The Pharma Innovation Journal 2022; 11(12): 6401-6406

ISSN (E): 2277-7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23 Upliftment of socio-economic status of farmers through
TPI 2022; 11(12): 6401-6406
© 2022 TPI rearing of Kadaknath, Giriraja and Black Australorp
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 26-10-2022 birds under free-range, semi-intensive and intensive
Accepted: 28-11-2022
system of housing in Maharashtra state of India
Pawankar KN
Department of Livestock
Production Management, College Pawankar KN, Samanta R, Ghosh N, Bera S, Channa GR and Ramteke
of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, Udgir. Maharashtra SS
Animal and Fishery Sciences
University (MAFSU), Nagpur, Abstract
Maharashtra, India The present study was conducted in 240 Poultry farmers of Maharashtra state, India. Selection of poultry
farmers were on the basis of well-structured interview schedule with the criteria of Age, Education,
Samanta R
Family size, Land holding, Occupation, Flock size, Poultry farming experience and Annual income of the
Department of Livestock
Production Management, West
farmer. The experimental parameters studied during the 16th week of age were growth performance and
Bengal University of Animal & economics of three breeds of birds Kadaknath, Giriraja and Black Australorp in freerange, semi-intensive
Fishery Sciences (WBUAFS), and intensive system of housing. All the birds from three breeds showed highly significant (p<0.01)
Kolkata, West Bengal, India differences in studied parameters. But, the performance of Giriraja birds were superior followed by Black
Australorp and Kadaknath. It is concluded that Giriraja and Black Australorpseems to be most
Ghosh N economical breeds to be reared under intensive and semi-intensive systems of housing.
Department of Livestock
Production Management, West Keywords: Black Australorp, economics, free range, Giriraja, intensive, Kadaknath, Maharashtra,
Bengal University of Animal & proximate analysis, semi-intensive
Fishery Sciences (WBUAFS),
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Introduction
Bera S India with a population of 1.35 billion people is highly focusing on “Development” i.e. Good
Department of Livestock Food, Better Health and Living conditions for everyone. With the increase in the incomes,
Production Management, West people can now afford better nutrition. Hence, since last two decades the demand for eggs and
Bengal University of Animal & chicken meat is growing (Bujarbaruah and Gupta, 2005) [3]. India is the home for many breeds
Fishery Sciences (WBUAFS),
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
of native chicken like Aseel, Kadaknath, Tellicherry, Haringhata Black, Nicobari, Danki etc.,
which are still popular among the rural and tribal areas for backyard or free range farming
Channa GR (Chatterjee and Rajkumar, 2015) [25]. For the commercial farming, high yielding crosses
Department of Livestock developed under the public sector like Giriraja, Vanraja, Krishilayer, Krishibro (multicolored
Production Management, College broiler etc.) are popular in certain areas (Chatterjee and Rajkumar, 2015) [5] for their meat.
of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, Udgir. Maharashtra
Also, The Black Australorp is a dual purpose chicken breed of Australian origin which was
Animal and Fishery Sciences developed with the intension of increased eggs production. The breed achieved world-wide
University (MAFSU), Nagpur, popularity in the 1920s after the breed broke numerous world records for number of eggs laid
Maharashtra, India and has been a popular breed in the western world [25].
Livestock and poultry sector provide a major contribution to India’s economy (Nath et al.,
Ramteke SS
Department of Veterinary
2012) [13]. It carries a pivotal position in current Indian economy and has evolved as an
Clinical Complex, College of extremely business oriented enterprise (Sreenivas et al., 2013) [24]. Poultry industry has been
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, transformed into a strong, dynamic agro-based farming activity (Islam et al. 2016) [8]. Rural
Udgir. MAFSU, Nagpur, poultry farming involves rearing ofimproved chicken varieties under free range, semi-intensive
Maharashtra, India or intensive conditions (Buragohain et al., 2007) [4]. The rural poultry production system
especially in delta areas is typically a smallholder free ranging system. Under free-range
conditions the necessity of supplementary feed/feed ingredients mostly depends on the free
Corresponding Author: area available in the backyards, intensity of vegetation and availability of waste grains, insects,
Pawankar KN grass seeds etc (Pathak and Nath, 2013) [16]. Backyard poultry rearing requires hardly any
Department of Livestock infrastructure setup and is a liquid asset that can be sold quickly to meet any emergency cash
Production Management, College
of Veterinary and Animal
needs of poorer’s families (Sarap, 2017) [18]. Also, Intensive system of housing the poultry
Sciences, Udgir. Maharashtra birds includes rearing of birds under confined housing system with proper managemental and
Animal and Fishery Sciences feeding regime with feeds and water under one roof only. Among the available rearing systems
University (MAFSU), Nagpur, for birds, the semi-intensive system consists in keeping the birds in an area with a shed and
Maharashtra, India
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pasture i.e., the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free Satara of Maharashtra state, India over the period of 15
access to a pasture area. An alternatives to confinement months (April 2019 to July 2020). Selection of poultry
housingand cages for sustainable poultry production, such as farmers were on the basis of well-structured interview
access to range which is considered an environmentally sound schedule with the criteria of Age, Education, Family size,
and economically viable approach (Appleby et al., 1992) [2]. Land holding, Occupation, Flock size, Poultry farming
The system has been increasingly used in the last years, experience and Annual income. The experimental parameters
mainly due to aspects related to the greater concern with food studied during the 16 week duration were growth performance
quality by consumers. Besides, production costs might also be and economics of rearing three types of birds Kadaknath,
reduced, since the birds will have access to a pasture area and Giriraja and Black Australorpunder the free range, semi-
the costs with diets would be decreased (Silva and Nakano, intensive and intensive system of housing, respectively. All
1998; Silva, 2001) [20-21]. The utilization of semi-intensive the birds of these three breeds were maintained under
systems minimizes the effects of stressing factors and common feeding and water regime in three systems. The data
contributes to bird welfare (Barbosa Filho et al., 2005). of the birds was collected and recorded from 0th day to 16th
Considering all this facts of housing systems and variety of week of age at biweekly interval and the results were
birds, the present research work was designed with the aim of expressed as Mean ±S.E. The statistically analysis of the data
Upliftment of Socio-Economic status of farmers through was done using Complete randomized design as per method
rearing of Kadaknath, Giriraja and Black Australorp birds described by Panse and Sukhatme, (1967) [15] using Statistical
under Free-range, Semi-Intensive and Intensive system of Package for Social Science (SPSS, version-26, IBM
housing in Maharashtra state of India. Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Materials and Method Results and Discussion

