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BASIC CONCEPT & PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT force of resistance offered by the surface upon which it is
resting.
Principles of Flight
 An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an
1666, wondered why objects fall on Earth and no the other way unbalanced force.
around into the atmosphere and the limitless space of the universe.  An object in motion continues in motion with the same
speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
Discovered and came up with his theories on gravity.
unbalanced force.
He formulated the three immutable laws of nature pertaining to  This means that there is a natural tendency of objects to
m ot i on . keep on doing what they're doing.
 If an object is not moving, it will not start moving by itself.
Memorialized these in his Pricipia Mathematica Philosophiae All objects resist changes in their state of motion.
Naturalis  In the absence of an unbalanced force, an object in motion
Sir Isaac Newton - He formulated the three immutable laws of will maintain this state of motion.
nature pertaining to motion.  If an object is moving, it will not stop or change direction
unless something pushes it.
LAWS OF MOTION –
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
First Law – Object remains at rest unless it is compelled to change
the state by forces impressed on it. (State of inertia). Force, Acceleration and Momentum

Second Law – Force is equal to the change in momentum per A definition of three significant terminologies that are more
change in time. accurately expressed and understood by the calculus of
mathematics since all three terms have both a magnitude and a
Third law – for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. direction.
State of Inertia  Force is defined as the change of momentum per unit time.
Any object at rest or any object in uniform motion in a straight line is It is the exertion of physical strength.
said to be in a state of inertia.  Momentum (moment of inertia) is a quantity, analogous to
mass for linear motion. It is a sum of the products of the
 An object is at rest because of all external forces, acting on mass elements of a non-perpendicular distance each
the object are of equal insensitive that they cancel each element to the axis of rotation
other, thus keeping the object immovable.  Acceleration is a change in velocity with time. It is a vector
 An object lying on a surface has weight because of the pull representing the time rate of change
of Earth’s gravity, it cannot move downward because of the
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always a resistance of the same size in the opposite

direction.
WHAT DOES THESE MEANS?
FOUR FORCES acting on AN AIRCRAFT:
 Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The
greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the An airplane in flight is the center of a continuous tug of war
greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the between four forces. There are basically four forces that act on an
object). airplane in flight. Lift and Drag are considered aerodynamic forces
 Everyone unconsciously knows the Second Law. Everyone because they exist due to the movement of the aircraft through the
knows that heavier objects require more force to move the air.
same distance as lighter objects.
For a moment, think of an airplane moving from left to right and the
 Objects will move farther and faster when they are pushed
flow of air moving from right to left.
harder.
 The Second Law gives us an exact relationship between  The weight or force due to gravity pulls down on the plane
force, mass, and acceleration. It can be expressed as a opposing the lift created by air flowing over the wing.
mathematical equation:  Thrust is generated by the propeller and opposes drag
Force =Mass x Acceleration caused by air resistance to the airplane.
 During take-off, thrust must be greater than drag and lift
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
must be greater than weight so that the airplane can
For Every Action, A Reaction become airborne.
 For landing thrust must be less than drag, and lift must be
Stipulates that for every action (or force) in the natural environment
less than weight.
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
WEIGHT
 With reference to the suspended object swayed by a gust of
wind described in the discussion of the First Law, once the Weight is the pull of gravity on an object.
gust of wind has passed by, by the principle of the third law
 Magnetic attraction of Earth, has tendency to pull all object
of motion, the action created by the gust of wind creates an
to the center of the Earth.
equal and opposite reaction that makes the object swing
 Weight pulls down on the plane opposing the lift created by
back to the opposite side and keeps on swinging back and
air flowing over the wing.
forth. For every action there is an equal and opposite re-
 Forces acting on flying object is mechanical force
action. When an object is pushed in one direction, there is
(aerodynamic – physically in contact and acting against wind
element).
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LIFT THRUST

Overcoming weight to fly. Propelling the aircraft

 Lift is produced by a lower pressure created on the upper  Thrust is a force power source which gives created by an
surface of an airplane’s wing. The special shape of the airplane forward motion. It can either "pull" or "push" an
airplane wing (airfoil) is designed so that air flowing over it airplane forward. Thrust is that force which overcomes drag.
will have to travel a greater distance faster, resulting in a Conventional airplanes utilize engines as well as propellers
lower pressure area (see illustration) thus lifting the wing to obtain thrust.
upward. Lift is that force which opposes the force of gravity
FORCES DURING FLIGHT
(or weight).
 Thrust is generated by the propeller and opposes drag
Lift is a partial vacuum created above the surface of an airplane's
caused by air resistance to the frontal area of the airplane.
wing causing the wing to be "lifted" upward. The special shape of
 During take-off, thrust must overcome drag and lift must
the airplane wing (air foil) is designed so that air flowing over it will
overcome the weight before the airplane can become
have to travel a greater distance - faster - resulting in a low pressure
airborne.
area (see illustration) thus lifting the wing upward. Lift is that force
 In level flight at constant speed, thrust exactly equals drag
which opposes gravity.
and lift exactly equals the weight or gravity force.
Many believe that this explanation is incorrect because flat wings  For landings thrust must be reduced below the level of drag
(such as seen on balsa wood airplanes, paper planes and others) and lift below the level of the gravity force or weight.
also have managed to create lift.

DRAG

Slow down speed of the flight.

 Drag is the force which delays or slows the forward

movement of an airplane. It is the friction of the air as it
meets and passes over and about an airplane and its
components. The more surface area exposed to rushing air,
the greater the drag. An airplane's streamlined shape helps
it pass through the air more easily.
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Each has both a magnitude and a direction.

THE AIRCRAFT NEWTON’S 3RD LAW

NEWTON’S 1ST LAW For every action, there is an equal and opposite re-action.

Every object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a FLIGHT TYPES & ROUTES
straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces
NONSTOP FLIGHT - The traveler goes from point A to B on the same
impressed on it.
craft, with no stop between.
WHEN FLYING
DIRECT FLIGHT - the aircraft stops at an airport in between.
AT A CONSTANT ALTITUDE
CONNECTING FLIGHT - The traveler, to get to his or her destination,
If Thrust and Drag are equal, aircraft holds constant airspeed. must change planes.

