Magnetism & Matter

Magnetic Field Lines

 Definition : The magnetic field lines are a visual and intuitive realization of the magnetic field. It is the path along
which an isolated north pole will tend to move, if placed inside a magnetic field.

 Properties :
(i) The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuous closed loops.
(ii) The tangent to the field line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic field B at the
point.
(iii) The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude of the magnetic
field B
(iv) The magnetic field lines do not intersect, for if they did, the direction of the magnetic field would not the
unique at the point of intersection.

Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid :

Let us calculate the axial field of a finite solenoid and we will demonstrate that at large distances, this axial field
resembles that of a bar magnet.
 Let the length of the solenoid be 2L, radius a, it consists of n turns per unit length and I be the current in the
solenoid.
 Let us evaluate the axial field at a point P, at a distance r from the centre 0 of the solenoid.
 Consider a circular element of thickness dx of the solenoid at a distance x from its centre. It consists of n.dx turns.
 The magnitude of the field at point P due to the circular element is :

0 Ia 2
dB   (n.dx)
2[(r  x)2  a 2 ]3 / 2

Magnetism & Matter 100 Physics

 Integrating from x = – L to x = +

L for obtaining the magnitude of total field.

L
0 Ia 2 n dx
B
2  [(r  x)2  a 2 ]3 / 2
L

Considering the far axial field of the solenoid i.e. r >> a and r >> l, then denominator is approximated by :
L
0 Ia 2 n
 dx
2 2 3/2 3 ;
[(r  x)  a ] r B
2r 3 L

L
0 Ia 2 n  0 nI 2 La 2
So, B
2r 3  dx 
2 r3
L

The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the solenoid is :

m = (Total number of turns) X(current) X(cross-sectional area)  m = n(2L) I (pa 2)

 0 2m
So, B
4 r 3
 This is also the far axial magnetic field of a bar magnet
Thus, a bar magnet and a solenoid produce similar magnetic fields.
 The magnetic moment of a bar magnet is thus equal to the magnetic moment of an equivalent solenoid that
produces the same magnetic field.

Magnetic Moment of a Bar Magnet

Magnetic poles are slightly inside the ends of a bar magnet and distance between the magnetic poles is called
magnetic length of a bar magnet. It is written as 2l.

Observed relation between geographic length and magnetic length of a bar magnet is given below.
Magnetic length
= 0.84
Geometric length

Magnetic moment of a bar magnet is defined as

M = m × 2l
= 2ml
where 2l is the magnetic length and m is the pole strenth. It is a vector quantity and its direction is form south pole to
north pole. SI unit of magnetic moment is A-m2.

The Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic field :

To determine the magnitude of B accurately, a small compass needle of known magnetic moment m and moment of
inertia I is allowed to oscillate in the magnetic field.
  
The torque on the needle is  m  B

In magnitude,   mBsin 
 
Here  is restoring torque and  is the angle between m and B .

Magnetism & Matter 101 Physics

 Therefore,

d 2
I   mB sin 
dt 2
Negative sign with mB sin  implies that restoring torque is in opposition to deflecting torque. For small values of  ,
sin   .
d 2 d 2 mB
So, I   mB or 2

dt 2 dt I

This represents a Simple Harmonic Motion

mB
with ω2  , (ω → angular frequency)
I
I 4 2 I
and T  2 , (T → time period) or B
mB mT 2

Magnetic Potential Energy (U m) :

The magnetic potential energy Um is given by


U m  () . d 

 
  mBsin    mBcos   m  B

Taking the constant of integration to be zero means fixing the zero of potential energy at θ = 90° i.e. when the
needle is perpendicular to the field.
 Potential energy is minimum at θ = 0°, i.e. Um = – mB (most stable position)
 Potential energy is maximum at θ = 180°, i.e. Um = + mB (most unstable position).

The Dipole Analogy

Electrostatics Magnetism

1/ 0 0
 
Dipole moment p m
 
Equatorial Field for a short dipole  p / 40 r 3 0 m / 4 r 3
 
Axial Field for a short dipole 2 p / 40 r 3 0 2 m / 4 r 3
   
External Field : Torque pE m B
   
External Field : Energy p . E m . B

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 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism :
The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
 

B . ds  0

Helps to conclude that :

(i) The number of field lines entering a surface equals those leaving the surface.
(ii) Isolated magnetic poles (monopoles) do not exist.

Illustration 1
A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area of cross-section 1.6 104 m 2 , carrying a current of 4.0 A, is suspended
through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane.
(A) What is the magnetic amount associated with the solenoid?
(B) What are the force and torque on the solenoid, if a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 7.5 102 T is set up at
an angle of 30° with the axis of the solenoid?