The present study was conducted in 240 Poultry farmers in 24 Criteria's of scoring and categorization for the selection of
villages of four districts; Kolhapur, Solapur, Sangali and poultry farmers is presented in Table no. 1.

Table 1: Criteria's of scoring and categorization for the selection of poultry farmers.
Particulars poultry farmers Percentage
1) Distribution of poultry farmers according to age.
Young (<30 years) 68 28.33
Middle (31-50 years) 124 51.67
Old (> 50 years) 48 20.00
2) Distribution of poultry farmers according to education level.
Illiterate 87 36.25
Primary level 39 16.25
High School 65 27.08
Graduate and above 49 20.42
3) Distribution of poultry farmers according to size of family.
Small (< 5 members) 79 32.92
Medium (6-7 members) 106 44.16
Large (> 8) 55 22.92
4) Distribution of poultry farmers according to land holding.
Poultry farmers (< 2.5 acre) 120 50.00
Poultry farmers (land 2.5 – 5 acre) 120 50.00
5) Distribution of poultry farmers according to occupation.
Labour 32 13.33
Agriculture 157 65.42
Animal Husbandry 33 13.75
Business 12 5.00
Service 6 2.50
6) Distribution of poultry farmers according to annual income.
Low (up to Rs. 50K) 72 30.00
Medium (Between Rs. 50- 100K) 136 56.67
High more than Rs. 100K) 32 13.33
7) Distribution of poultry farmers according to type of poultry housing.
Free- range 83 34.58
Semi - intensive 96 40.00
Intensive 61 25.42
8) Distribution of poultry farmers according to poultry farming experience.
Low (< 2 years) 78 32.50
Medium (2 - 5 years) 107 44.58
High (>5 Years) 55 22.92
9) Distribution of poultry farmers according to flock size.
Free range 5 - 10 83 34.58
Semi-intensive 10 - 25 96 40.00
Intensive More than 25 61 25.42
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10) Distribution of poultry farmers according to information source.