IF THRUST IS INCREASED Flight Types On Travelers Ticketing View

Aircraft accelerates - airspeed increases. Drag depends on airspeed – ONE-WAY FLIGHT ITINERARY - The traveler goes from point A to B.
Drag increases.
ROUND-TRIP FLIGHT ITINERARY - The traveler flies from point A to
WHEN DRAG ISAGAIN B, stays a while, and then returns from point B to A.

Aircraft no longer accelerates but holds a new, higher, and constant OPEN-JAW FLIGHT ITINERARY - The traveler flies from point A to B,
speed. then travels by ground transportation from point B to C, then
returns by air transportation from point C to B.
NEWTON’S 2ND LAW
CIRCLE FLIGHT ITINERARY - The traveler has two or more extended
DIFFRENTIAL FORM
stopovers.
Force = change of momentum with change of time.
TRANSCON SERVICE
WITH MASS CONSTANT
A flight the crosses continents:
Force = mass X acceleration or Force = mass X in velocity with time
1. Trans-Atlantic
FORCE, ACCELERATION, MOMENTUM, AND VELOCITY ARE ALL
2. Trans-Pacific
VECTOR QUANTITIES
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 F or Etihad, short- haul might include a flight from the UAE

to India.
THE AIRCRAFTS
 In the United Kingdom, Air Passenger Duty is levied on all
 An airplane or aeroplane is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft flights by the UK Treasury according to banding by distance
that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or  It defines a short- haul flight as an absolute flight distance
propeller. under 2,000 miles (3,200 km).
 The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in  Most domestic flights (where the departure airport and the
1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled arrival airport are in the same country) are short-haul.
heavier-than-air powered flight
SHORTEST FLIGHT
 Used for recreation, transportation of goods and people,
military, and research.  WRA TO PPW IS A SHORTEST COMMERCIAL FIGHT IN THE
 Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but WORLD. Distance is 2.8 km (1.7Miles) including taxiing.
some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.  2 MINS-SCHEDULED FLIGHT TIME, INCLUDING TAXIING
 Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the 
flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners.
Medium-haul flight: 3 to 6 hours
 Airplanes are fastest and most efficient transportation
devices today in terms of moving payload particularly  Lasts from three and six hours
people and cargo.  Typically made by an Airbus A320, Airbus A321, Airbus
 They come in various sizes and shapes and for various A319, Airbus A318 or a Boeing 737- 700.
strategic objectives as well.  Example of a medium-haul flight is between the United
Kingdom and Egypt, which takes approximately five and half
TYPES OF AIRPLANE
hours.
(CAPABILITY OVER DISTANCE)  Domestic flights can be medium-haul in larger countries
 Flights between the east and west coasts of the United
Short-haul flight: Under 3 hours
States also average around five and a half hours
 Airline definitions differ on what is to be considered a short-
Long-haul flight: 6 to 12 hours
haul flight
 Thomas Cook Airlines defines it as a flight takingless than  Lasts from six to twelve hours
three hours to complete  Typically made by a wide-body aircraft, suchas Boeing 767,
 A short- haul flight for Cathay Pacific may be a flight Boeing 777, Boeing 787, McDonnell Douglas DC- 10, Airbus
between Hong Kong and Taipei or Manila A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A380 or Boeing 747
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 Flight length typically requires over six and a half hours to Narrow-body aircraft - refers to the single-aisle aircraft.
cover and is often a non-stop flight
Wide-body aircraft – referred as two-aisle aircraft since they have
 Few narrow- body aircraft, such as the Boeing 757, have
two aisles within the passenger cabin
true long-haul
 Capability Aircraft are commonly used on secondary Thrust and Propulsion
transatlantic routes.
Jet Engines – fly 520-560 miles per hours (mph), can get longer
 Domestic flights can be long- haul in larger countries.
distance, and larger.
Ultra long-haul flight: Over 12
Propeller (props) – smaller and relatively slowly (about 300mph),
 Flight is typically made by a long-range wide-body aircraft and travel short distance
such as the Boeing 777- 200LR, the Airbus A380-800or the
Jet Prop – combines features of both prop and jet engines
Airbus A340-500,
 Such as Dubai to Toronto and Dubai to Los Angeles by PARTS OF THE AIRCRAFT
Emirates with its Airbus A380- 800.
FUSELAGE for payload
 These flights involve the longest distances flown by
commercial aircraft, requiring over 12 hours to cover, and  The fuselage is a body of the airplane that holds the
are also often non- stop flights. structure together.
 The longest such flight, Qantas flight 8 from Dallas to Sydney  Modern aircraft fuselage may accommodate up to 800
(DFW-SYD) is also an Airbus A380-800. passengers in economy class
LONGEST FLIGHT  It is often elongated and cigar-shaped to reduce the drag
that the fluid environment may impose on it.
SIN to EWR is the previous longest non-stop flight. It covered  The center of gravity is the average location of all aircraft
15,343km (9534 miles) in about 18.5 hours using an airbus A340- weight, which is located within the fuselage of the aircraft
500.  The distribution of all loads within the fuselage has to be
meticulously done to ensure a good distribution of weight
TYPES OF AIRPLANE
and a perfect balance of the aircraft
Seat configuration FUSELAGE for payload

Configuration - Internal arrangement or layout of aisles, doors, COCKPIT for command and control
galleys, passenger facilities, seats of different sizes and pitches, etc.,
 Cockpit is that part of the aircraft where the flight deck crew
of a passenger aircraft.
is seated.
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 Modern aircraft cockpits have a number of vital instruments WINGS for lift
for controlling the airplane on the ground as well as when
 Wings generate lift and control the airflow while flying.
flying.
 Wing design is a crucial factor in aviation: a wing is designed
 In a commercial airliner, the cockpit is usually at the front of
to reduce drag at the leading edge, generate lift by its
the fuselage of the aircraft.
crescent and manage airflow using the rear edge.
 In fighter planes, the cockpit is usually located atop the
 While gliding (i.e. without engine power), the wings allow
fuselage for greater visibility in maneuvering in case of
the pilot to increase and decrease the descent rate.
dogfights.
 The wind beneath the wings provides the lift and keeps the
ENGINES for thrust airplane afloat.
 The front of the wing is called the leading edge and the rear
 Engines generate thrust and provide hydraulic and electric
the trailing edge. An imaginary line running from the leading
power.
edge to the trailing edge is called the chord line.
 Modern aircraft are employed with different types of
engines, although jet engines are favored with by most FLAPS & SLAT for lift and drag
commercial airliners.
 Slats – adjust the angle of attack of the wings
 Mounted beneath the wingspan of an airplane, but there
 Fitted at the leading edges of the wings, and deploying them
those peculiar ones mounted on top or at the rear of the
increases the angle of attack of the wings, allowing the pilot
fuselage.
to increase lift.
 The propellers have from two to six blades. When the
 Flaps- Adjust the camber of the wings
propeller is rotated, the blades act against the air and thrust
 Normally fitted at the trailing edge of the wings. Extending
is generated
the flaps increase the camber of the wings airfoil, thus
 The first and the simplest jet engine is the turbojet. The air
increasing lift at lower speeds, an important feature for
from the surrounding issucked into the engine through the
landing.
inlet and intake inside of which the air enters the
compressor.

