CSEC CHEMISTRY SBAs 2023-2024

The School-Based Assessment (SBA) is an integral part of your CSEC examination. It assesses
you in the experimental skills and the analysis and interpretation skills that are involved in
laboratory work, and it is intended to assist you in acquiring certain knowledge, skills and
attitudes that are critical in the study of Chemistry. The important points that you should note
about SBA are

 SBA is worth 20 % of your final examination mark.

 You will be assessed in the following four skills:
 Manipulation and Measurement
 Observation, Recording and Reporting
 Planning and Designing
 Analysis and Interpretation
 You will be taught the skills and be given enough opportunity to develop them before
you are assessed. In order to do this you will do a minimum of eighteen practicals over
the two-year period.

Topic Lab number and Practical activity Skill

Mixtures and 1. Investigating the effect of temperature on solubility
separations 2. Diffusion in gases
3. Separating a mixture of sand and copper(II) sulphate
4. Planning and design #1
Mole concept 5. Standard solution
6. Determining the concentration of a solution of sulphuric acid MM
Acids, bases and 7. Preparation of a soluble salt
salts, Volumetric 8. Determining the water of crystallization in a hydrated salt MM
analysis
9. Planning & Designing # 2 PD
Redox reactions 10. Investigating the reactions of oxidizing and reducing agents
Electrolysis 11. Investigating the electrolysis of Copper(II) sulphate using
inert and active electrodes
Rates of reaction 12. Investigating the effect of concentration on the rate of a AI, ORR
reaction
13. Planning & Designing # 3 PD
Energetics 14. Determining enthalpy change of a reaction AI
Qualitative 15. Identifying cations and anions
analysis 16. Identifying cations, anions and gases ORR
Hydrocarbons 17. Distinguishing between an alkene and an alkane ORR
Project: 18. Research Project (Biology or Chemistry or Physics) Proposal PD &
19. Research Implementation AI
 CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT
NAME & CLASS
DATE: dd/mm/yy the date the experiment was done
LAB #
TITLE
AIM: the purpose of the lab
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: must be listed and specifications stated
DIAGRAM: neatly labelled 2D drawing of the experiment set up
METHOD: stepwise, written in past tense
RESULTS/OBSERVATIONS: must be tabulated, appropriate headings, with units where necessary,
self-explanatory titles
CALCULATIONS: CORRECT units must be included
DISCUSSIONS: significance of results, data analysis questions
SOURCE OF ERROR/LIMITATION/PRECAUTION
CONCLUSION: must be related to the AIM
REFERENCES

FOR PLANNING &DESIGN REPORTS ONLY

NAME & CLASS
DATE dd/mm/yy the problem statement was given
LAB #
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
HYPOTHESIS: clearly stated with one variable, testable
AIM: related to hypothesis and problem statement, method to be used specified
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: all essential ones listed
DIAGRAM: experimental set up (2D)
METHOD: logical sequence of steps, written in present tense, feasible to test hypothesis
VARIABLES: (manipulated, responding and controlled): clearly listed
DATA TO BE COLLECTED: observations, measurements or qualitative data which will prove or
disprove your hypothesis
TREATMENT OF DATA: How will you analyze your data?
INTERPRETATION OF DATA: link of method to the aim and shows the link between how data to be
collected proves or disproves hypothesis
LIMITATIONS, RECAUTIONS, ASSUMPTIONS
REFERENCES
 LAB #1 - Solubility
Solubility is the mass of solute that will saturate 100g of solvent at a given temperature. The unit for
solubility is g per 100g of water.
However, it is not practical to weigh 100g of water, so we assume that pure water has a density of 1gcm-3.
This means that 100g water has a volume of 100cm3 and it is easy to measure 100cm3 of water in the
laboratory.
When we plot solubility of a solute against temperature we draw a graph known as solubility curve.
In this lab, you are required to investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of potassium
crystals.
Apparatus and materials
6 Boiling tubes Stopwatch
3 Thermometers 1 tongs
250cm3 Beakers Water bath
3 25cm3 measuring cylinders Triple beam balance
6 Weighing trays 6-16g potassium nitrate crystals
Method
1. Each group will weigh a specific mass of potassium nitrate crystals, varying from 6-16g.
2. Using a measuring cylinder, measure 10cm3 of distilled water in the boiling tube (this is equivalent to
10g).
3. Add the potassium nitrate to the boiling tube and, using the thermometer, stir the solution carefully to
dissolve as much potassium nitrate as possible.
4. Carefully heat the solution in the water bath for one minute, stirring it constantly until all potassium
nitrate dissolve.
5. Take the boiling tube out of the water bath and stir the solution gently.
6. Observe the solution as you stir it and as it cools. Look for signs of crystallization, especially at the
bottom of the tube as that is where it is easiest to see the crystals forming.
7. Note the temperature at which the crystals just start to form.
8. Reheat the solution and cool it again, to ensure the temperature is accurate. Note the temperature at
which the crystals just start to form.
9. Average your two temperature readings and record it in the table below