Low (No contact) 32 13.33
Medium (Some contact) 144 60.00
High (Always) 64 26.67

Based on the various selection criteria's, 240 farmers were Australorp (BA) under free range(FR), Semi-intensive (SI)
selected from 24 villages of four districts; Kolhapur, Solapur, and Intensive (IN) systems of housing is discussed as follows
Sangali and Satara of Maharashtra state, India which might be
a landmark foot print for the future further socio-economic In Kadaknath
studies in the urban and rural areas on various species and The data of comparative growth performances at biweekly
breeds of livestock and poultry. interval on body weight of Kadaknath birds upto16th week of
age in the free range, semi-intensive and intensive housing
Growth performances systems were 827.49, 907.25 and 1014.53g, respectively and
The results on individual and comparative study on growth is presented in Table 2.
performance in Kadaknath (KD), Giriraja (GR) and Black

Table 2: Comparative biweekly body weight (g) of Kadaknath (KD) in Free range (FR), Semi-intensive (SI) and Intensive (IN) systems of
housing.
Age (In weeks)
KD
Day old 2nd 4th 6th 8th 10th 12th 14th 16th
FR 27.63±0.20 71.25 ±1.06 138.86 ±2.12 227.51 ±2.72 299.03 ±3.59 416.77 ±3.32 542.20 ±3.50 689.33 ±3.57 827.49c±3.90
b b c c c c c

SI 28.48±0.24 74.06b±2.03 144.23b±4.05 288.52b±3.76 330.24b±5.04 447.19b±4.79 602.42b±5.14 762.96b±5.00 907.25b±5.16

IN 28.64±0.18 84.41a±1.80 186.27a±3.59 316.86a±2.79 458.21a±3.61 582.47a±3.94 717.98a±4.95 851.96a±4.90 1014.53a±5.45
'F' Cal. Value 6.59 17.29** 57.95** 198.16** 326.55** 391.38** 366.01** 322.94** 364.85**
Means bearing different superscripts (a,b) differ significantly(**p<0.01) in a column.

It was observed that the highly significant (p<0.01) housing in the present study is might be due to the metabolic
differences in body weight in Kadaknath birds being highest rate of breed (Shanmathy et al., 2018) [19] and mainly due the
in intensive, followed by semi-intensive and lowest in free management conditions (Gondwe and Wollny, 2003) [6]
range system continuously up to 16th weeks of the age. specially space, water and feed availability which is deeply
The findings of the study regarding the body weight gain in related with the variation in body weight gain in three
Kadaknath was lesser at 16th week of rearing in free range different types of housing.
housing system is in agreement with earlier reports of Singh
et al (2004) [22] observed highest body weight at 15th week of In Giriraja
age in both Kadaknath and Aseel. The reason for lower The data of comparative growth performances at biweekly
weight gain in indigenous breeds from same breeding stock interval on body weight of Giriraja birds upto 16th week of
can be the non-selected origin of Kadaknath (Shanmathy et age in the free range, semi-intensive and intensive housing
al., 2018) [19]. The lower Average body weight gain in free systems were 1282.92, 1412.97 and 1864.90 g, respectively
range as compare to semi intensive and intensive system of and is presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Comparative biweekly body weight (g) of Giriraja (GR) in Free range (FR), Semi-intensive (SI) and Intensive (IN) systems of housing.
Age (In weeks)
GR
Day old 2nd 4th 6th 8th 10th 12th 14th 16th
FR 35.90±0.27 113.50 ±1.42 238.12 ±2.84 433.09 ±4.22 632.76 ±6.12 818.40 ±5.95 958.28 ±6.51 1131.46 ±6.70 1282.92c±6.95
c c b b c c c

SI 36.13±0.22 124.57b±2.41 282.54b±4.81 433.67b±7.63 636.38b±8.67 857.95b±9.99 1045.92b±11.50 1218.69b±12.89 1412.97b±14.45

IN 36.19±0.18 156.81a±3.07 374.61a±6.14 610.79a±7.43 879.47a±9.00 1124.42a±11.84 1355.58a±14.81 1611.00a±17.33 1864.90a±20.24
'F' Cal. Value 0.44 91.40** 221.53** 226.76** 288.95** 301.34** 306.29** 404.47** 454.21**
Means bearing different superscripts (a,b) differ significantly(**p<0.01) in a column.

