- FEB 12 1984 WAS AN ARGENTINA NOVELIST AND ESSAYIST.
CORTAZAR INFLUENCE AN ENTIRE GENERATION OF SPANISH SPEAKING READERS AND WRITERS
IN THE AMRICA AND EUROPE

 CARLOS FUENTES
BORN NOV 11 1928 – MAY 15 2012 WAS AN MEXICAN NOVEIST AND ESSAYIST THE NEW YORK
TIME DESCRIBES FUENTS AS “ONE OF THE MOST ADMIRE WRITERS IN THE SPANISH SPEAKING
WORLD” AND AN IMPORTANT INFLUENCE IN THE LATIN AMERICAM BOOM.

 MARIO VARGAS LIOSA

BORN IN MARCH 28 1936 A PERUVIAN WRITER POLITICIAN JOURNALIST ESSAYIST COLLEGE PRF
AND A RECIEPENT OF THE 2010 NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE. VARGAS LIOSA IS ONE OF THE
AMERICA’S MOST SIGNIFICANT NOVELIST AND ESSAYIST

 GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ

BORN IN MARCH 6 1927- APRIL 2014 WAS A COLOMBIAN NOVELIST SHORT STORY WRITER
SCREEN WRITER AND JOURNALIST KNOWN AFFECTIONATELY AS GABO OR GABITO
THROUGHOUT LATIN AMERICAN
EUROPE AND EUROPEAN LITERATURE

 HOMER
HOMER IS A MYSTERIOUS PERSON PEOPLE BELIEVED THAT HE LIVED ABOUT 8TH OR 9TH
CENTURY BCE. THROUGHOUT THESE POEMS HE AFFECTED WESTERN STANDARDS AND
IDEA
 PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO ( VIRGIL)
WAS A CLASSICAL ROMAN POET BEST KNOWN FOR HIS 3 MAJOR OWRKS THE
BUCOLICS, GEORGIES AND THE AENEID
 DANTE ALIGHEIRI
BORN ON 1265 FLORENCE ITALY BEST KNOWN FOR HIS WORK LA COMEDIA. DIED
SEPTEMBER 14 1312
 GEOFFREY CHAUCER
THE FIRST GREAT ENGLISH POETS THE OUT STANDING ENGLISH POET BEFORE
SHAKESPEAR CANTERBURY TALES IS THE BEST KNOWN OF HIS WORK.
 EAST ASIA LITERATURE
 DU FU
HE IS ALSO KNOWN AS TU FU. ACCORDING TO MANY LITERARY CRITICS HE WAS THE
GREATEST CHINESE POETS OF ALL TIME. HE WROTE POEM “THE BALLAD OF THE ARMY
CATS” WHICH IS ABOUT CONSCRIPTION AND WITH HIDDEN SATIRE THA SPEAKS OF A
NOTICEABLE LUXURY OF COURT
 LIPO
HE IS ALSO KNOWN AS LI BAI, A CHINESE POETS WHO IS COMPETITOR OF DU FU AS
GREATEST CHINA POETS. HE WAS ROMANTIC IN HIS PEROSNAL LIFE AND HIS POETRY
HIS WORK ARE KNOWN FOR ITS CONVERSATIONAL TONE AND VIVID IMAGERY. HE
WROTE THE POEM “ALONE DRINKING UNDER THE MOON” THAT’S DEALS WITH THE
ANCIENT SOCIAL CUSTOM OF DRINKING.
 WANG WEI
HE IS A POET, PAINTER, MUSICIAN AND STATEMAN DURING THE TANG DYNASTY (THE
GOLDEN AGES OF THE CHINESE CULTURAL HISTORY) HE WAS THE ESTABLISHED
FOUNDER OF THE RESPECTED SOUTHERN SCHOOL OF PAINTERS POET MANY OF HIS
BEST POEMS WERE INSPIRED BY THE LOCAL LANDSCAPE

AUTHORS OF KOREA
 KIM OK
HE WAS A KOREAN POET AND INCLUDED IN THE EARLY MODERNISM MOVEMENT OF
KOREAN POETRY. HE WROTE THE FIRST KOREAN COLLECTION OF TRANSLATION FROM
WESTERN POERTY “THE DANCEOD AGONY
 YUN HUNG GIL
HE WAS A SOUTH KOREAN NOVELIST WHO THE 1977 KOREAN LITERATURE WRITTERS
AWARD. HE WROTE THE CLASSIC NOVEL ‘CHANGMA’ (THE RAINY SPELL) THAT ON A
POST WAR FAMILY WITH TWO GRANDMOTHERS AND THEIR SHARED GRANDSON
 PAK KYONGNI
SHE WAS A SOUTH KOREAN POET AND NOVELIST. SHE WROTES THE KOREAN MASTER
PIECE AND INTERNATIONALLY ACLAIM 21 VOLUME EPIC NOVEL TOJI (THE LAND) WHERE
IN SHE CHRONICLED THE VIOLENT HISTORY OF KOREAN FROM 1897-1945
 CH’OE NAM-SEON
HE WAS CONSIDERED AS PROMINENT HISTORIAN, PIONEERING POET AND PUBLISHER IN
THE KOREA LITERATURE. HE WAS ALSO LEADING MEMBER OF THE MODERN LITERARY
HISTORY MOVEMENT AND BECAME NOTABLE IN PIONEERING MODERN KOREAN
POERTY. ONE OF HIS WORK THE POEM “THE OCEAN TO THE YOUTH”
 YI KWANG – SU
HE WAS ALSO THE ONE LAUNCHED THE MODEN ITERARY MOVEMENT TOGETHER WITH
CH’OE NAM SEON. HE WAS A NOVELIST AND WROTE THE FIRST KOREAN NOVEL ‘THE
HEARTLESS’ AND BECAME WEL KNOWN BECAUSE OF IT.
 EVOLUTION OF CHINESE LITERARY GENRES
 PRE – QIN PROSE, TANG POETRY, SANG CI
WRITINGS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY PROFUSE EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS, FORMAT AND
PATTERN
 HAN DYNASTY
PROSE WAS FURTHER DEVELOPED ESSAYS COMBINING WRITINGS AND RHYMES
POETS OF TANG DYNASTY
 LI BAI- POET OF IMMORTAL
 DU FU- POET SAINT
 BAI JE
 LI HE
 SONG CI- MUSIC LITERATURE
 YUAN DYNASTY
DRAMA LITERATURE. LITERARY SONG INCLUDING POETRIC AND VARIOUS SONG
 MA ZHUYAN’S, AUTOMN IN THE HAN
 WANG SHIFUS, THE ROMANCE OF THE WESTERN CHAMBER