Results
TITLE OF TABLE
Mass of KNO3 saturating 10g Temperature (0C) Solubility of KNO3 (g per 100g
of water (g) water)
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Data analysis
1. Calculate the mass of potassium nitrate that dissolved in 100g of water at each temperature. Record
these Solubilities in the table.
2. On a sheet of graph paper, draw a solubility curve for potassium nitrate. Include scale for axes.
3. What effect does temperature have on the solubility of solids in liquids?
4. What is the solubility of potassium nitrate at 1000C?
5. What is the minimum mass of water required to dissolve 40g of potassium nitrate at 750C?
LAB # 2 - Diffusion

In this practical you are required to investigate the rate of diffusion of gases

Material/Apparatus:

 Concentrated Ammonia Solution  Universal indicator strip

 Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid  Stirring rod
 Distilled water  Ruler
 Glass Tube  Wash bottle
 4 Cotton balls  Scissors
 2 stoppers  stopwatch
 3 100ml beaker

Method:

1. Measure and cut a length of universal indicator paper that runs along the length of the
glass tube.
2. Using a pencil and ruler, mark 2 cm intervals along the strip of universal paper.
3. Using distilled water, slightly moisten a strip of universal indicator paper and run this on
the inside along the length of the glass tube.
4. Saturate a cotton ball using concentrated ammonia solution and another using
concentrated hydrochloric acid. Place one of the two saturated cotton balls on either end
of the glass tube and stopper immediately, simultaneously starting to the stopwatch.
5. Time how long it takes for the universal indicator paper to change colour from both ends
of the glass tube towards the location where a white ring forms.
6. Records all data in a suitable table.
 Results

TITLE OF TABLE

Gas Time taken for gas to diffuse to every 2 cm interval (s)

2 4 6 8 10 12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24

Ammonia

Hydrogen
chloride

Data Analysis:

1. Define diffusion
2. Why do particles diffuse (Mechanism)?
3. Plot a graph on the same axes of distance travelled versus time taken for both ammonia
solution and hydrochloric acid
4. Comment on the trends observed in the graph.
5. Determine the rate of diffusion (gradient of the graph)
6. Which gas diffused faster and why?
7. Write a balanced chemical equation for the formation of the product that causes the white
ring to appear.
8. What is the name of this product?
 LAB # 3
Separation Techniques

In this practical you are provided with a 10g sample of solid copper(II) sulphate that is
contaminated with sand. You are required to separate this mixture to obtain pure
copper(II) sulphate. To do this you must first design the method of this experiment. Then
conduct the experiment. In your method you must measure the mass of pure copper(II)
sulphate .

Materials/Apparatus:

1) 2- 250ml beakers
2) 50 cm3 measuring cylinder
3) Spatula
4) Stirring rod
5) Funnel
6) Filter paper
7) Weighing trays
8) Triple beam balance
9) Evaporating dish
10) Bunsen burner
11) Tripod stand and gauze
12) Tongs
13) Electronic balance
14) Sample of contaminated copper(II)
sulphate
15) Distilled water
Data Analysis:

1. Explain which techniques were utilized in the experiment as well as the

physical/chemical property of the compounds that would justify the application of this
technique.
2. How many moles of copper(II) sulphate are present in the 10 g sample?
3. What is the percentage of copper(II) sulphate in the 10g sample?

