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Conversion of Point Rainfall To Areal Rainfall For Student

Here are the steps to adjust the rainfall data of station H using a double mass curve analysis: 1. Plot the cumulative rainfall of stations E, F, G against the cumulative rainfall of station H from 1979-1981 on a double mass curve. 2. Determine the slopes (S1 and S2) of the curve before and after the relocation of station H in 1982. 3. Compute the adjustment factor as S2/S1. 4. Adjust the rainfall values of station H from 1979-1981 by multiplying each value by the adjustment factor to make the double mass curve linear. This will correct the inconsistency caused by the relocation of station H and make its rainfall record consistent with the

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634 views26 pages

Conversion of Point Rainfall To Areal Rainfall For Student

Here are the steps to adjust the rainfall data of station H using a double mass curve analysis: 1. Plot the cumulative rainfall of stations E, F, G against the cumulative rainfall of station H from 1979-1981 on a double mass curve. 2. Determine the slopes (S1 and S2) of the curve before and after the relocation of station H in 1982. 3. Compute the adjustment factor as S2/S1. 4. Adjust the rainfall values of station H from 1979-1981 by multiplying each value by the adjustment factor to make the double mass curve linear. This will correct the inconsistency caused by the relocation of station H and make its rainfall record consistent with the

Uploaded by

CRISTOBAL Christian G.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL

MISSING DATA

Prepared by: Engr. Gina F. Movilla


This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under C
NC-ND
ESTIMATION OF MISSING RAINFALL DATA

 Estimating missing data and of Adjustment of records


Complete measured precipitation data are important to many problems in hydrologic
analysis and design but there are missing values.
The causes of missing rainfall data are:
➢ The failure of the observer to make the necessary visit to the gage may result in
missing data.
➢ Vandalism of recording gages is another problem that results in incomplete data
records
➢ Instrument failure because of mechanical or electrical malfunctioning can result in
missing data.
Some of the methods of estimating
missing rainfall values are:

1. Station-Average Method
2. Normal-Ratio Method
3. Quadrant Method
4. Regression method
Station-Average Method

 The station-average method for estimating missing data uses n gages from a region to
estimate the missing point rainfall, P, at another gage

Where • Pi is the catch at gage i.


• Equation is conceptually simple, but may not be accurate when the
total annual catch at any of the n regional gages differ from the annual
catch at the point of interest by more than 10%.

This method is often used in flat areas with very less rainfall variability
Normal-Ratio Method

Where: wi = the weight for the rainfall depth Pi at gage i. The weight for
station i is computed by

Where •Ai = the average annual catch at gage i,


Ax = the average annual catch at station X,
n = the number of stations.
Normal-Ratio Method

Note: When the average annual catches differ by more than l0%, the normal-ratio method is
preferable; such differences might occur in regions where there are large differences in elevation (for
example, regions where orographic effects are present) or where average annual rainfall is low but has
high annual variability.
The steps are:

I. Calculate ten percent of annual precipitation at gage X which is 40


II. Add and subtract 40 from the annual precipitation of gage X to
determine the range which is from 360mm to 440mm
III. Check whether all the annual precipitation of the stations are
within the above range
IV. If at least one station is outside the rage, use normal ratio
method. As indicated in the table the annual precipitation of gage C is
460mm which is outside the range there fore we use normal ratio
method to determine the missing data at station X.
Example To illustrate the normal-ratio
method, consider the following data:

Determine the monthly


precipitation at gage X Gage
Annual precipitation(mm)
Monthly precipitation (mm) A
410 24 B 370 23 C 460 31 X
400?
REGRESSION METHOD

 It is procedure for fitting an equation to a set of data. Specifically, given


a set of measurements on two random variables, y and x, regression
provides means for finding the values of the coefficients a and b for the
straight line (y= a + bx) that best fits the data.