MING AND QING

FOUR CLASSICAL NOVELS
 ROMANCE OF THE THREE KINGDOMS
 JOURNEY TO THE WEST
 WATER MARGIN
 DREAM OF THE RED CHAMBER
POST WW II LATIN AMERICAN BOOM
 CESAR VALLEJO
RECOGNIZED AS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL MODERNISM
 JORGE LUIS BORGES
A SHORT STORY WRITER ESSAYIST, POETS AND TRANSLATOR
 GABRIELA MISTRAL
FIRST LATIN AMERICAN TO WIN THE FEMALE NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN 1945
 PABLO NERVDA
CALLED POET OF LOVE
AUTHORS CROSSED TRADITIONAL BOUNDARIES, EXPERIMENTED WITH LANGUAGE AND
OFTEN MIXED DIFFERENT STYLESOF WRITING
 JULIO CORTAZAR
 CARLOS FUENTES
 MAJOR THEMES IN 21ST CENTURY
 MICHAEL CHABON
BORN MAY 24 1963 IS AN ASIAN NOVELIST, SCREENWRITER, COLUMNIST, AND SHORT
STORY WRITER BORN IN WASHINGTON, DC, HE SPENT A YEAR STUDYING AT CARNIGIE
MELLON UNIVERSITY BEFORE TRANSFERIING TO UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH,
GRADUATING IN 1984.

ASIAN AND MIDDLE EARTERN LITERATURE

ARABIC LITERATURE
 ADAB
ARABIC WORD FOR LITERATURE
3 PERIODS OF WRITTEN ARABIC
 UMAYAD PERIOD
PERIOD WAS LIMITED DURING THIS PERIOD
 ABBASID PERIOD
REGARDED AS THE GREATEST PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT
 MODERN PERIOD
THE INTEREST OF PEOPLE IN MODERN LITERATURE BECAUSE OF NAGUIB MAHFOUZ
 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ
BORN DEC 11 1911
DIED AUG 30 2006
AN AGYPTIAN WRITER, ONE OF THE FIRST CONTEMPORARY WRITERS OF ARABIC
LITERATURE
 QUR-AN
MEANS RECITATION
FIRST REVEAL TO PROPHET MOHAMMAD (S.A.W), HAVE 114 CHAPTERS OR ANY
SURAH CONTAINS OF 6236 AYA OR VERSES.
PRIMARY DOCUMENT OF ISLAMIC
WAS THE FIRST LITERARY PROSE AND STILL CONSIDERED TO BE THE FINEST WORK
OF POETRY AND ELOGUENCE.

CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE LATIN AMERICA

 WRITERS AND LYRICIST
 GIANNINA BRASCHI
 DIAMELA ELTIT
 ISABEL ALLENDE
 PAULO COELHO
 LAURA ESQUIVEL

21ST CENTURY ARABIC LITERARTURE

·The Arab creative writer operated at a local level within a social environment that,
more often than not, constrained freedom of expression and indeed subjected literature
to strict forms of censorship
·Many prominent Arab authors spent large segments of their life in exile from
their homelands for political reasons
·New generation of poets across the Arabic-speaking world were
taking poetry in a variety of new directions.
·Among the notable poets were the Syrian Muhammad al-Maghut, the Moroccan
Muhammad Bannīs, the Iraqi Sa’diyusuf, and the Egyptians Muhammad Afifimatar and
Amal Dunqul.

 About the writer

 Hassouna Mosbahi

·He was born in 1950 near Kairouan, Tunisia.

·He is a literary author and critic, as well as a freelance journalist for Arab and German
newspapers and magazines.
·In Arabic, he has published five collections of short stories, six novels, and some
nonfiction.
·He has additionally made a name for himself as a travel writer, biographer, and
translator from French into Arabic. Translating Henri Michaux, René Char, Samuel
Beckett, and Jean Genet.
 · His biography of Saint Augustine was published in Arabic in Tunisia in 2010.
·In 2012, he wrote and lectured in the United States. Mosbahi won the Tunisian
Broadcasting Prize in 1968 for some of his short stories and the National Prize for the
Novel from Tunisia in 1986.
·He was awarded the Tukan Prize in Munich in 2000. His short story entitled “The
Tortoise” was short-listed for the Caine Prize for African Writing in 2001.
·A Tunisian Tale (2011) was his first novel to be published in English.

 About the Translator

 William Maynard Hutchins
·He is an American academic, author and translator of contemporary Arabic literature.
·He is currently a professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Appalachian
State University in Boone, North Carolina.
·Hutchins graduated from Yale University 1964, where he majored in art history.

 What is a short story?

-A short story is a short work of fiction.

 What is fiction?
-Fiction is prose writing about imagined events and characters.