LAB #4 Planning & Designing # 1

A company discovers that an employee is forging cheques. Among the employees four suspects were
identified. It was observed that each of these employees used a specific brand of pen. Plan and design an
experiment to determine the culprit/which brand of pen was used.
 LAB #5
In this lab, you are required to prepare 250 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution with a molar concentration
of 1.0 moldm-3.
Apparatus and materials
Triple beam balance 250cm3 beaker
Weighing tray Spatula or glass rod
25cm3 Measuring cylinder
250 cm3 volumetric flask Wash bottle with distilled water
Funnel Distilled water
Sodium hydroxide pellets
Method
1. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide required to make the solution.
2. Weigh the tray on the triple beam balance.
3. Weigh the mass of sodium hydroxide you determined in your calculation in the weighing tray.
4. Carefully transfer all the sodium hydroxide to the beaker.
5. Add 25cm3 distilled water to the beaker and stir the solution with the glass rod until all the sodium
hydroxide has dissolved completely.
6. Using a funnel, transfer the solution to the volumetric flask.
7. Rinse the glass rod with distilled water over the beaker and transfer the washings to the flask. Wash the
beaker with distilled water twice and transfer these washings to the flask each time.
8. Add distilled water to just below the line in the volumetric flask. Add the final quantity of distilled
water using wash bottle, drop by drop until the bottom of the meniscus is on the line.
9. Place the stopper on the flask. Holding the stopper in place, invert the flask three times to mix the
solution.
Calculations

NB: Do not throw away your standard solution, you will need it for lab # 6. Instead, write the group
members’ name and class on the flask and place it at the side of the lab.
 LAB #6
In this lab, you are required to determine the concentration of a sulphuric acid solution.
Apparatus and materials
25cm3 pipette Funnel
4 – 250 mL conical flasks White sheet of paper
50 cm3 burette Phenolphthalein indicator
Clamp stand 1.0 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide

Method
1. Rinse the burette with some sodium hydroxide and using a funnel, fill the burette with the base.
2. Measure 25cm3 of sulphuric acid solution using pipette and run it into the conical flask.
3. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flask and swirl to mix the contents.
4. Take the initial burette reading (bottom of the meniscus).
5. Slowly add sodium hydroxide to the conical flask, swirling constantly, until the solution just turns from
colourless to pink. The neutralization point is the point where the color changes after the addition of just
one drop of base.
6. Take a final burette reading and determine the volume of base added. This is your rough.
7. Discard the contents in the conical flask and rinse the flask thoroughly with distilled water.
8. Repeat your titration a few times to obtain accurate volumes.
9. Record your data in the table below
Results
TITLE OF THE TABLE
Titration number
Rough 1 2 3 4
Final reading/ cm3
Initial reading/ cm3
Volume of acid added/
cm3

Data analysis
1. Write a balanced chemical equation and an ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.
2. What volume of acid is required to neutralize 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide?
3. Calculate how many moles of sodium hydroxide were pipetted into the conical flask.
4. Calculate how many moles of sulphuric acid reacted with sodium hydroxide in the flask during
titration.
5. Calculate the concentration in moldm-3 of sulphuric acid
6. Calculate the concentration in gdm-3 of sulphuric acid
 LAB #7 – Preparation of a Soluble Salt
In this lab, you will prepare a soluble salt, copper (II) sulphate by reacting an acid with a base.
Apparatus and materials
2 250ml Beaker Stirring rod
250ml Erlenmeyer flask Spatula
Evaporating dish 25ml measuring cylinder
Funnel Copper (II) oxide
Filter paper 1.0M Sulphuric acid
Bunsen burner and tripod stand
Method
1. Measure 20ml of sulphuric acid and transfer it into a beaker. NB: Light Bunsen burner, ask for
ASSISTANCE!!
2. Slowly, add copper (II) oxide to the acid a spatula at a time, heating and stirring gently, until no more
will react (until you can see excess copper (II) oxide in the beaker).
3. Using the filter paper and funnel, filter the mixture to remove the excess copper (II) oxide and collect
the filtrate.
4. Pour the filtrate into the evaporating dish. Place the evaporating dish over a beaker of boiling water and
heat until the solution becomes concentrated.
5. Place a piece of filter paper over the evaporating dish containing concentrated solution and leave it to
crystallize and form hydrated copper (II) sulphate crystals.
6. Record all your observations as you prepare the salt.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
 LAB # 8 – Titration – Water of Crystallization