SOLUTION :
Given, number of turns n = 2000 Torque on the solenoid   MBsin 
(Given   30 )
Area of cross-section A  1.6  104 m2
Current I = 4A
(A) Magnetic moment associated with solenoid

M  nIA  2000  4 1.6 104  1.28 J/T

(B) The force (net) on the solenoid is zero, because two
equal and opposite forces (on each of its poles)  1.28  7.5  102 sin 30
1
one acting, but their lines of action are parallel so  1.28  7.5  102 
they form a couple thus a torque (no force) is applied 2
on it.  4.8  102 N - m

Illustration 2

A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with a uniform external magnetic field at 0.25 T experiences a torque of
magnitude equal to 4.5  102 J. What is the magnitude of magnetic moment of the magnet?
SOLUTION :
Given, uniform magnetic field B = 0.25 T
The magnitude of torque   4.5  102 J
Angle between magnetic moment and magnetic
field   30 .
Torque experienced on a magnet placed in external
magnetic field

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  MB
4.5  102  2  1
  sin 30  2 
 A  B  AB sin   0.25  1  
4.5  102  M  0.25  sin 30  0.36 J/T

4.5  102 Thus, the magnitude of magnetic moment of the

M magnet is 0.36J/T.
0.25  sin 30

Illustration 3

A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 0.32 J/T is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. If the bar is free
to rotate in the plane of the field, which orientation would correspond to its (A) stable and (B) unstable equilibrium?
What is the potential energy of the magnet in each case?
SOLUTION :
Given, magnetic moment of magnet m = 0.32 J/T (B) For the unstable equilibrium, the angle between the
The magnitude of magnetic field B = 0.15 T magnetic moment and magnetic field is 180 .
(A) For stable equilibrium, the angle between magnetic ( In this position it will be in a direction
moment (m) and magnetic field (B) is   0 perpendicular to magnetic field thus maximum torque
will act on it.)
( In this position, it will be in a direction parallel to
magnetic field thus no torque will act on it.)   180

 The potential energy of the magnet Potential energy of the magnet

U = – m.B U   mB cos 180 

  mB cos  ( A . B  AB cos )   0.32  0.15  1  4.8  10 2
J

  0.32  0.15 cos 0   4.8  102 J Thus, for the unstable equilibrium the potential

Thus, for the stable equilibrium the potential energy energy is 4.8  102 J

is 4.8  102 J

Illustration 4

A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 J/T lies aligned with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.22T.
(A) What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet so as to align its magnetic
moment : (i) normal to the field direction (ii) opposite to the field direction?
(B) What is the torque on the magnet in case (i) and (ii) ?

SOLUTION :
Given, magnetic moment of magnet M = 1.5 J/T and 2  90 (  The magnet is to be aligned
Uniform magnetic field B = 0.22T normal to the field direction)
Work done in rotating the magnet from angle 1 to
(A) (i) Angle 1   (  The magnet lies aligned in the
direction of field) angle 2
W   MB(cos 2  cos1 )
 1.5  0.22(cos 90  cos 0)  0.33J

Magnetism & Matter 104 Physics

 (ii) Angle 1  0 and 2  180 (B) Using the formula of torque   MB sin 

(  Magnet is to be aligned opposite to the direction (i)   90 (when magnetic moment normal to the field)
of field)   1.5  0.22 sin 90  0.33 N - m
Work done   MB(cos 2  cos 1 ) (ii)   180 (when magnetic moment opposite to the
  1.5  0.22(cos 180  cos 0)  0.66J field)

Illustration 5

A magnetic dipole is under the influence of two magnetic fields. The angle between the two field directions is 60° and
one of the fields has a magnitude of 1.2 × 10 –2T. If the dipole comes to stable equilibrium at an angle of 15° with this
field, what is the magnitude of the other field?

SOLUTION :
Here B1 = 1.2 × 10 –2 T Inclination of dipole with B1 is θ 1 = 15° Therefore, inclination of dipole with B2 is
θ 2 = 60° – 15° = 45°. As the dipole is in equilibrium, therefore the torque on the dipole due to the two fields are equal
and opposite. If M is magnetic dipole moment of the dipole, then

MB1 sin 1  MB2 sin 2

or B1 sin 1 1.2  102  sin15

B2  
sin 2 sin 45

1.2  102  0.2588

  4.39 103 T
0.707

Illustration 6

A bar magnet with poles 25 cm apart and pole-strength 14.4 A-m rests with its centre on a frictionless pivot. It is held
in equilibrium at 60° to a uniform magnetic field of induction 0.25 T by applying a force F at right angles to its axis,
10 cm from its pivot. Calculate F. What will happen if the force is removed ?

