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Automotive Diagnostic Services

Diagnostics Services An automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. It is more than an engine and a body; it is a complex machine that has undergone over a century of evolution. Over the years we have seen a constant stream of innovations and improvements in engine design. We have seen the advent of 4 wheel brakes, fuel injection and the automatic transmission. Detecting a failure in this complex machine would be a tedious task. However, most of the vehicles today include computers (Electronic Control Unit (ECU)), which monitors several sensors, located throughout the engine, fuel and exhaust systems. When the computer system of the car detects a fault, two things are supposed to happen/monitored. First, a warning light on the dashboard is set, to inform the driver that a problem exists. Second the code is recorded in the computers memory (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) so that it can later be retrieved by a technician for diagnosis and repair....
Contents

1 2 3

Introduction Overview of Diagnostics Detailed Diagnostic Services

4 5

Conclusion Reference

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Introduction

An automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. It is more than an engine and a body; it is a complex machine that has undergone over a century of evolution. Over the years we have seen a constant stream of innovations and improvements in engine design. We have seen the advent of 4 wheel brakes, fuel injection and the automatic transmission. Detecting a failure in this complex machine would be a tedious task. However, most of the vehicles today include computers (Electronic Control Unit (ECU)), which monitors several sensors, located throughout the engine, fuel and exhaust systems. When the computer system of the car detects a fault, two things are supposed to happen/monitored. First, a warning light on the dashboard is set, to inform the driver that a problem exists. Second the code is recorded in the computers memory (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) so that it can later be retrieved by a technician for diagnosis and repair. The key to good auto repair lies in troubleshooting the problem. Problem in cars could be caused due to number of reasons. Proper troubleshooting will eliminate the potential issues that aren't the real problem and point you in the right direction. This can be achieved through Diagnostics. Did you notice when a problem happens in a car or a vehicle? Ok!! Let me say one situation. There is a Check Engine Light (warning Lamp) present in our cars dashboard, which alerts us when a problem occurs in the engine control system. Depending on the nature of the problem, the Check Engine Light may come on and go off, remain on continuously or flash. Some intermittent problems will make the Check Engine Light come on only when the fault is occurring. When the problem goes away, the Check Engine Light goes off. So, When the Check Engine Light comes on, a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) is recorded in the on-board computer memory that corresponds to the fault. Some problems can generate more than one trouble code, and some vehicles may have multiple problems that set multiple trouble codes.

Overview of Diagnostics

2.1

Diagnostics

Diagnostics, as the word suggests, is to identify the cause of a problem or a situation. Whenever the ECU finds a problem, it stores that problem as a Diagnostics Trouble Code (DTC) in the Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) for later retrieval. Diagnostic Tools are used to read data (DTCs) from the EEPROM to analyze the cause of failure. 2.2 Diagnostics Protocol

Protocol refers to a set of rules for communication. Here the communication happens between two ECUs which follow the same rule and able to exchange the information. The protocols which are used for Diagnostics purposes are known as Diagnostics Protocol. The automotive industry has come up with Diagnostics protocols which are used for diagnostics purposes like, CAN (Control Area Network), K-Line, UDS (Unified Diagnostics Services), and KWP (Keyword Protocol) and so on. Here (in this document) we will study/know about UDS. 2.3 Diagnostics Session

Diagnostic session is the basis for/of communication between the ECU and the diagnostic tool. During Diagnostics the ECU being analyzed is in a particular session. Basically there are different types of diagnostics sessions like Default Session, Extended Diagnostic Session and ECU Programming Session. After Ignition on, ECU will be switched to a Default Diagnostic Session and after receiving the request from Diagnostic Tool, the ECU will be switched to the Extended Diagnostic Session. Further, after receiving the ECU Programming Session start request from Diagnostic tool, it will switch to the ECU Programming Session. 2.4 Automotive Diagnostic Service

Automotive diagnostic service is the way to discover, whats wrong with the vehicle if it is not running / behaving properly. Diagnosing a vehicles problem in order to fix or repair a car can be done through a professional automobile diagnostic center. Diagnostic Service uses the read command for retrieving the information/data from ECU and the write command to write/program the data to the ECU. Some of the services are given below as, Diagnostic Session Control

ECU Reset Clear Diagnostic Information Read DTC Information Read Data By Identifier Read Memory By Address Security Access Communication Control Write Data By Identifier Input Output Control By Identifier Write Memory By Address Tester Present Control DTC Setting

For communicating with the ECU, the diagnostic tool uses either Physical addressing or Functional addressing method. Physical addressing is the kind of addressing where the Diagnostics tool communicates with a single ECU. Functional addressing is where the Diagnostics tool communicates with multiple ECUs.