In this laboratory you will determine the water of crystallization in a sample of hydrated sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3.xH2O) by titrating with hydrochloric acid.
Apparatus/ materials: - 25cm3 measuring cylinder
- 50ml burette
- 3-250ml conical flasks
- Weighing tray
- Spatula
- 250ml volumetric flask
- Funnel
- Digital scale
- Distilled water
- 0.08 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid
- Sample of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3. xH2O)
Method:
1. Accurately weigh 1.98g of the hydrated sodium carbonate. Carefully add to a beaker
followed by 25ml distilled water, stir to dissolve, transfer the solution to a 250ml
volumetric flask. To the same beaker add roughly 5ml of water swirl and transfer to the
volumetric flask ( repeat two more times, to ensure and residue and all of the solution is
transferred). Fill the volumetric flask up to the 250ml mark using distilled water, stopper
securely and invert three times to ensure the contents are evenly mixed.
2. Fill the burette with hydrochloric acid
3. Carefully measure 25ml of the sodium carbonate solution prepared using a measuring
cylinder and add to a conical flask.
4. To the conical flask add 2 to 3 drops of methyl orange indicator.
5. Titrate the contents of the flask with hydrochloric acid until the first permanent colour
change occurs. Record the volume of acid used.
6. Repeat the titrations until precise results are obtained.
Results/observation:
Burette readings Rough 1 2 3
(cm3)
Final
Initial
Volume used

Data Analysis:
1. Find the average volume of acid used (using the nearest results that differ by 0.1cm3)
2. Determine the number of moles of hydrochloric acid present in that volume
3. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction occurring including state symbols
4. Determine the number of moles of sodium carbonate present in the 25ml solution using
mole ratios
5. Determine the relative molecular mass of sodium carbonate
6. Determine the mass of sodium carbonate present in the determined number of moles
7. Determine the mass of water present in the 1.98g of sodium carbonate
8. Determine x in Na2CO3. xH2O using (round to the nearest whole number)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑥=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 LAB # 9 Planning & Designing 2
With the onset of COVID-19 Vitamin C is a widely used Vitamin to build Immunity. Ricardo is doubtful
that the retailed packages of powdered Vitamin C contain the amount displayed on the packages and
refuses to use it. Devise a suitable hypothesis and Plan and design an experiment to remove his doubt so
that he can make a choice.

LAB # 10
In this lab you are required to investigate the reactions of oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
Apparatus and materials
7 test tubes Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution
Test tube rack Potassium iodide solution
4 droppers Iron (II) sulphate solution
4 10ml beakers Acidified hydrogen peroxide
Acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution Ethanol
Method
1. Place about 2ml of Acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution into the first test tube. Slowly add
potassium iodide solution, shaking as you add the solution, until you see no further color change.
2. Place about 2ml of Acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution into the second test tube, 2ml of
Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution into the third tube, 2ml of potassium iodide solution into
the fourth tube and 2ml of iron (II) sulphate solution into the fifth tube. Slowly add acidified hydrogen
peroxide solution to each tube, shaking as you ass the solution, until you see no further color change.
3. Place about 2ml Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution to the sixth test tube. Slowly add
ethanol, shaking as you add the compound, until you see no further color change.
4. Record your observations BEFORE and AFTER mixing the solutions in a suitable table.
Data analysis
1. Explain the reason for the color change that you observed in each reaction.
2. Comment on the behavior of the acidified hydrogen peroxide.
 LAB #11
In this lab you are required to investigate the effect of using inert and active electrodes on the electrolysis
of copper (II) sulphate solution.
Apparatus and materials
2 copper electrodes Blue litmus paper
2 graphite electrodes Wires
2 9V batteries 1.0M Copper (II) sulphate solution
Measuring cylinder
Diagram

Method
1. Set up an electrolytic cell as shown in the diagram above, using graphite electrodes and copper (II)
sulphate solution as the electrolyte.
NB: You must include a step by step instructions of how you set up the cell.
2. Observe the anode and the cathode, taking note of what occurs at each electrode. Also observe the
colour of the electrolyte and dip a piece of blue litmus paper into the electrolyte.
3. Repeat the experiment using copper electrodes.
4. Record all your observations in a suitable table,
Data analysis
1. Classify the electrodes as inert or active.
2. How were your observations in the two experiments—(a) similar (b) different?
3. Why was the reaction occurring at the anode different in the two experiments? Include the relevant
equations.
4. Why did litmus paper change color in step 2?
5. Why was there a change in color of the electrolyte in the first experiment but not in the second?
 LAB #12
In this lab, you are required to investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction.
Apparatus and materials
3 25cm3 measuring cylinders White sheet of paper
50cm3 burette 0.005moldm-3 potassium iodide solution
250cm3 beaker 0.01moldm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution
Stopwatch Starch solution
Method
1. Using a funnel, fill the burette with sodium thiosulphate solution.
2. Measure 25cm3 of potassium iodide solution in a measuring cylinder and pour it into the beaker. Add
1cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution from the burette and swirl to mix solutions.
3. Measure 25cm3 of starch solution in another measuring cylinder.
4. Add the mixture to the beaker and at the same time start the stopwatch. Place the beaker on a piece of
white paper.
5. Observe the solution in the beaker from above and as soon as a blue-black colour begins to appear stop
the stopwatch.
6. Record the time taken for the blue black colour start to appear.
7. Repeat the experiment four more times using different volumes of potassium iodide and water given in
the table.
8. Record your results.
Results
Volume of Volume of Concentration Volume of Volume of Time Rate of
KI(aq) (cm3) H2O (cm3) of KI(aq) Na2S2O3(aq) starch taken for reaction
(moldm-3) (cm3) solution blue black (s-1)
(cm3) color to
appear (s)
25 0 1 25
20 5 1 25
15 10 1 25
10 15 1 25
5 20 1 25
Data analysis
1. Calculate the concentration of potassium iodide solution for each experiment.
2. Calculate the rate of reaction for each experiment using the formula