SOLUTION :
The situation is shown in figure. In equilibrium
the torque of M due to B is balanced by torque due
to F,
   
i.e., M  B  r  F
MB sin   Fr sin 90
(m 2 l) B sin    
or F  If the force F is removed, the torque M  B will
r
(as M = m × 2l) ; So substituting the given data, become unbalanced and under its action the magnet
will execute oscillatory motion about the direction
14.4  (25  102 )  0.25( 3 / 2)
F   7.8 N of B on its pivot O which will not be simple
10 102
harmonic as sin    .

Magnetism & Matter 105 Physics

Illustration 7

Two bar magnets of the same length and breadth but having magnetic moments M and 2M are joined sideways with
like poles together and suspended by a string. The time of oscillation of this assembly in a magnetic field of strength B
is 3 sec. What will be the period of oscillation, if the polarity of one of the magnets is changed and the combination is
again made to oscillate in the same field ?

SOLUTION :
( I1  I 2 )
As magnetic moment is a vector, so when magnents So T   2 . . . . . (2)
MB
are joined with like poles together
M1 = M + 2M = 3M, Dividing Equation (2) by (1)
T
 I1  I 2 )  3, i.e., T   ( 3) T  3 3 sec
So T  2 . . . . .(1) T
3MB
When the polarity of one of the magnets is
reversed,
M2 = M ~ 2M = M ;

Illustration 8

A short bat magnet has magnetic moment of 0.48J/T. Find the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced
by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of the magnet on (A) the axis, (B) the equatorial lines (normal
bisector) of the magnet.
SOLUTION :
Given, magnetic moment of bar magnet M = 0.48 J/T (B) Use the formula of magnetic field due to a
Distance from the centre of magnet d = 10 cm = 0.1 m Short bar magnet on its equatorial line.
(A) When the point lies on the axial line.  Magnetic field at point P
Magnetic field at point P 0 M 0.48
B .  107   0.48 104 T
4 d 3 (0.1) 3

The direction of magnetic field on equatorial line is

opposite to the direction of magnetic moment.
 0 2M 107  2  0.48
B . 3  3
 0.96  104 T So, the direction of magnetic field is from N to S pole
4 d (0.1)
of the magnet.
The direction of magnetic field is along the direction
of magnetic moment. We know that the direction of
magnetic moment is from S to N pole. Thus, the
direction of magnetic field is from S to N pole of the
magnet.

Magnetism & Matter 106 Physics

 The Earth’s Magnetism : The magnetic field of Earth is now thought to arise due to electrical currents produced by
convective motion of metallic fluids (consisting mostly of molten iron and nickel) in the outer core of the earth. This
is known as the dynamo effect.
The strength of earth’s magnetic field varies from place to place on the earth’s surfae ; its value being of the order of
10–5 T.
Some facts About Earth’s Magnetic field :
 The magnetic field lines of the earth resemble that of a (hypothetical) magnetic dipole located at the centre of the
earth.
 The axis of the dipole is tilted by approximately 11.3° with respect to the axis of rotation of the earth.
 The magnetic poles are located where the magnetic field lines due to the dipole enter or leave the earth.
 The pole near the geographic north pole of the earth is called the north magnetic pole (Nm). Likewise, the pole near
the geographic south pole is called the south magnetic pole (Sm).

Geographic Meridian :
The vertical plane containing the longitude circle (determining the geographic north-south direction) and the axis of
rotation of the earth is called the geographic meridian.

Magnetic Meridian :
It is defined as the vertical plane which passes through the imaginary line joining the magnetic north and the south
poles.

Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field :

To describe the magnetic field of the earth at a point on its surface, we need to specify three quantities, viz., the
declination, the angle of dip or the inclination and the horizontal component of the earth’s field. These are known as
the elements of the earth’s magnetic field.

Magnetism & Matter 107 Physics

 Representing the Vertical component by ZE ,
Horizontal component by H E ,

And δ is the angle of dip, we have

ZE  BE sin 
H E  BE cos 
ZE
 tan  
HE

and BE  ZE2  H E2
 Angle of dip at poles = 90°
 Angle of dip at equator = 0°
 The declination is greater at higher latitudes
and smaller near the equator.

More to Know :
In most of northern hemispheres ; the north pole of the dip needle tilts downwards. Likewise in most of southern
hemispheres, south pole of dip needle tilts downwards.
(Think as dip needle is outside the surface of the earth and inner surface of earth behaves as a magnet. In northern
hemisphere, Earth behaves as Magnetic South pole and North pole of dip tilts downwards. Similarly in southern
hemisphere, Earth surface behaves as magnetic north pole, so south pole of dip needle tilts downwards.