It was observed that the highly significant (p<0.01) of housing in the present study is might be due to the
differences in body weight gain of Giriraja birds being highest metabolic rate of breed (Shanmathy et al., 2018) [19] and
in intensive, followed by semi-intensive and lowest in free mainly due the management conditions (Gondwe and Wollny,
range system continuously up to 16th weeks of the age. Better 2003) [6] specially space, water and feed availability which is
growth potential seen in present experiment in all the housing deeply related with the variation in body weight gain in three
system might be due to the fact that this breed (Giriraja) had different types of housing.
undergone series of improvement and selection for higher
body weight and growth rate (Amusan et al., 2013) [1]. In Black Australorp
Girirraja showed highest body weight gain throughout the The data of comparative growth performances at biweekly
study is might be due to heavy and larger breed size which is interval on body weight of Black Australorp birds upto 16th
correlative with the findings of Neupane et al., (2014) [14] and week of age in the free range, semi intensive and intensive
Somu, (2015) [23]. The lower Average body weight gain in housing systems were 1238.25, 1316.07 and 1693.32 g,
free range as compare to semi-intensive and intensive system respectively and is presented in Table 4.

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Table 4: Comparative biweekly body weight (g) of Black Australorp (BA) in Free range (FR), Semi-intensive (SI) and Intensive (IN) systems of
housing.
Age (In weeks)
BA
Day old 2nd 4th 6th 8th 10th 12th 14th 16th
FR 37.12±0.24 102.19 ±3.78 208.85 ±7.56 391.65 ±8.45 577.93 ±9.55 773.82 ±10.98 904.20 ±12.54 1065.18 ±14.70 1238.25c±17.18
b c b b b c c

SI 36.25±0.36 110.97b±2.85 263.24b±5.70 406.44b±7.11 604.27b±9.64 795.23b±11.34 1002.15b±13.31 1169.48b±15.78 1316.07b±18.10

IN 36.67±0.30 126.73a±1.95 356.81a±8.24 572.99a±8.78 799.17a±9.94 1056.97a±9.77 1288.69a±9.94 1469.73a±9.21 1693.32a±8.68
'F'Cal.
2.29 14.83** 102.45** 138.97** 142.07** 191.97** 247.33** 211.54** 213.88**
Value
Means bearing different superscripts (a,b) differ significantly(**p<0.01) in a column.

It was observed that the highly significant (p<0.01) rate of breed and management conditions (Gondwe and
differences in body weight gain of Black Australorp birds Wollny, 2003) [6].
being highest in intensive followed by semi-intensive system
and lowest in free range continuously up to 16th weeks of the Comparative growth performance of Kadaknath,
age. Black Australorp showed highest body weight gain Girirraja and Black Australorp birds
throughout the study period is might be due to heavy and The comparative growth performance of kadaknath (KD),
larger breed size which is correlative with the findings of Giriraja (GR) and Black Australorp (BA) birds in free range
Gondwe and Wollny, (2003) [6] and Kgwatalala and Segokgo, (FR), Semi-intensive (SI) and Intensive (IN) system of
(2013) [11]. The highest body weight gain in BA under housing at 16th week performance was studied, analyzed and
Intensive system of rearing is might be due to the metabolic presented in Table no.5.

Table 5: Comparative Growth performance of Kadaknath (KD), Girirraja (GR) and Black Australorp (BA) birds at 16th week in free range (FR),
Semi-intensive (SI) and Intensive (IN) system of housing

Breed Kadaknath (g) (Mean ±S.E.) Giriraja (g) (Mean ±S.E.) Black Australorp (g) (Mean ±S.E.)
Housing System Day old 16th Week Day old 16th Week Day old 16th Week
c
FR 27.63±0.20 827.49 ±3.90 35.90±0.27 1282.92c ±6.95 37.12±0.24 1238.25c ±17.18
b
SI 28.48 ±0.24 907.25 ±5.16 36.13 ±0.22 1412.97b ±14.45 36.25 ±0.36 1316.07b ±18.10
IN 28.64±0.18 1014.53a ±5.45 36.19±0.18 1864.90a ±20.24 36.67±0.30 1693.32a ±8.68
NS NS NS
'F' Cal. Value 6.59 364.85** 0.44 454.21** 2.29 213.88**
Means bearing different superscripts (a,b) differ significantly(**p<0.01) in a column.