Rate of reaction = s-1

3. Plot a graph to show the rate of reaction against the concentration of potassium iodide solution.
4. What can you deduce about the effect and the relationship of concentration on the rate of reaction?
5. Explain the effect that increasing the concentration has on the rate of reaction.
6. State one possible source of error.

OR ALTERNATIVE LAB # 12 RATE OF REACTION

In this lab, you are required to investigate the effect of concentration
on the rate of a reaction.
Method:
1. Draw a cross on a typing sheet. Then place it under the beaker.
2. Using a measuring cylinder, place 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3sodium
thiosulphate into a conical flask.
 3. Add 50cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid to this solution and
simultaneously state the stopwatch.
4. Place the conical flask directly over the cross drawn on the paper.
5. Observe carefully and record the time it takes for the cross to be no
longer visible when viewed from above.
6. Discard the mixture and wash the conical flask.
7. Repeat steps 2 to 3 using instead the next thiosulphate/water mixture
shown in the table below.
8. Record all results in the space provided in the table below.

Results

Experiment Volume Volume of Volume Concentration Time Rate

of Na2S2O3(aq) (cm3) of Water (cm3) mol dm-3 (s) (s-1)
acid
(cm3)

1 50 50 0

2 50 45 5

3 50 40 10

4 50 35 15

5 50 30 20

6 50 25 25

7 50 20 30

Data analysis questions

1. Calculate the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate.
2. Represent the reaction with a balanced chemical equation.
3. Derive the net ionic equation of this reaction.
4. Calculate the rate of reaction for each experiment using the formula.
5. Plot a graph of time against concentration of thiosulphate.
6. Plot a graph of rate of reaction against concentration of thiosulphate.
7. What relationships can you determine of these variables based on the graphs?
8. Determine the rate of the reaction when the concentration of thiosulphate is 6.6 x 10-2 mol
dm-3. 9. State the variables controlled and manipulated in this experiment.
10. One limitation of this experiment is that the temperature was not kept constant. Explain how
you would have kept temperature constant in this experiment.

LAB #13 – Planning & Designing # 3

Hydrogen peroxide will decompose slowly at room temperature to produce water and oxygen gas. The
rate of decomposition can be increased by using a catalyst.
Manganese(IV) oxide, copper(II) oxide, liver extracts and potato extracts have been used to catalyse
various reactions. Devise a suitable hypothesis, and Plan and design an experiment to determine which of
the four catalysts above will be most effective in increasing the rate of decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LAB # 14
In this lab you are required to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of magnesium with nitric
acid.
Apparatus and materials
1. Mg powder 6. Weighing tray
2. 2 moldm-3 nitic acid 7. Glass rod
3. Polystyrene cup 8. Stopwatch
4. 50cm3 measuring cylinder 9. Thermometer
5. Triple beam Balance
Method
1. Weigh accurately 1.0 g of Mg powder in a weighing tray
2. Using a measuring cylinder, place 50 cm3 of nitric acid into a polystyrene cup
3. Take the temperature of the solution every 30 seconds for 3.5 minutes
4. At exactly 4 minutes, add the Mg powder from the weighing tray to the polystyrene cup and stir
5. Ignore the 4 minute reading but continue to record the temperature every 30 seconds from 4.5
minutes to 10 minutes.
6. Reweigh the tray with any residue and record the value.