UNDERCARRAIGE for landing and take off

It provides a platform for the aircraft to stand as well as plays an

important obvious role in landing and take-off.
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Module 7-8

MODULE 7 AVIATION HISTORY: THE PIONEER

AVIATION HISTORY

The accounts of flight since primeval past are almost legends. The
true origin of flight has been manifested in very basic implements
and primitive devices that were invented some by intent, some by
accident. These then became the growing foundation of aerial
activities that led to what the aircraft is humanity today.

FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT IN THE REAL WORLD

Chinese Kites and Tops

1100BC China turned up the first recorded implements of flights

that would go down the generation inspiring man to a persistent
pursuit of flight. It is from this and Archimedes' rotating screw that
Da Vinci propounded his concept of aerial screw that evolved into
rotating wing aircraft or the helicopter. During the 13thcentury,
Venetian Marco Polo made the historic voyage to china and
discovered these magnificent implements of flights. Marco polo
brought the information back to Europe.

Archimedes’ Rotating Screw

In 200 BC Greece, the famous Greek mathematician, Archimedes,

perfected his thoughts on the principles of the rotating screw. It was
used to fasten two surfaces together. Big screws with wide grooves
were invented for pumping water. Soon, the rotating screw was used
for pushing back big volume of water to propel a watercraft forward,
like ocean liners do today.
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invention of guns in which gunpowder would prove to the primary

ingredient of the first true ballistic rockets. In 1379, an Italian named
Da Vinci’s Aerial Screw
Muratori used the word “rochetta” were fire arrows propelled by
15thcentury the basis of Aerial Screw of Da Vinci has conceptualized gunpowder. Later translated into English word “rocket”.
the helicopter. The air resistance applied against the movement of a
Hero’s Aeolopile
rotating screw created the basis aerodynamic concept of both lift
and propulsion. Eventually, the grooves of the screw were cut and Heron Ho Alexandria, also known as Hero of Alexandria, a Greek
straightened into long and slim blades that turned into fan used to mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of
stir the air, and into propellers for gliders, airships, dirigibles, Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is considered as “The Greatest
airplanes and helicopter. Experimenter of Antiquity” and his work is representative of the
Hellenistic scientific tradition.
Archytas’ Clay Pigeon
In 100AD, another demonstration of the reaction principle is
Ancient Greek Philosopher.
recorded in Alexandria (Egypt).
The conquest of outer space is now being made possible because of
The aeolopileor reaction wheel was a primitive version of the steam
powerful rocket boosters that push their payload beyond the
turbine first demonstrated by Alexandria Hero. It was an oddity
gravitational pull of Earth onto the endless outer space beyond.
similar to the pigeon clay pot of Archytas.
The 360 BC Greek named Archytas is recorded to have been the first
Hollow globe that is rotated when steam passed through internal
to demonstrate the reaction principle of rockets.
tubes.
Archytas devised a hollow clay pigeon and filled it with water. Then
Stage Set for the Pioneers
he suspended the clay pigeon by string over a fire. The heating of
the water produced steam, and the clay pigeon moved under its The fantasy of flying, as manifested as lives of people during ancient
own power as steam escaped through holes that were strategically civilizations from the Chinese homemade flying tops to the rotating
located. That very rudimentary demonstration became the basis screw of Archimedes, would continuously evolve. However, flight
principle for sending men to outer space. was destined to be a protracted odyssey for almost two millennia.
Works of early Geniuses helped the 20th century man to achieve
Chinese Gunpowder
powered fight. Innumerable tales of attempts to fly and the
In 200 BC, the prolific Chinese invented the gunpowder. It was consequence successes and failures are recorded in the
originally adapted for use in firecrackers and fireworks used to light manuscripts, scientific notes and other writings of early pioneers. In
up the skies during special occasion. In 1000 AD, the gunpowder was the recesses of the human mind lurked the knowledge and the
being used to launch fire arrows in battle. Eventually, led to conviction that man could one day fly, and they took gold steps to
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prove it in countless, painstaking experiments in some of which the of the engine allowed for carriage of payload in the flying machines
pioneers paid dearly with their lives. that evolved in time from solo fighters to giant air fighters.

Beyond Earth’s Atmosphere The explorations of outer space, most often than not, are performed
by unmanned vehicles boosted by rockets. Spaceships on the other
The first notions of aerodynamics would be perceived as far back as
hand, could be transport enterprise in the immediate future.
ancient times, but would be systemically probed only during the
period immediately preceding the Renaissance and would lead to The flight of the bird became the focus of early investigations into
the inventions of the propeller, the engine, the box kite, the glider, the mysteries of flight. For millennia, the bird and its wings, and how
the air ship, helicopter and the airplane. it flies, were studied and emulated.