Coefficient a and b can be determine using the two


equation by solving simultaneously
Example:

 The rainfall (RF) data of the


table below are the annual
rainfall (mm) and monthly
rainfall (mm) of meteorological
station from 1990-1995.
Estimate the monthly rainfall
value of the station for the year
1996 using the regression
method.
CONVERSION OF POINT RAINFALL TO
AREAL RAINFALL

Three Methods of Estimating Average Precipitation in a Watershed


1. Arithmetic Average Method
2. Thiessen Method
3. Isohyetal Method
Arithmetic Average Method

 Calculate the average of the precipitation records from all the rain gages in a watershed
(include any on the watershed boundary as well)
 Best to have the gages distributed throughout the watershed (unfortunately, not always
the case in real life)
 Use only the rain gages within and on the watershed boundary - not those outside the
boundary - to calculate the average
Sample Problem

1. From the figure on the left, find the


average rainfall over catchment

2. Using Arithmetic Average Method, find average rainfall


over a catchment. The rain gage data is: 12.6, 18.8, 14.8,
10.4 and16.2 mm.
Thiessen Method
 This method assumes that any point in the watershed receives the same amount of rainfall
as that measured at the nearest rain gauge station. Here, rainfall recorded at a gage can
be applied to any point at a distance half way to the next station in any direction

Step
1. Plot all gage locations on a map of the watershed (can include gages outside of the watershed if
they are nearby)
2. Draw straight lines connecting the age sites
3. Draw perpendicular lines through the midpoint of each line. Now each gage is near the center of a
polygon whose size varies according to the spacing between gages.
4. Calculate area of each polygon
5. Calculate the percent of the total area in each polygon. Divide the area of each polygon by the total
area of the watershed and multiply 100
6. Each gage precipitation total is multiplied by its polygons percentage of area this gives you the
adjusted precipitation of each polygon
7. Sum the adjusted precipitation values for all the polygons to find the average rainfall in the basin
-Method assumes that precipitation varies linearly between rain gage. This is not always.
Sample Problem

1. Compute the average rainfall for a given watershed by the Thiessen method from the following data.
How do the weighted average and the station average compare?
Rain Gauge Area(ha) Rainfall(mm)

A 14.0 58

B 4.5 41

C 5.3 51

D 4.9 43
Sample Problem

2. The area shown in the figure is composed of a square plus an equilateral triangular plot of side 10 km. The
annual precipitations at the rain-gauge stations located at the four corners and center of the square plot and
apex of the triangular plot are indicated in the figure. Find the mean precipitation over the area by Thiessen
polygon method, and compare with the arithmetic mean.
Isohyetal Method

In greek, iso means equal and hyet means rain


- An isohyet is a line, on a rainfall map of the basin, joining places of equal
rainfall readings.
-An isohyetal map showing contours of equal rainfall presents a more accurate
picture of the rainfall distribution over the basin.
-Average rainfall can be computed by the following expression.
Isohyetal Method
Example

1.Solve for the average annual rainfall in the figure .

1 II III IV V VI

410 900 2850 1750 720 550


Double Mass Curve Analysis

 It is a method that is used to check for an inconsistency in gaged record


 A double-mass curve is a graph of the cumulative catch at the
rain gage of interest versus the cumulative catch of one or
more gages in the regions that have been subjected to similar
hydro meteorological occurrences and are known to be
consistent
 If a double- mass curve has a constant slope, the record is
consistent.
 If a double –mass curve has not a constant slope, the record is
not consistent and need to be adjusted.
Steps to check and adjust the consistency of rainfall data of
a station X

I. The doubtful station, say A, is marked and the group of


stations surrounding it are identified.
II. Determine the cumulative rainfall of the station A
III. Sum the data of the neighbouring stations and determine
the
cumulative
Steps to check and adjust the consistency of rainfall data of
a station X

IV. Plot the sum cumulative rainfall of stations with


cumulative station A to determine the double mass curve
V. If there is a changing slope in the double-mass curve,
adjust it correct the data of station A by the adjustment
factor
Steps to check and adjust the consistency of rainfall data of
a station X
Say the slopes of the two sections, S1, and S2, can be
computed from the cumulative catches:
Steps to check and adjust the consistency of rainfall data of
a station X

Adjustment of the initial data of a station

𝑠2
the adjustment factor and multiplying each value in the 𝑦1 series by the adjustment
𝑠1
factor
Example:

 Adjustment of the Lower Section of a Double –Mass Curve

In the table below annual rainfalls of gage E, F, G and H are


given. Gage H was permanently relocated after a period of 3 yr
(at the end of 1981); thus adjust the recorded values from 1979
through 1981 of gage H using double mass curve assume the
data for the other gages are consistent

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