1

Solutions to PC1432 Tutorial 3

→
−
1(a) Based on the diagram below, we need to dene the vector l for each segment to nd out the
magnetic force.

−
→ −
→ −
→ −
→
We have lab = 0.75mj , lbc = 0.75m( i − k ), lcd = 0.75m(−j + k ), lde = 0.75m(−k ),
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
−→
lef = 0.75m(− i ).
∼

→
− →
− →
− →
−
Using F = I l × B , we have B = 0.86T i , recall that i × j = k , k × i = j , j × i = −k ,
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
i × i = 0, we obtain
∼ ∼

−→
Fab = 6.58 (0.75) (0.86) (j × i ) = 4.24N (−k )
∼ ∼ ∼
−→
Fbc = 6.58 (0.75) (0.86) ( i − k ) × i = 4.24N (−j )
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
−→
Fcd = 6.58 (0.75) (0.86) (−j + k ) × i = 4.24N (j + k )
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
−→
Fde = 6.58 (0.75) (0.86) (−k ) × i = 4.24N (−j )
∼ ∼ ∼
−→
Fef = 6.58 (0.75) (0.86) (− i ) × i = 0
∼ ∼

1(b) To nd the magnitude and direction of the total force on the wire, we will sum all the forces on each
segment.

→
− −→ −→ −→ −→ −→
F = Fab + Fbc + Fcd + Fde + Fef
= 4.24N (−k ) + 4.24N (−j ) + 4.24N (j + k ) + 4.24N (−j )
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
= 4.24N (−j )
∼

2 To nd the direction of the magnetic eld produced at point P, we will use right hand rule to
determine the direction with the thumb pointing to the direction of current. By doing so, we nd
that the direction of the B-eld at point P will pointing into the page of paper for all 4 sides of
the rectangle.
Using the formula to nd magnetic eld due to nite length of wire,
µ0 I 2d
B = p
4π x (x2 + d2 )

where 2d = length of wire, x = perpendicular distance to the point from the mid-point of wire
 2

Based on the diagram above, at point P, we can see that the B-eld produced by segment (1) is the
same as segment (3). Similarly, B-eld produced by segment (2) and segment (4) are the same in
terms of magnitude and direction.
For segment (1) and (3), we have wire length = a, perpendicular distance from wire = b/2, hence

µ0 I a µ0 I 4a µ0 I a
B1 = B3 =
q = √ = √
4π b b 2 2 4π 2
b b +a 2 πb b + a2
2
+ a2



2 2

For segment (2) and (4), we have wire length = b, perpendicular distance from wire = a/2, hence

µ0 I b µ0 I 4b µ0 I b
B2 = B4 =
q = √ = √
4π a b 2 2 4π 2
a b +a2 πa b + a2
2
+ a2



2 2

Total magnitude of B-eld at point P:

BP = B1 + B2 + B3 + B4
µ0 I a µ0 I a µ0 I b µ0 I b
= √ + √ + √ + √
πb b + a
2 2 πb b + a
2 2 πa b + a
2 2 πa b + a2
2
 
2µ I a b
= √ 0 +
2
π b +a 2 b a
 2
a + b2

2µ0 I
= √
π b2 + a2 ab
2µ0 I p 2
= a + b2
πab
¸→
− →
−
3(a) Using Ampere's law, B · d l = µ0 Iencl , based on the diagram below and since current is uniformly
distributed over the cross sectional area, we need to determine the Iencl for the Amperian loop we
have drawn.

I r2
Iencl = 2
πr2 = I 2
πa a
˛
− →
→ − r2
B ·d l = B (2πr) = µ0 Iencl = µ0 I
a2
µ0 Ir
B = (r < a)
2πa2
 3

3(b) Applying Ampere's law again, for region a < r < b,

˛
− →
→ −
B ·d l = B (2πr) = µ0 Iencl = µ0 I
µ0 I
B = (a < r < b)
2πr
3(c) Applying Ampere's law again, for region b < r < c, denote red for current coming out of page of
paper, green for current into the page of paper, positive for current coming out of page of paper:

π r 2 − b2 c2 − r 2
Iencl = I −I 2 2
=I 2
π (c − b ) c − b2
˛
− →
→ − c2 − r 2
B ·d l = B (2πr) = µ0 Iencl = µ0 I 2
c − b2


µ0 I c2 − r2
B = (b < r < c)
2πr (c2 − b2 )

3(d) Applying the same method again, based on the diagram below:

Iencl = 0 =⇒ B=0

4 To nd the net emf of the loop, we can approach by 2 methods. Method 1 will be on Faraday's law,
´ →
− − →
→ −
E = − dt , method 2 will be on motional emf, E =
dΦB
v × B ·d l
Method 1: Faraday's law: E = − dΦB
dt
 4

The magnetic eld due to the wire in the rectangular loop is pointing into the page of the paper,
with magnitude B = 2πxµ0 I
, where x is the distance from wire. We need to nd the magnetic ux of
→
−
the rectangular loop, dene the d A to be pointing into the page of paper. With dA = bdx, we have

ˆ ˆ r+a
→
− → − µ0 I µ0 Ib
ΦB = B · dA = bdx = [ln (r + a) − ln (r)]
r 2πx 2π
   
dΦB dΦB dr dΦB µ0 Ibv 1 1 µ0 Ibv a
E = − =− =− v=− − =
dt dr dt dr 2π r+a r 2π r(r + a)
→
−
Since the emf is positive, same direction as the d A , using right hand with the thumb pointing into
the page of paper, the ngers will curl in clockwise direction, hence the induced current will ow in
clockwise direction.

´ →
− − →
→ −
Method 2: Motional emf, E = v × B ·d l

We need to consider the emf of each segment, we do not need to consider segment (1) and segment
→
− − →
→ −
(3), because the d l is perpendicular to →
−
v × B , d l follows the direction of the segment.

→
−
v = vi
∼
→
− µ0 I
B = − k
2πr ∼
→
− →
− µ0 Iv   µ Iv
0
v ×B = −i × k = j
2πr ∼ ∼ 2πr ∼
→
− →
−
Since →
−
v × B is in j direction, for segment (1) and segment (3), d l is in i direction, since i · j = 0,
∼ ∼ ∼ ∼
so we can ignore segment (1) and segment (3).

For segment (2), B = 2πr ,

µ0 I

ˆ  ˆ
→− − →
→ − µ0 Iv µ0 Ibv
E2 = v × B ·d l = dl =
2πr 2πr

For segment (4), B = 2π(r+a) ,

µ0 I

ˆ  ˆ
→− − →
→ − µ0 Iv µ0 Ibv
E4 = v × B ·d l = dl =
2π (r + a) 2π (r + a)

Since both E2 and E4 are both positive, this implies that the induced current (as though segment
(2) or segment (4) is connected to external circuit) that will ow in segment (2) and segment (4) will
be in positive y -direction. We can treat segment (2) and segment (4) as though they are battery and
the positive terminal is at the top. Since E2 > E4 , induced current will ow in clockwise direction
and the net emf will be:

   
µ0 Ibv µ0 Ibv µ0 Ibv 1 1 µ0 Ibv a
Enet = E2 − E4 = − = − =
2πr 2π (r + a) 2π r r+a 2π r(r + a)