Rocket ships, satellites and space stations would have become a There were just a few basic prerequisites to achieve flight with
reality. Rocket ships, satellites and space stations would have modicum of control: wings to provide the lift, propellers to provide
become a reality. Flying saucers are still within the realm of fantasy the lift, propellers to propulsion engine to rotate the propeller,
despite the early 18th century ruminations of Swedenborg. Some elevators to go up and down, aileron to bank and roll and rudder to
might have been perceptive and some more resourceful. But turn left or right.
individually, and oftentimes almost simultaneously, these geniuses
Birds: Primeval Flight Model
would labor on some lonely missions, sometime away from the view
of community lest they be labeled as visionaries if not cranks. They Crude wings attached to the arms and feet were tried by ancient
each had their contributions and they learned on the works of one people only to discover that the human body is not strong enough
another. It might have taken almost two millennia since the to propel man for sustained flight.
emergence of the first legends of flying for man to perfect the
aircraft, but he unquestionably did it. The one simple principle in the wing technology that many pioneers
apparently stumbled upon is the optimum lift achieved with the
EVOLUTION OF THE AIRCRAFT curved wing.
The aircraft and spacecraft are close cousins born out of the same Recognition of aerodynamics and how it helped achieve flight
instinct for flying, and would share many technological resulted in the experimentation of kites and box kites that gave birth
breakthroughs that the genius of man would achieve in time. There to gliders and ultimately fixed-wing aircraft.
have been many types of aircraft that came up since the dawn of
man. The Chinese tops the kites, the gliders, the hot air balloons,
the airships, the helicopters, and the airplane.

At the dawn of flight, the endeavor logically started with unmanned

vehicles during the latter part of the 19th century until the invention
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Many pioneers would be credited for the invention of the curved Thomas Moy (1828-1910) – built and tested first unmanned
wing. And indeed no one person has the right to claim credit for it airplane to fly from ground level
was apparent that in the pioneers’ respective experimentations
An Englishman built and tested in 1875 the first unmanned airplane
many stumbled upon the concept while the others improve upon
to fly from ground level.
the crude findings of their predecessors.
He meant to observe the underwater swirls created by the wings he
Sir George Cayley (1773-1957) – develop fixed wing aircraft
attached to his craft.
In 18th century, he emerged in Great Britain and led the
He was surprised to find the craft rise from water.
development of fixed-wing aircraft.
Horatio Phillips (1845- 1924) – designed a wing with curved airfoils
He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight:
of various shapes, thickness and cambers
weight, lift, drag and their relationships.
In 1884in England designed a wing with curved airfoils of various
He tag as the “Father of aerial navigation” by inventing the concept
shapes, thickness and cambers. The airfoil became an integral part
of the fixed-wing aircraft in 1799 becoming the first to build a
of new type of aircraft, the airplane at the same time that Phillips
successful human carrying glider.
invented the airfoils.
Louis Pierre Mouillard (1834- 1897) – proposed fixed wing glider
He also patented what could be the first wind tunnel when he tested
with chamber bird- liked wing
an eight wing- like sections of various widths and curvature in what
A Frenchman experienced with gliders as early as 1865in Cairo, he called a “wind box” where he determined the speed of the
Egypt. oncoming stream of the air against the winglike structures and their
sustaining capacity. This is where he proved the properties of curved
His experiments were largely unsuccessful, but they provided him
wings.
with invaluable insights such that he was able to write 1881 an
authorative book on aviation, L’Empire de l’Air (Empire of the Air), Clement Ader (1841- 1926) – built “Eole” – bat like monoplane
which became a widely recognized classic at that time. with a wingspan of 15meters and “Avion” – larger bat- winged
machine
Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896) – experimented wings fastened to their
backs and attached to arms and legs

In 1867, he and his brother Gustav experimented with wings

fastened to their backs and attached to the arms and legs. He was
the first man to work systematically on the development of gliders
and put gliding in its proper theoretical and practical footing.
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A French first to rise from level ground in a powered aircraft on Oct. Matthew Boulton - first to obtain a British patent on a design for
9,1890. The Eole, a bat- like monoplane with wingspan of 15meters, ailerons
managed a short 50 meters of flight near Paris, which convinced the
In 1868, Matthew Boulton was the first to obtain a British patent on
French military to provide him subsidy for further experiments.
a design for ailerons. At that early stage, the aileron was merely
Between 1894 and 1897, Ader built a larger but still bat-winged
seen and used as control surface. It would become a significant part
machine he named the Avion.
of the modern aircraft for the purpose of banking and rolling.
Lawreance Hargrave (1850- 1915) – invented and successfully
The very first Flyer of the Wright s i n 1903 had the cumbersome
experimented box- like kite and continued to experiment with
warped wing operated laboriously by the pilot through some struts
monoplane models
and wires to execute banking and rolling. What looked like tiny
An Australian who invented the box kite and successfully wings aft the Wright’s Flyer were elevators that made the Flyer go
experimented on it on Nov.12, 1884 and continued to experiment up and down.
with monoplane models until 1892.
Enrico Forlanini of Milan perfected the first hydrofoils
He subsequently came up with the box kite in 1893, which provide
In 1875, Englishman Thomas Moy (1828- 1910) built and tested
the first theoretical wing model that helped in the development of
unmanned airplane to fly from ground level.
the first generation of airplanes.
It was an early recognition of the need for changing blade pitch.
Octave Chanute (1832-1910) – incorporated wing design and
Moy’s researches on the aerodynamics of wings resulted also in his
several advances
accidental invention of the hydrofoil. Enrico Forlanini of Milan
A French-born American and a renowned civil engineer started a perfected the first hydrofoils.
new career building several models of gliders.
Hiram Maxim
Wright Brothers – adopted Chanute’s wing design in their Flyer
Another inventor who ventured in to the new age of fixed-wing
aircraft
aviation was Sir Hiram Maxim, who, in 1890, conducted a more
The curved wings, as discovered in hundreds of experiments in a expensive experiment by building a huge, 4-ton biplane in which he
crude wind tunnel they built in 1903, provided the optimum lift with tried his experiments on huge propellers of over 17 feet in diameter
the curve closer to the leading edge of the wing. Prior to Wright that produced over 1,100 lbs. thrust each.
Brothers the early pioneers were using either flat out or slightly
At the onset of the 1900s, other inventors led by the Wright
cambered wings or cambered wings in which the curve is improperly
brothers would improve upon the properties.
located, all of which proved to be aerodynamically inefficient as lift
they created was inadequate. Sir Frank Whittle – Gas Turbine
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The invention of the gas turbine by Sir Frank Whittle of the UK in Shortly thereafter, in the 1200, the gunpowder and pyrotechnics
April 1937 fired up the world’s first jet engine. were exported to the West through early travelers like Marco Polo.