Illustration 9

A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip pointing down at
22° with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at plane is known to be 0.35G.
Determine the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at the place.
SOLUTION :
Given, angle of dip   22 Using the formula, H  R cos 
Horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field H 0.35 0.35
or R    0.38G
H = 0.35G cos  cos 22 0.9272
Let the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at Thus, the value of the earth’s magnetic field at that
the place is R. place of 0.38G

Illustration 10

At a certain location in Africa, a compass points 12° west of the geographic north. The north tip of the magnetic needle
of a dip circle placed in the plane of magnetic meridian points 60° above the horizontal. The horizontal component of
the earth’s field is measured to be 0.16G. Specify the direction and magnitude of the earth’s field at the location.

Magnetism & Matter 108 Physics

SOLUTION :
Let the magnitude of earth’s magnetic field at that
place is R.

Using the formula, H = R cos δ

H 0.16 0.16  2
Or R  
cos  cos 60 1
 0.32G  0.32  104 T
The earth’s magnetic field lies in a vertical plane
Given, angle of direction 12° west of geographical meridian at angle 60°
  12 west above the horizontal.
Angle of dip   60
Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
H = 0.16 G

Illustration 11

A magnet is suspended so as to swing horizontally makes 50 vibrations/min at a place where dip is 30°,
and 40 vibrations/min where dip is 45°. Compare the earth’s total fields at the two places.

SOLUTION : 50 B1 Cos30
i.e.  
n BH 40 B2 Cos 45
n1 B1Cos1 25 B1 3 B1 25
     (or) 
n2 B2Cos2 16 B2 2 B2 8 6

Illustration 12

Considering the earth as a short magnet with its centre coinciding with the centre of earth, show that the angle of dip
φ is related to magnetic latitude λ throguh the relation tan φ = 2 tan λ.
SOLUTION :
Considering the situation for dipole, at position
(r, θ) we have
0 2M cos   M sin 
Br  3
and B  0
4 r 4 r 3
BV B
and as tan    r
BH B0

So, tanφ = – 2cot(90° + λ) ;

i.e., tanφ = 2tanλ

Magnetism & Matter 109 Physics

Illustration 13

A short bar magnet placed in a horizontal plane has its axis aligned along the magnetic north-south direction.
Null points are found on the axis of the magnet at 14 cm from the centre of the magnet. The earth’s magnetic field at
the place is 0.36 G and the angle of dip is zero. What is the total magnetic field on the normal bisector of the magnet
at the same distance at the null-point (i.e., 14cm) from the centre of the magnet? (At null points, field due to a magnet
is equal and opposite to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.)
SOLUTION :
Distance of the null point from the centre of magnet
d = 14 cm = 0.14 m
The earth’s magnetic field where the angle of dip is zero, is the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
i.e., H = 0.36 G
Initially, the null points are on the axis of the magnet. We use the formula of magnetic field on axial line (consider that
the magnet is short in length).
 0 2m
B1  .
4 d 3
This magnetic field is equal to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
 0 2m
i.e., B1  . H . . . .(i)
4 d 3
On the equatorial line of magnet at same distance (D) magnetic field due to the magnet
0 m B H
B2  .  1  . . . .(ii)
4 d 3 2 2
The direction of magnetic field on equatorial line at this point (as given in question)
H 3 3
B  B2  H   H  H   36  0.54 G
2 2 2
The direction of magnetic field is in the direction of earth’s field.

Illustration 14

A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 5.25  102 J / T is placed with its axis perpendicular to the earth’s field
direction. At what distance from the centre of the magnet, the resultant field is inclined at 45° with earth’s field on (A)
its normal bisector and (B) its axis. Magnitude of the earth’s field at the place is given to be 0.42 G. Ignore the length
of the magnet in comparison to the distance involved.
SOLUTION :
Given, magnetic moment m  5.25  102 J / T
Let the resultant magnetic field is Bnet. It makes an angle of 45° with Be.
 Be  0.42G  0.42  104 T

Magnetism & Matter 110 Physics

 (A) At normal bisector

Let r is the distance between axial line and point P.

The magnetic field at point P, due to a short magnet
0 m
B . . . . .(i)
4 r 3

The direction of B is along PA, i.e., along N pole to S pole.

According to the vector analysis,
B
tan 45 
Be
B
1 or B = Be
Be
0 m
0.42  104  .
4 r 3
107  5.25  10 2
0.42  10 4 
r3
5.25  109
r3   12.5  105
0.42  104
r = 0.05 m
r = 5 cm
(B) When point lies on axial line
Let the resultant magnetic field Bnet makes an angle 45° from Be.
The magnetic field on the axial line of the magnet at distance of r from the centre of magnet
 0 2m
B  . (S to N)
4 r 3
Direction of magnetic field is from S to N
According to the vector analysis
B
tan 45 
Be
B
1 or Be  B
Be
 0 2m
0.42  104  
4 r 3
10 7  2  5.25  10 2
or 0.42  10 4 
r3
109  2  5.25
r3   2.5  105
0.42  104
r = 0.063 m or 6.3 cm

Magnetism & Matter 111 Physics

 Magnetisation & Magnetic Intensity :
Definitions :

(i) Magnetisation ( M ) : Magnetisation of a sample is equal to its net magnetic moment per unit volume. [A vector
quantity measured in units A. m.]
 m 
M  net
Vol.