Results

Time/min Temperature/0C Time/min Temperature/0C

0 5.5
0.5 6.0
1.0 6.5
1.5 7.0
2.0 7.5
2.5 8.0
3.0 8.5
3.5 9.0
4.5 9.5
5.0 10
Data analysis
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of magnesium and nitric acid include state symbols
2. Plot a graph of temperature against time for the reaction
3. Estimate the temperature of the graph at 4 minutes by extrapolation of your graph
4. Use this value to find the highest temperature change produced by the reaction
5. Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid added to the cup
6. Which reactant is the limiting reagent?
NB: Limiting reagent is the reactant that is consumed when a reaction occurs and is therefore the
one that yield lower amount of product. (M. Silberberg, 2003)
7. Calculate the heat energy produced when the Mg is added to the acid in the cup
8. Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction between Mg and hydrochloric acid
9. Is the enthalpy change for this reaction exothermic or endothermic?
10. Draw an energy profile diagram for the reaction
11. List one assumption
12. Suggest a major source of error in this experiment
13. Suggest a change that could be made to the experiment to improve accuracy.
 LAB # 15 – Qualitative Analysis
You will carry out the following tests on Samples P1, P2 and P3. You should indicate clearly at
what stage in a test a change occurs.
Apparatus and materials: test tube, test tube rack, dropping pipettes, aqueous solutions of P1, P2
and P3, aqueous sodium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, aqueous potassium iodide, aqueous silver
nitrate
Procedure: as outlined in table below
Test Observations
P1 P2 P3
1. (a) To 1cm depth of solution in a
test tube add 1cm depth of aqueous
sodium hydroxide and swirl
(b) Add aqueous sodium hydroxide
in excess (further 2cm depth)
2. (a) To 1cm depth of solution in a
test tube add 1cm depth of aqueous
ammonia and swirl
(b) Add aqueous ammonia in excess
(further 2cm depth)
3. To 1cm depth of solution in a test
tube add 1cm depth of aqueous
silver nitrate
Data analysis
1. Use the Qualitative analysis notes given in class,
(a) To identify the cations and anions present in each solution and give supporting
evidence from your observations.
(b) Include ionic equations for positive test.
(c) To select a further reagent that would be used to confirm the presence of lead (II) ions
in one of the unknown solutions.
 LAB # 16
In this lab you are required carry out the following tests to identify the cations, anions and any gases
present in samples R and S.
Apparatus and materials
8 boiling tubes Aqueous ammonia
Tube rack Aqueous sodium hydroxide
Tongs Aqueous potassium iodide
Measuring cylinder Aqueous silver nitrate
Droppers Dilute nitric acid
Bunsen burner Distilled water
Universal litmus paper Solid S
Aqueous barium nitrate Solution R
Method: As outlined in the table below
Test Observations
R S
(1) Gently heat a small portion of solid S in a dry •
boiling tube. Place a piece of moist litmus paper
at the mouth of the tube. •
(2) Dissolve another small portion of solid S in
15cm3 of distilled water and divide it into three
equal parts.
Divide solution R into four equal parts.
(3) Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to first • •
portions of both solutions in separate boiling • •
tubes.
(4) Gently heat the contents of R and place a piece •
of moist litmus paper at the mouth of the tube.
(5) To second portion of S add a few drops of •
aqueous ammonia until in excess •
(6) Add a few drops of aqueous silver nitrate to •
second portion of R
(7) Add aqueous barium nitrate to the third •
portion of R then add dilute nitric acid to the
contents in the tube
(8) Add aqueous potassium iodide to the third •
portion of S

Data analysis
2. Use the Qualitative analysis notes given in class, to identify the cations and anions
present in each solution and give supporting evidence from your observations.
3. Write ionic equations for the reactions in test 3, 6 and 8.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 LAB#17
In this lab, you are required to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene. You are provided with two
unknowns X and Y, One is an alkene and the other is an alkane.
Apparatus and materials
Unknown X Test tube rack
Unknown Y Bromine water
4 test tubs Acidified potassium permanganate
2 droppers
Method
1. Add about 2cm depth of unknown X to two separate test tubes and label it.
2. Add about 2cm depth of bromine water to one test tube and 2 cm depth of acidified potassium
permanganate to the second tube. Shake and leave it for 2 minutes
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 using unknown Y.
4. Record all observations
Characteristics Observations
X Y
State
Color
Reaction with bromine water
Reaction with acidified potassium permanganate
Data analysis
1. Which hydrocarbon is saturated and which is unsaturated?
2. Describe any positive reactions and where possible write chemical equations for the reactions.

INVESTIGATIVE RESEARCH