Despite being half the size, early stage jet engines could deliver 10 Robert Goddard
times, which in terms of thrust is 50 times or more.
The man though who earned the sobriquet “Father of Modern
The German Heinkel He 178, though, garnered the honor of being Rocketry” in 1926 was Robert Goddard who experimented with
the first to fly powered with the jet engine. liquid fueled rockets leading to a successful flight to an altitude of 50
feet.
The most reliable of pistons engines then, the sleeve valve Bristol
Hercules and Centaurus could manage only a maximum of 3,000 The initial rocket was, in fact, a system of propellant lines and an
hours between overhauls. engine, not just a tube filled with gunpowder.

Technology Trade- off This made the flight of his rocket to Auburn, Massachusetts as
epochal as the Flyer I of the Wright brothers.
The invention of the turbo-superchargers by General Electric
experimented during the First World War eventually led to the gas Theodore von Karman
turbine of the 1930’s. The absolute power enhanced both speed and
In the 1930’s, a group of young men called the “Suicide Squad,”
altitude through engine models like those of Roll-Royce Griffon and
enlisted the assistance of Theodore von Karman of the California
its supercharger impeller and the Darts with its centrifugal
Institute of Technology in conducting rocket research. The groups
compresso.
include Jack Parsons and Chinese graduate student Tsien Hsue-shen.
Supersonic Misadventures: Payload vs. Speed
They conducted rocket engine tests at Arroyo Seco, northwest of
The Americans were apparently more astute in dropping their SST Pasadena, planting the seeds of what would become the Jet
plan even before it took off. The Europeans were more audacious Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the backbone and progenitor of the
and plunged into it headlong. the first supersonic transport of National Aviation & Space Administration (NASA).
Western Europe, a joint project of Sud-Avaition of France and British
Limitation of Nuclear Power
Aircraft Corporation (BAC) of UK, became the first fly-by-wire airliner
and first to fly supersonic on October 1, 1969. As early as the 1950s, the prospect of nuclear power as propulsion
device was overshadowed by its threat to the environment. The US
Rockets are not for Aircraft
had to dump multibillion projects in adapting nuclear powered-
Rockets were the earliest propulsion devices ever invented by man. engines for the aircraft. Fortunately, mini-nuclear reactors, too
It all started when in 200 BC the Chinese invented the gunpowder. heavy to be carried aloft by aircraft, proved adaptable to power
By 1000, they were launching pyrotechnics and fire arrows in battle. ships and submarines.
Airline services management Mod 5-8

Demands for Payload and Pressurization For 400 years the French and the Germans, have researched and
experimented to unravel the mystic of flight. Wright brothers
The invention of the hot air balloon by the Montpelier brothers
introduced the most significant breakthrough in aviation with the
paved the way to cater to the desire of man for payload. For the first
first powered flight on December 17, 1903on the windy flats of Devil
time, man achieved the practical carriage of passengers and goods
Hill in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Eight years later, the first powered
by air despite low speed and lack of effective control that made the
flight took off in the Philippines and the country led the region in
air balloon susceptible to the whims and caprices of the elements.
aviation development for the most part of the early stages of
The air balloon’s cumbersome lumbering against the wind led to its
aviation.
restructuring into cigar-like shape for greater efficiency in cutting
through air thus giving birth to the airship and its rigid version, the EARLY AVIATION TRAILBLAZER
dirigible.
FIRST FLYING OBJECT ALOFT PHILIPPINE SKIES
Radio Communication to Safe Navigation
C.F. Marquez, a Portuguese acrobat, the first man to take to the air
Flight became a practical mode of transportation only when the in the Philippines on April 4, 1909 in a hot air balloon during a
radio was invented to ensure the safe navigation of the aircraft carnival exhibition in Paco Park in Manila marking the start of
through real time communication between the pilot in the air and Philippine aviation.
the air traffic controller on the ground. The radio itself took quite an
Messenger was an airship that was supposed to be demonstrated by
odyssey before it became a practical reality.
Capt. James W. Price of Springfield, Illinois in that carnival. The
From Struts and Wires to Powered Controls airship failed to inflate, thus Price called upon C.P. Marquez to fill in
the void with his hot air balloon.
The advent of the hydraulic powered controls in bombers and
transport planes during World War II immediately benefited the FIRST POWERED FLIGHT
commercial airliners right after the war. The De Havilland’s DH106
Capt. Thomas C. Baldwin, an associate of the first airplane
Comet benefited by being among the early commercial aircrafts to
manufacture Glenn Curtiss, came to the Philippines leading a group
be equipped with harmonized and balanced powered controls,
of barnstormers. On Febuary 21, 1911, he attempted to make the
which ensured agility, smoothness and precision in the maneuvers
first powered flight of the country but his aircraft malfunctioned.
of the aircraft.
Baldwin made the first cross-country flight on Febuary 27, 1911by
MODULE 8 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PHILIPPINE AVIATION & AIRLINES going ten miles out of Manila in his Red Devil biplane.
OF THE PHILIPPINES
James C. “Bud” Mars, an American barnstormer, made the day by
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PHILIPPINES AVIATION performing the first airplane flight over Manila in a Schriver Skylark
biplane.
Airline services management Mod 5-8