(ii) Magnetic intensity (H) : It represents the degree to which a magnetic material can be magnetized by a magnetic
field.

 B     
H
0
M ( B Total magnetic field),  
B  0 M  H 
(iii) Magnetic Susceptibility (χ χ) : It is a measure of how a magnetic material responds to an external field. It is
defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetization (M) induced in the material to the magnetic intensity (H).
It is small and +ve for paramagnetic and small and negative for diamagnetic. In latter case M and H are opposite
in direction. For ferromagnetic χ is large and positive.

M
 
H
 Consider a long solenoid of n-turn per unit length and carrying current I.
The magnetic field in the interior of the solenoid is given by : B0  0 I n
If the interior of the solenoid is filled with a material with non-zero magnetization, the net B in the interior of
solenoid is given by : B  B0  Bm

Where B0 : field due to current in solenoid and expressed as

B0  0 In  0 H (For a solenoid H = nI )

Bm : field contributed by material core and proportional to M of the material and expressed as

Bm  0 M

B  0 In  0 M  B  0 H  0 M  B  0  H  M 
We have partitioned the contribution to the total magnetic field inside the sample into 2 parts; one due to
external factors such as current in solenoid. This is represented by H. The other due to specific nature of
magnetic material, namely M. The latter quantity can be influenced by external factors. This influence can be
mathematically expressed as M  H

 B   0 ( H  H )  B  0 H (1  )

 B  0 H  r (1     r  relatively permeability)

 B  H (  0 r )
 The three quantities are interrelated and only one of them is independent. Given one, other two may be easily
determined.

Magnetism & Matter 112 Physics

 Classification of Materials on the basis of Magnetic Properties

Magnetism & Matter 113 Physics

Note : (i) Superconductors : These are metals, cooled to very low temperatures which exhibits both perfect conductivity
and perfect diamagnetism.
The field lines are completely expelled !
χ = –1 and μr = 0

(ii) Meissner effect : The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in superconductors.

(iii) Magnetisation of a paramagnetic material is directly proportional to the applied field and inversely proportional
to the absolute temperature T.

B0 0  M   H 
M C (C → Curie’s constant) or  C → Curie’s law  
T T  B0   0 H 
As the field is increased or the temperature is lowered, the magnetization increases until it reaches the saturation
value Ms, at which point all the dipoles are perfectly aligned with the field. Beyond this, Curie’s Law is no longer
valid.

(iv) At high temperature, a ferromagnet becomes a paramagnet. The domain structure disintegrates with temperature.
The temperature of transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetism is called the CURIE TEMPERATURE (Tc.).

(v) Hard ferromagnets : In some ferromagnetic materials, the magnetization persists even when the external field is
removed. Such materials are called hard magnetic materials or hard ferromagnets.
Example : Alnico, Iron, Lodestone.
(vi) Soft ferromagnets : In some ferromagnetic materials, the magnetisation disappears on removal of the external
field. Such materials are called soft ferromagnetic materials.
Example : Nickel, Cobalt, Gadolinium.

Hysteresis :
The phenomeno of lagging behind of intensity of magnetization form the magnetizing field during the process of
magnetization and demagnetization of a ferromagnetic material.

 Area within the B – H loop represents the energy

dissipated per unit volume within the material when it is
carried through the cycle of magnetisation.

 Residual Magnetism or Retentivity : Magnetic induction

left behind in the sample after magnetizing field has been
removed is called retentivity. (Value of B at H = 0)

 Coercivity : The value of reverse magnetizing field required

for residual magnetism of the sample to become zero.
(value of H at B = O)

Magnetism & Matter 114 Physics

 Permanent magnets Electromagnets
Made of ferromagnetic substances which retain Soft iron has large permeability and small retentivity and
magnetism for a long time at room temperature hence is suitable for making electromagnets.

Methods to make permanent magnets. When a current is passed through a solenoid wound
(i) Continuously run one end of a magnet on a around a rod of soft iron, magnetic field inside the iron rod
fixed steel rod always in one direction. increases many times making it an electromagnet.
On switching off the current, magnetic field more or less
(ii) Pass a current through a solenoid containing a
vanishes.
steel rod.

Used in compass, to make bar magnets etc. Electric bells, loud-speakers, cranes to lift heavy things
made of iron etc. make use of electromagnets.