At the 16th week, body weight gain in Kadaknath; Giriraja and gain throughout the study is might be due to heavy and larger
Black Australorp in FR, SI and IN were 827.49±3.90, breed size which is correlative with the findings of Neupane
907.25±5.16 and 1014.53±5.45; 1282.92±6.95, et al., (2014) [14], Somu, (2015) [23] and Sudhir, (2021) [10], in
1412.97±14.45 and 1864.90±20.24, and 1238.25±17.18, Giriraja and Gondwe and Wollny, (2003) [6] and Kgwatalala
1316.07±18.10and 1693.32±8.68 g, respectively. The data of and Segokgo, (2013) [11] in Black Australorp birds. The lower
comparative growth performance of Kadaknath, Giriraja and Average body weight gain in Kadaknath breed as compare to
Black Australorp bird showed highly significant (p<0.001) Giriraja and Black Australorp in the present study is may be
body weightgain in Intensive system of housing as compared due to the genetic makeup of the indigenous and cross-breeds
to semi-intensive and free range system. Highly significant (Singh and Singh, 2004) [22]. Significant effect (p<0.05) of
(p<0.01) differences between the breeds was observed in all breed on body weight was observed in Giriraja showing
the system of housing management with respect to growth superiority over Black Autralorp and Desi birds. The Better
performance. The highest body weight gain throughout the growth potential might be due to the fact that this breed
experiment in all the three breeds was observed in intensive (Giriraja) had undergone series of improvement and selection
system of rearing followed by semi intensive and lowest in for higher body weight and growth rate (Amusan et al., 2013)
(1)
free range system It was observed that for most of the weeks, . In poultry, age and breed are some of the many important
highest biweekly body weights was seen in Giriraja, followed factors influencing the rate of body weight gain (Kumar et al.,
by Black Australorp and lowest in Kadaknath birds, 2020) [12].
respectively. Difference in the body weight gain and Growth
performance in the present study under intensive system of Comparative economics of Intensive housing in
rearing may be due to difference of genetic makeup of Kadaknath, Giriraja and Black Australorp birds
Kadaknath, Giriraja and Black Australorp, and Giriraja and Considering the importance of the Intensive system of
Black Australorp are being a heavy bird, the body weights of rearing, we have drawn out the comparative economics of
Giriraja followed by Black Australorp at different ages were rearing the Kadaknath, Giriraja and Black Australorp in
higher than Kadaknath under all the three different types of intensive system up to the 16th week of age. The data for
housing systems. production economics up to the 16th week at poultry farmer’s
Black Autralorp and Girirraja showed highest body weight door is presented in Table 6.

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Table 6: Comparative economics of Intensive housing in Kadaknath, Giriraja and Black Australorp marketed (Sold) at farmer’s doorstep.
Sr. No. Particulars Kadaknath Giriraja Black Australorp
1 Cost of day old chick (Rs) 40 20 20
2 Cost of feed (Rs) 27.5 27.5 27.5
3 Total feed consumption (g) 3738.23 4797.16 4898.47
4 Cost of feed consumed per bird (Rs) 102.80 131.92 134.70
5 Average body weight (g) 1014.53 1864.89 1693.32
6 Miscellaneous cost* (Rs) 20 20 20
7 Total cost of production (1+4+6) (Rs.) 162.80 171.92 174.70
Average price realized/bird, Kadaknath @ 350 Rs/kg live weight,
8 355.08 466.22 423.33
Giriraja and Black Australorp @ 250 Rs/kg live weight
9 Net profit/bird (Rs) (8-7) 192.28 294.30 248.63
10 Net profit/kg live weight (Rs) 189.53 157.81 146.83

The total cost of production of rearing kadaknath, Giriraja and Animal Production. 2013;40(2):1-6.
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