FIRST PASSENGER/MILITARY FLIGHT/FATALITY FIRST AVIATRIX OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Igorot chieftain Gagaban became the first Filipino to fly on Miss Ruth Law, the first aviatrix to fly in the Philippines made
Febuary 12, 1912 as a passenger on a flight with Lee Hammond in a exhibition flights on April 4-5, 1919over Luneta and deliver the first
Red Devil biplane over the Luneta Park. Lt. Frank P. Lahm, Jr. made airmail on the roof of the Manila Hotel in a Curtiss biplane.
the first military flight on March 16, 1912 out of Fort McKinley (now
1. Philippine Airways Service, Inc (PASI) – Nov 1919
Fort Bonifacio) on a Wright Type B aircraft. Lt. C. Perry Rich of the
Philippine Scouts became the first aviation fatality in the crash of a first airline and the first airmail delivery in the history of Philippine
Wright Type C aircraft in Manila Bay on November 14, 1913. formed by Maj. Joseph E.H. Stevenot and Alfred J. Croft (general
FIRST WOMAN PASSENGER sales agent of Curtiss Aviation in the Philippines, they promote
aircraft sales and started Curtiss Aviation School for training of
Miss Cora Wong, a nurse of the Chinese General Hospital, became Filipino pilots) Nov. 25-291919– the first airmail flight completed
the first woman in the Philippines to fly on April 11, 1914 as from Manila, to Cebu, Iloilo and back in Curtiss HSIL Seagull
passenger on a flight with Tom Gunn in a Curtiss seaplane off Pasay seaplane Dec. 301919–flew the first air cargo for Erlanger and
Beach, the ride was a prize for winning the popularity contest Galinger,Inc. from Manila to Cavite City with Curtiss HSIL Seagull
among the Chinese community. Tom Gunn dropped a bag of mail seaplane.
from Pasay Beach to the Manila Post Office demonstrating the
commercial value of aviation. Miss Rosario Reyes became the first FIRST SOLO AVIATOR
Filipino woman to fly as an international passenger on April 12, 1914 Alfredo Carmelo made the first solo flight by a Filipino in the
in a flight to Guam also flown by Tom Gunn who became endeared Philippines, flying a HSIL Sea Gull of the Curtiss Aviation School over
with the Filipinos. the Manila bay On January 9, 1920.
FIRST GOVERNMENT AVIATION UNIT/ AVIATION CLUB On April 26, 1920, Lt. Leoncio Malinao, an officer of the Philippine
Militia Act passed creating the Philippine National Guard with a National Guard, flew the first solo flight in Philippine Aviation using a
built- in aviation unit on July 1917 the first batch of Filipino military Curtiss JN-4D Jenny. He took off from Camp Claudio near Manila
pilots were trained at the Curtiss Aviation School established by toward Cavite and back through Pasay.
Joseph Stevenot and Alfred Croft Aero Club of the Philippines, the FIRST FOREIGN AVIATION STUDENTS/ FIRST FILIPINO AVIATION
first of its kind in the Philippines was organized by Governor-General CLASS
Francis B. Harrison on October 8, 1917.
First demonstration by the first Filipino aviation students on June 21,
1920 at Stevenot’s and Croft’s Curtiss Aviation School was held over
Airline services management Mod 5-8

Camp Claudio 5Chinese naval cadets arrived in the Philippines on

June 24, 1920to become the first foreigners to train in aviation in
FIRST AIRPORT OUTSIDE MANILA
the country at Curtiss.
Airports in Trinidad Valley and Laoag began constructed i n February
FIRST CHARTER SERVICE
1923 intended to be the northern sentinel for aircraft movements
Jose Tinsay started a one-plane charter service in July 1920, from the north, presumably from Japan.
between Iloilo and Bacolod with a Curtiss OS-Oriole. The Tinsay of
FIRST FILIPINO AVIATION SCHOOL
Negros and Panay would continue to be engaged in local aviation
until today. Valeriano School of Aviation was opened in 1924 in Pasig, Rizal on
the spot where the Rizal Provincial Capital Building now stands.
FIRST AIRCRAFT INCIDENT
START OF SUBIC
On April 18, 1921, Capt. Ira Eaker crashed in a DH4 as he took off for
a photo mapping mission at Camp Claudio. Eaker later became the Olongapo was chosen to become a military airbase for a squadron of
commanding general of the 8th Air Force, the mightiest air armada seaplanes in support of its naval mother ship, the USS Ajax on
in history against Nazi Germany in WWII. February 1924. Department of Agriculture bought a secondhand
Jenny from US Air Service on March 1924 to flown by Briccio
2. Philippine Air Service (PAS) – July 7, 192
Sanchez on a spraying mission to combat locust infestation in
First government airline approves by the council of state. Mindoro.

Fly passengers and mail in the country in accordance with a statute FIRST DANCE FLIGHT (JOLO-MANILA)
passed by the Commonwealth Government. Two military DH4s flew from Jolo to Manila with in Zamboanga and
MORE SIGNIFICANT AVIATION MILESTONE Washington in Panay on May 1924to establish a record in distance
flying in seven hours and 15minutes.
FIRST MILITARY SERVICE
It proved that any part of the Philippines could be accessed with in
Camp Nichols was deleveloped as a military air base was announced 12hours from Manila.
on June 29, 1922 in reaction to Japan gaining leadership in aviation
in Asia with the organization of the Nihon Kokuyuso Kankyujo (NKK) Jose Tinsay bought to more aircrafts, an Aero marine 50C and a
by the Japan Air Transport Institute asked to design Japanese Curtiss Junior Cabin Landplane, for his flourishing, for his flourishing
Seaplanes. Negros-Iloilo operation he started in 1920. The sugar barons kept
the air service viable with their frequent patronage.
Airline services management Mod 5-8

The Japan Air Transport Company established subsidiaries in Korea

and Manchuria.
3. Philippines Airways, Inc. (PAI) - Nov 1927
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines began flying between Amsterdam and
Early Roots of PAL planned to fly passengers and cargo, but none of Batavia (now Jakarta).
the plans materialized. The airline wasacquired14yearslater and
recapitalized on February 16, 1941, the name was changed to On March 6, 1930, one of the Philippines aviators pioneer, Leoncio
Philippine Airlines (PAL) on February27, 1941. Malinao, of the PNG and the PAS fame, died of tetanus in a Pasay
Hospital.
4. AVIATION CORPORATION of the Philippines (Acp) – May
25, 1929 6. PHILIPPINE AERIAL TAXI COMPANY (Patco) – Dec 03, 1930

The grant of certificate of public convenience on July 12, 1929 to First airline to launch scheduled services.
operates within one year. PATCO imported German pilots to fly its planes. It acquired
Was not able to operate for lack of pilots who met the 2,000 3airplanes on Mar 17, 1931and started operation on Mar 31, as a
minimum flying hours requirement. non-scheduled flight with Stinson Detrioter.