Selection of Materials on the Basis of Hysteresis Curve :

1. For permanent Magnets :
Material should have high retentivity so that the magnet is strong and high coercivity so that the magnetisation
is not erased by stray magnetic fields, temperature fluctuations etc. Also the material should have high permeability.
Steel is favoured. It has slightly smaller retentivity than soft iron but this is outweighed by the much smaller
coercivity of soft iron. Other materials used are alnico, cobalt steel etc.

2. Electromagnets :
– high permeability
– low retentivity. (so that when we switch off the solenoid current, the Magnetism is effectively switch off)
– soft iron is suitable

3. For Transformer Cores and Telephone Diaphragms :

– hysteresis curve must be narrow (Energy dissipation and heating will consequently be small)
– high resistivity to lower eddy current losses.

Illustration 15

The magnetic moment of a magent of mass 75 gm is 9 × 10–7 A-m2. If the density of the material of magnet is
7.5 × 10 3 kg m–3, then find intensity of magnetisation is:
SOLUTION :
M mass (m)
I Where volume, V 
V density()

M   9  107  7.5  103

   0.09 A / m
m 75  103

Magnetism & Matter 115 Physics

Illustration 16

The permeability of substance is 6.28 × 10–4 wb/A-m. Find its relative permebility and suscepibility?
SOLUTION :
 6.28 104
r    500
0 4 107
 r 1     r  1  500  1  499

Illustration 17

An iron bar of length 10 cm and diameter 2 cm is placed in a magnetic field of intensity 1000 Am–1 with its length
parallel to the direction of the field. Determine the magnetic moment produced in the bar if permeability of its material
is 6.3 × 10–4 TmA–1.
SOLUTION :
 6.3  104
We know that,   0 (1  )   1   1  500.6
0 4 107
Intensity of magnetisation, I = χ H = 500.6 × 1000 = 5 × 105 A–1
 Magnetic moment, M = I × V = I × πr 2 l  5 105  3.14  (102 )  (10  102 )  17.70 A  m2

Illustration 18

A magnetising field of 1600 Am–1 produces a magnetic flux of 2.4 × 10 –5 weber in a bar of iron of cross section
0.2 cm2. Calculate permeability and susceptibility of the bar.
SOLUTION :
 2.4  105
Magnetic induction, B   4
1.2 Wb / m2
A 0.2 10
B 1.2
(i) Permeability,     7.5  10 4 TA1m (ii) As   0 (1  ) then
H 1600
 7.5 104
Susceptibility,   1  1  596.1
0 4  107

Illustration 19

A sample of paramagnetic salt contains 2.0 × 1024 atomic dipoles each of dipole moment 1.5 × 10 –23 J T. The sample
is placed under a homogeneous magnetic field of 0.64 T, and cooled to a temperature of 4.2 K. The degree of magnetic
saturation achieved is equal to 15%. What is the total dipole moment of the sample for a magnetic field of 0.98 T and
a temperature of 2.8 K? (Assume Curie)

Magnetism & Matter 116 Physics

SOLUTION :
Initially, total dipole moment
 0.15  1.5  1023  2.0  10 24
 4.5 J T 1
Use Curie’s Law m  B/T to get the final dipole moment
 4.5   0.98 / 0.84    4.2 / 2.8
 7.9 J T 1

Illustration 20

Answer the following questions:

(A) Why does a paramagnetic sample display greater magnetization (for the same magnetising field) when cooled?
(B) Why is diamagnetism, in contrast, almost independent of temperature?
(C) If a toroid uses bismuth for its core, will the field in the core be (slightly) greater or (slightly) less than when
the core is empty?
(D) Is the permeability of a ferromagnetic material independent of the magnetic field? If not, is it more for lower
or higher fields?
(E) Magnetic field lines are always nearly normal to the surface of a ferromagnet at every point. (This fact is
analogous to the static electric field lines being normal to the surface of a conductor at every point). Why?
(F) Would the maximum possible magnetisation of a paramagnetic sample be of the same order of magnitude as
the magnetization of a ferromagnet?
SOLUTION :
(A) The tendency to disrupt the alignment of dipoles (with the magnetising field) arising from random thermal motion is
reduced at lower temperatures.
(B) The induced dipole moment in a diamagnetic sample is always opposite to the magnetising field, no matter what the
internal motion of the atoms is.
(C) Slightly less, since bismuth is diamagnetic.
(D) No, as it evident from the magnetisation curve. From the slope of magnetisation curve, it is clear that m is greater for
lower fields.
(E) Proof of this important fact (of much practical use) is based on boundary conditions of magnetic fields (B and H) at the
interface of two media. (When one of the media has μ >> 1, the field lines meet this medium nearly normally.)
Details are beyond the scope of this book.
(F) Yes. Apart from minor differences in strength of the individual atomic dipoles of two different materials, a paramagnetic
sample with saturated magnetisation will have the same order of magnetisation. But of course, saturation requires
impractically high magnetising fields.

Magnetism & Matter 117 Physics

 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Two identical magnetic dipoles of magnetic moment 2A m2 are placed at a separation of 2m with their axis perpendicular
to each other in air. The resultant magnetic field at a mid-point between the dipoles is:
(A) 4 5  105 T (B) 2 5  105 T (C) 4 5  107 T (D) 2 5  107

2. A short bar magnet experiences a torque of magnitude 0.64 Nm, when it is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.32T, taking an angle of 30° with the direction of the field. The magnetic moment of the magnet is:
(A) 1 Am2 (B) 4 Am2 (C) 6 Am2 (D) None of these

3. A magnetised wire of magnetic moment M is bent in the form of a semicircle. The new magnetic moment is :
2M
(A) M (B)

M
(C) (D) None of the above


4. Two magnets of moment M and 2M are tied at an angle of 60° to each other. The magnetic moment of the combination
will be:
(A) 5M (B) 7M (C) M (D) 2M

5. A magnetic needle is kept in a non-uniform magnetic field. It experiences :

(A) A torque but not a force (B) Neither a force nor a torque
(C) A force and a torque (D) A force but not a torque
6. A rigid circular loop of radius r and mass m lies in the x-y plane of a flat table and has a current i flowing in it. At this
particular place the earth’s magnetic field is B  Bx i  Bz k . The value of i so that the loop start tilting is:

mg mg mg mg
(A) (B) (C) (D)
r Bx2  Bz2 rBx rBz r Bx . Bz

7. If a magnetic dipole of dipole moment M in stable equilibrium position is rotated through an angle  with respect to
the direction of the field H, then the work done is:
(A) MH sin  (B) MH 1  sin   (C) MH cos  (D) MH 1  cos  

8. When a bar magnet is plaed at 90° to a uniform magnetic field, it is acted upon by a couple which is maximum.
For the couple to be half of the maximum value, at what angle should the magnet be inclined to the magnetic
field?
(A) 60° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 180°
9. A current carrying loop is placed with its axis perpendicular to N-S direction. Let horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field be H 0 and magnetic field inside the loop is H. If a magnet is suspended inside the loop, it makes angle
 with H, then  is equal to:

H   H   H  H 
(A) tan 1  0  (B) tan 1   (C) cosec 1  (D) cot 1  0 
  H 
 H   H0   H0 

Magnetism & Matter 118 Physics

10. A thin rectangular magnet suspended freely has a period of oscillation equal to T. Now it is broken into two equal
halves (each having half of original length) and one piece is made to oscillate freely in the same field. If its period
of oscillation is T′, then the ratio T′/T is :
1
(A) (B) 1/2 (C) 2 (D) 1/4
2 2
11. Two short magnets AB and CD are in the X-Y plane and parallel to X-axis and co-ordinates of their centres
respectively are (0, 2) and (2, 0). Line joining the north-south poles of CD is opposite to that of AB and lie along
the positive X-axis. The resultant field induction due to AB and CD at a point P(2, 2) is 100 × 10–2 T. When the poles
of the magnet CD are reversed. The resultant field induction is 100 × 10–7 T. The value of magnetic moments of
AB and CD (in Am2) are :
(A) 300, 200 (B) 600,7400 (C) 200, 100 (D) 300, 150
12. Let BV and B H be the vertical and horizontal components of earth’s magnetic fields at any points earth. Near the
north pole
(A) Bv  BH (B) Bv  BH (C) Bv  BH (D) Bv  BH  0

13. The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance at –73°C is 0.0060, then its value at –173°C will be :
(A) 0.0030 (B) 0.0120 (C) 0.0180 (D) 0.0045
14. Ferromagnetic materials used in a transformer must have :
(A) Low permeability and high hysteresis loss
(B) High permeability and Low hysteresis loss
(C) High permeability and high hysteresis loss
(D) Low permeability and Low hysteresis loss
15. A ship has to reach a place which is due west from its present position. Declination at this point is 15°. The direction
form compass needle in whcih it should sail is :
(A) 75° (B) 15° (C) 105° (D) 165°
16. At magnetic north pole of the earth, the value of horizontal component H and angle of dip θ is:
(A) H = 0, θ = 45° (B) H ≠ 0, θ = 0° (C) H = 0, θ = 90° (D) H ≠ 0, θ = 90°

17. The magnetic field due to short bar magnet of magnetic dipole moment M and length 2l, on the axis at a distance
z (where z >>l) from the centre of the magnet is given by formula :

0 M ˆ 20 M 4M ˆ 0 M ˆ
(A) M (B) M̂ (C) M (D) M
4z3 4z 3  0 z2 2z3

18. Statement 1 : Flux of magnetic field B through a closed surface is equal to zero.

 B.ds  0
Statement 2 : Magnetic field lines are closed curves, they don’t have any beginning or end.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True and Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True and Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