Thomas Powell, an Ilonggo lawyer together with the family, Elizalde FIRST REGULAR AIRMAIL SERVICE IN THE VISAYAS – JUNE 1931
and Zobel are the incorporators of ACP. Manuel Ponce invited Juan Calvo to Cebu to teach him flying in a
5. COMPANIA AERA (CA) – July 12, 1930 two-seater biplane. They later flew airmail services in the Visayas
particularly Dumaguete, Silay, San Carlos. On July 15, 1931, Calvo
Certificate was extended for another year despite its not having and ponce completed in a seaplane the first flight by Filipino pilots
started services and was not able to operate as well due to financing from Cebu to Manila.
problems.
GYPSY FLIGHT - JULY 1931
CA was backed by Spanish business and proposed the same routes
Francis Chichester landed his de Havilland Gypsy Moth biplane in
as ACP’S.
Pujuda Bay, Mati, Davao in one of the legs of an AustralianJapan
AVIATION LAGGARD/DEATH OF AVIATION ICON flight. He landed in Ormoc and Masbate where the aircraft was
damaged and flown to Manila for repair by PATCO on July 15. He
As of 1930, the Philippines lagged behind other Asian countries.
stayed up to August 1and made history as the famed sailor who
In China, Germany established the Eurasian Aviation Corporation, established records in his boat Gypsy Moths I, II, III and IV.
and US established the China National Aviation Corporation
afterwards.
Airline services management Mod 5-8

ADVENT OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION REGULATION commerce, establish a system of airway for airmail in the islands and
investigate practicability of establishment connection with China
Aviation Regulation Concepts Germinates – Nov 1931
and Japan.
Act 3909 – Air Commerce Act passed on November 29, 1931.
The committee would recommend construction of airports in
Creation of division (Commerce and Communication) for air Baguio, San Fernando, La Union and Cebu all meant to
commerce and faster air transport development and includes accommodate PATCO’s planes.
licensing of the pilots.
Solo Player in Philippine Aviation – Jan 1932
First round-trip flight between Manila and Zamboanga with stopover
PATCO, the airline of the Philippines established by foreign business
in Iloilo flew by PATCO’s German chief pilot, Capt. Theodore
men had four airplanes: a 3-seater Stinson, two 3-seater Wacos and
Camman, in a Waco floats named Mabuhay
one Klemm monoplane for the flying school it had five pilots and
The flight returned to Manila via Iloilo on December 14 taking four mechanics, the flying school had ten students. On January 25,
15hours to complete the round trip. 1932, PATCO started regular services between Manila and Baguio on
a contract with the Bureau of Posts to carry mails.
Scheduled services between Manila and Rosario Airport in Villasis,
Pangasinan in lieu of Baguio where a suitable airport was yet to be Early Travel Book Feature – April 27, 1932
constructed.
Flying Carpet, a Stearman C3B seaplane arrive in Manila to end a
The first of government aviation regulation was institutionalized, world journey that started in London onboard Richard Halliburton a
Malacańang implement the pilot licensing by the Department of travel writer and Moye W. Stephens, Jr., a California Pilot.
Public Works & Communication in accordance with the provision s
The lake within a lake in Taal attracted them and decide to land, they
of Act 3809 on December 31, 1931.
went to Jolo, Zamboanga, Cotabato River, Lake Buluan and Cebu
Formalization of Aviation Regulation – Feb 1932 before they proceed to Manila

Capt. Russell L. Maughan, the first chief of the new division of Halliburton wrote, Stephens flew airmail using Wacko to Baguio for
aeronautics in the Department of Public Works and PATCO, along the way, they experience cannibals, typhoons and
Communications. swarms of locusts, wild animals and exotic places which Halliburton
would write much about.
Gregorio Y. Zara was named assistant to Maughan.

Governor -General Theodore Roosevel t formed a new aviat ion

committee to study aeronautical expansion, make definite program
for development of airfields, look into ways and means of fostering
Airline services management Mod 5-8

7. Iloilo-Negros Air Express Company (INAEC) - April 1932 German Show of Flag – September 2, 1932

First Filipino-Owned Airline incorporated in Iloilo as the first real Dornier WAL flying boat led by German Capt. Wolfgang Von Granau
Filipino Airline, was capitalized at 1M pesos, of which purely and three crewmembers arrived on a 68-day round-the-world flight
Filipinos led by the Lopez Family, subscribed 300,000 pesos. their aircraft was the most modern at that time, the trip was to
show off the German ascendancy in aviation.
The officers were Dr. Rafael Santos, chairman of the board; Mrs.
Maria Lopez, president; Nicolas Lizares, second vice-president; Start of the airline Franchise – Dec 09, 1932
Eugenio Lopez, Generoso Villanueva, Mrs. Ana L. vda. De Lopez and Act 4033, sponsored by Jose Zulueta of Iloilo, was approved,
Fernando Lopez, members of the board. amended Act 3909 and required that a commercial aviation
On December15, 1932, Americans Lee Harvey Smith and Edwin operator must have a legislative franchise.
Miller, both pilots and mechanics, arrived by boat to help INAEC get The explanatory note averred that the air was a public domain that
started. must be regulated by the legislature to ensure a public domain that
Smith was a Stinson Aircraft Corporation pilot- salesman pirated by must be regulated by the legislature to ensure that it did not fall into
INAEC. Hangar with pilots and mechanics quarters was built at Fort the hands of parties that it may affect national security.
San Pedro in Iloilo and airstrips were constructed at Bacolod, La Start of the airline Franchise – Dec 09,1932
Carlota and Fabrica.
it was hit by critics who saw in it the tendency to breed monopoly
That same month of December 1932, Don Kneeler set up shop at and hamper the growth of aviation in the country fears of monopoly
Grace Park airport to represent Fairchild Aircraft Sales Corporation appeared to arise from possibility that INAEC could overwhelm
of New York and offered lessons in two-seater monoplane, the PATCO and become the only airline in the country
Fairchild 22.
January 1933, Senator Gil Montilla filed a bill to grant INAEC a
Third Spanish Aviator to the Philippines – July 11, 1932. franchise as required under Act 4033.
A monoplane Loring completed a flight from Madrid to Manila by FIRST WAVE OF DOMESTIC AIRLINE COMPETITION
Spanish pilot Fernando Loring Rein to promote the family built
aircraft IN AEC INAUGURA L – FEBRUATY 1, 1933

Rein became a celebrity in Manila among the Spanish community; INAEC inaugurated with a modern three-engine 10-seater Stinson
he visited Iloilo for a cousin, Manuel Rein. Tri-Motor in a flight from Iloilo to Manila on board were Mrs. Lopez,
Benita Lopez, Mariano Cacho, Antonio Yusay, Alfredo Samson and
Dominador Ruperto. At the control were Smith and Miller.
Airline services management Mod 5-8

At Nichols Field, the Stinson flew four demonstration flights for 43 The operation was shifted from Nichols Field to Grace Park airport
people including Representatives Maynardo Farrol, Villa and Jose because civilians were having difficulties in entering the military
Zulueta, the Araneta Sisters and some newspaper men. base; it announced improvements for passenger convenience.

February 3, 1993, INAEC became the first Filipino-owned Airline. Return of Rein - April 10, 1933

The inaugural flight from Manila to Iloilo with Senator and Mrs. Fernando Rein duplicated his first Madrid-Manila flight and arrived
Claro M. Recto, Representatives Zulueta, Juan Luces Luna and at Manila.
Miguel Cuenco, Miss Luz Guarinia, Mr. and Mrs. Roces, Stevenot,
First radio telephone connection from Philippines to Malaga and
Maughan and Steele.
Spanish aviation authorities and media in Madrid.
Stinson Tri-Motor, a three-engine 10-seater aircraft was used. Senate
Stevenot indulged in the telephone industry to help found PLDT,
President and Mrs. Quezon accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Eugenio
after establishing himself as an aviation pillar.
Lopez took the ship “Negros” the day before to be in Iloilo to
welcome the flight. Tinsay’s charter business ceased and he went to work with the
Manila Trading and Supply Company as an automotive salesman.
1993as INAEC Banner
Start of R P - US Aviation Policy Conflicts – August 16, 1933
Regular flights with the Stinson on the Manila-Iloilo-Manila route
begun. Pan American World Airways Sikorsky S-40 arrived at Manila from
Hong Kong to establish a subsidiary in the Philippines.
February 19, 1993, INAEC opened the Iloilo-Cebu-Iloilo route.
Senator Gill Montilla filed a bill on September 02, 1933 that would
Mr. Eugenio Lopez announced the purchase of a second Stinson and
grant Pan American World Airways a 50-year franchise for operation
the introduction of flights to Baguio where a new airport was
of air services in the Philippines not served by existing airlines but
nearing completion.
bill did not pass in an attempt to dominate air services in the
The Department of Public Works, for its part, announced that work country.
was underway to expand the airports at Iloilo, Cebu, Bacolod,
Governor-General Frank Murphy vetoed bills to grant franchises to
Batangas, Romblon, Mindoro, and Capiz.
INAEC and PATCO with rights to the provinces of Cebu, Zamboanga,
In February 1993, the onset of domestic airline competition was Negos Oriental, Iloilo, Benguet, Jolo and Rizal in accordance with act
discerned. INAEC Stinson aircrafts had toilet facilities, upholstered 40
seats, big and comfortable.

Start of RP-US Av iation Policy Conflicts –August 16, 1933

Airline services management Mod 5-8

the bills limited ownership of stocks to Filipinos and Americans living Eventful 1935
in the Philippines and denied the rights of Americans living in the
The deep roots of present day aviation issues went back to May
Continental US to invest in the Philippines despite the fact that
1935. Aviation issue, both military and commercial, came up.
Philippine exports enjoyed favored status in the US, he argued that
giving exclusive rights to provinces leads to monopoly, which might In Japan, critical comments were made in vernacular newspapers
be inexpedient from the viewpoint of national defense. about the military objectives of the US Navy in allowing the use of
Guam, Midway and Wake Islands as stopover points for the planned
Department of Public Works also objected on the ground that the
Pan American Airways Pacific.
bills did not provide for cooperation with any possible international
airline operators who might apply. In the Philippines, American editor A.V.H. Hartendorp criticized in an
issue of.
The yearend 1933, the Philippines in totality had 10airplanes,
34pilots, 37 mechanics engaged in civil aviation. Aviation as Big Legislative Issues
Birth of the Philippine Air Force–May 2, 1936 Pan America World Airways, PATCO and INAEC were awarded 25-
year franchises.
Brig. Gen. Basilio J. Valdez, chief of the Philippine Constabulary
proposed the creation of aviation corps in the Philippine PATCO was allotted Manila- Baguio, Manila-Paracale and Manila-
Constabulary on April 18, 1934. Tuguegarao-Appari routes.
January 2, 1935, the PC Air Corps was formally organized, Captains INAEC was allotted the Manila-Iloilo, Manila-San Jose(Mindoro)-
Porforio Zablan and Basilio Fernando were among the ten officers Iloilo, Iloilo-Bacolod, Iloilo-La Carlota, Iloilo- Cebu, Cebu-Zamboanga,
were picked for training with US Army Corps at Randolph Field. Cebu- Misamis Oriental and Oriental Misamis- Davao routes. It was
required to operate twice weekly the Manila- Iloilo and Manila-
January 11,1936, the Philippine Constabulary aviation unit was
Bacolod routes, but refused its franchise claiming it as too stringent
transferred to the Philippine Army and designated as Philippine
as it was eyeing international operations.
Army Air Corps (PAAC), a military unit that would perform heroics at
the outbreak of World War II. Both airlines open up more domestic routes thereafter.
It marked the birth of the Philippine Air Force on May 2, 1936, Lt. Voyage of the China Clipper
William Lee flew the first Stearman biplane trainer of the Philippine
Army Air Corps (PAAC) over Zablan Field at Camp Murphy (now In August 1935, the construction of Pan American radio station in
Camp Aguinaldo) Fort McKinley was started as Pioneer Clipper completed survey of
the Pacific route with the exception of the Wake- Guam and Guam-
FIRST CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY Manila sectors.
Airline services management Mod 5-8

Clippers, Martin M130flying boat of Pan American Airways started

operating on November 22, 1935its transpacific, a trade name that
would make Pan American famous.

China Clipper was operated as the Foreign Airmail Flight (FAM) on

November 22 from San Francisco and arrived in Manila on
November 29, 1935to mark the first crossing of the Pacific by air
with stops at Honolulu, Midway, Wake and Guam covering a
distance of 13,210kms in five days and 60 flying hours.

Hawaii Clipper and the Philippine Clipper alternated in operating the

route.

Pan American Airways introduced regular passenger service on

October 21,1936across the Pacific from San Francisco to Manila
using the Hawaii Clipper, in addition to airmail services introduced in
November 1935.

The Hawaii Clipper with 15persons on board would disappear on a

Guam- Manila flight in 1938.

KNILM proposed operation Manila- Tarakan- Batavia was rejected by

the High Commissioner who ruled that Pan American, which was
favored by President Manuel L. Quezon, was the only foreign airline
to operate in the Philippines.