Magnetism & Matter 119 Physics

19. The ratio of time periods of oscillation of two magnets in the same field is 2 : 1. If magnetic moment of both the magnets
is equal, the ratio of the their moment of inertias will be
(A) 4:1 (B) 1:4 (C) 2 :1 (D) 1: 2

20. A magnetic field strength (H) 3 × 103 Am–1 produces a magnetic field of induction (B) of 12πT in an iron rod. Find the
relative permeability of iron ?
(A) 4π × 10–3 (B) 104 (C) 104 (D) 4π × 10–7

SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1.(B) B  B12  B22

1
 2
   2
   
  2m   m 
B   
2 7
 107  4  4  10  20  107  2 5  107 T
3 3 
  d     d  
  2     2  
         

2.(B) Torque,   0.64 J  B  0.32T   30

Torque,   MBsin 
0.64  M  0.32sin 30
1
0.64  M  0.32 
2
2  0.64
M   4Am 2
0.32
3.(B) After bending, distance between poles = 2r
Earlier distance = (πr)
M  m  2r 2 2
   M  M 
M m  r  

4.(B) M R  M 2  (2 M ) 2  2 M  2M cos 60  M 1  4  2  7 M

5.(C) Magnetic needle is placed in non-uniform magnetic field. It experiences force and torque both due to unequal
forces acting on poles.

6.(B) Torque ( ) is given by

 | M  B |
Where M is magnetic dipole moment of loop given by,

M = iA   
M  i r 2 k


  | M  B |   r 2iBx 
Now, Torque of weight will be mgr.
mg
Hence, mgr  r 2 iBx  i
rBx

Magnetism & Matter 120 Physics

7.(D) The Potential energy of a magnetic dipole of magnetic moment M placed in magnetic field H is given as
U    M .H  MH cos 
Where  is angle between the vector M and H. Initially the dipole possesses minimum potential energy U 0,
therefore work required to turn through angle θ is

W  U  U 0   MH cos     MH cos     MH cos   MH

W  MH 1  cos  

8.(B) We know that, τ = MB sinθ

If θ = 90° then τmax = MB . . . . . (1)
max
 MB sin  . . . . . (2)
2
From equations (1) and (2)
1 1
2 or sin   or   30
sin  2
9.(A)
10.(B) When magnet is divided into two equal parts, the magnetic dipole moment
1 M
M’ = pole strength   (Pole strength remains same)
2 1
m
Also, the mass of magnet becomes half, i.e., M 
2
ml2
Moment of inertia of magnet l 
12
2
1  m l  ml 2
New moment of inertia l      
12  2   2  12  8
I
 I 
8
 I 
Now, T  2  
 MBH 
 I 
 I   8 
T   2    2   T T 1
 T   
 M BH   MBH / 2  2 T 2
 
11.(A) As shown in figure

Magnetism & Matter 121 Physics

 0  2 M1 M2 
B  B1  B2    
4  r13 r23 

 2 M1 M2 
100  10 7  107   2 M1  M2  800
 8 8 
If the poles of magnet CD are reversed, then
 2 M1 M2 
50  107  107   2M1  M2  400
 8 8 

Solving Equations (i) and (ii), we obtain M1  300 Am2  M 2  200 Am2

12.(A) Near the north and south poles, the fields points directly into or out of the earth. Near the equator the field is parallel
to the surface. Near Cleveland the earth’s magnetic field has a north-south horizontal component and a much larger
vertical component into the ground.

F = total intensity magnetic field vector

H = horizontal component of magnetic field vector
V = the vertical component of magnetic field vector
1  T
13.(B) m  , Therefore, 2  1
T 1 T2

2 273  73 200
  2 or 2  2  0.0060  0.0120
0.0060 273  173 100
14.(B) Ferromagnetic materials used in a transformer must have high permeability and low hysteresis loss.

15.(A)

A compass needle free to rotate in horizontal plane point towards magnetic north.
Geographical north is at 15° from the compass needle.
Hence, geographical west will be at an angle 90° – 15° = 75°.
Hence, the ship shold sail at 75° from the needle direction.

Magnetism & Matter 122 Physics

16.(C) At north pole, magnetic lines of force will be vertical and the magnet will be vertical (north pole pointing downwards).
Thus, H = 0 and angle of dip (θ) is 90° at that place.
17.(B)
18.(A) Magnetic field lines are closed curves and hence the number of field lines entering the closed surface is equal to

number of field lines leaving the surface or in other words we can say  B.ds  0.
I1
19.(A) T1  2
MB
I2
T2  2
MB

2 I I1 4
 1  
1 I2 I2 1

B 12  4103
20.(B)     4 10 3  r   104
H 3 103 0 4 107

Magnetism & Matter 123 Physics