Detailed Diagnostic Services

The services supported by the UDS protocol are described in the table below: Description Used to enable different diagnostic sessions in one ECU or a group of ECUs. ECU Reset Used by the external diagnostic tool to request an ECU reset based on content of the reset type parameter included in the ECU Reset request message. Clear Diagnostic Information Used by the external diagnostic tool to clear diagnostic information in one or multiple ECUs memory. Service Name Diagnostic Session Control

Read DTC Information

Read Data By Identifier Read Memory By Address

Security Access

Communication Control Write Data By Identifier

Input Output Control By Identifier Write Memory By Address

Tester Present Control DTC Setting

Allows a diagnostic tool to read the status of ECU resident Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) information from any ECU, or group of ECUs within a vehicle. Allows the diagnostic tool to request data record values from the ECU identified by Record data identifier. Allows the diagnostic tool to request memory data from the ECU via provided starting address and size of memory to be read. Provides a means to access data and/or diagnostic services, which have restricted access for security, emissions, or safety reasons. Switches on and off the transmission of certain ECU messages Allows the diagnostic tool to write information into the ECU at an internal location specified by the provided data identifier. Used by the diagnostic tool to substitute a value for an input signal, internal ECU function and/or control an output (actuator) of an electronic system. Allows the external diagnostic tool to write information into the ECU at one or more contiguous memory locations. Used to indicate to an ECU or a group of ECUs that a diagnostic tool is still connected to the vehicle. Used by diagnostics tool to stop or resume the setting of DTCs in ECU.

3.1

Diagnostic Session Control

The Diagnostic Session Control service shall be used to enable different diagnostic sessions in one ECU or a group of ECUs. If no diagnostic session has been requested by the client after start communication a default session shall be automatically enabled in the server. The default session shall support at least the following services stop Communication service and tester Present service. If a diagnostic session has been requested by the client which is already running, the server shall send a positive response message.

The Diagnostic Session Control request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below:

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Diagnostic Session Control Service Id 2 sub Function Default Session Programming Session Extended Session

Data Value 10

01 02 03

Request Message Definition Diagnostic Session Control

Diagnostic Session Control Responses Once ECU receives the request message from Tester, it has to send the response message to Tester. If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Diagnostics Session Control Response Service Id 2 sub Function 3 Session Parameter Record

Data Value 50 00-FF 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Diagnostics Session Control 3 sub function Sub function Not supported Incorrect Message Length or Invalid Format Conditions are not correct Negative Response

Data Value 7F 10 00-FF 12 13 22

3.2

ECU Reset

The ECU Reset service is used by the external diagnostic tool to request an ECU reset based on content of the reset type parameter included in the ECU Reset request message. Basically there are two different types of ECU resets.
1. Hard Reset

2. Soft Reset

Hard Reset: This type identifies a hard reset condition which simulates the power-on/start-up sequences typically performed after an ECU has been previously disconnected from its power supply (i.e Battery). This implies the memory (Volatile or Non-volatile) as well as electronic sub-components directly connected to the ECU are initialized upon request of this reset type which are also initialized during the power-up sequence. Soft Reset: This type identifies a "soft reset" condition, which causes the ECU to immediately restart the application program if applicable. Before restarting the application the ECU saves any data in non-volatile memory that might be lost during the startup sequence.

The ECU Reset request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below,

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 ECU Reset Request Service Id 2 sub Function Hard Reset - Positive response required Key On-Off Reset - Positive Response Required Soft Reset Positive Response Required

Data Value 11 01 02 03

Request Message Definition ECU Reset

ECU Reset Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table. Data Byte No. Parameter Name Data Value 1 ECU Reset Response Service Id 51 2 sub Function 00-FF 3 Power Down Time 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 ECU Reset 3 sub Function

Data Value 7F 11 00-FF

Sub function Not supported Incorrect Message Length or Invalid Format Conditions are not correct

12 13 22

Negative Response

3.3

Clear Diagnostic Information

The Clear Diagnostic Information service is used by the external diagnostic tool to clear diagnostic information in one or multiple ECUs memory. A Clear DTC information request shall reset/erase all DTC information including the following: a) DTC b) DTC status byte c) Other DTC related data such as first/most recent DTC, flags, counters, timers, etc. specific to DTC

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Clear Diagnostic Information Request Service Id 2 Group Of DTC [2] = [

Data Value 14 00-FF

Group Of DTC High Byte Group Of DTC Low Byte ] Emission Related Systems 000000

Request Message Definition Clear DTC Information

Clear Diagnostic Information Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Clear Diagnostic Information Positive Response Service Id

Data Value 54

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table. Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Clear Diagnostic Information Request Service Id 3 sub-function Incorrect Message Length Invalid Format Conditions Not Correct Request Out Of Range Data Value 7F 14 00-FF 13 22 31

Negative Response 3.4 Read DTC Information

This service allows a diagnostic tool to read the status of ECU resident Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) information from any ECU, or group of ECUs within a vehicle. Requesting the ECU to report Most Recent Confirmed DTC or all Supported DTCs the diagnostic tool shall use the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Read DTC Information request Service Id 2 sub-function Report Supported DTCs -Positive Response Required Report Most Recent Confirmed DTC - Positive Response Required

Data Value 19 00-FF 0A 0E

Request Message Definition Read DTC Information

Read DTC Information Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table. Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Read DTC Information response Service Id 2 Report Type Report Number Of DTC By Status Mask Report Number Of Mirror Memory DTC By Status Mask Report Number Of DTC By Severity Mask Record 3 DTC Status Availability Mask 4 DTC Format Identifier 5 DTC Count [ 2] = [ DTC Count High Byte DTC Count Low Byte ] Positive Response Data Value 59 00-FF 01 11 07 00-FF 00-FF 00-FF

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Read DTC Information 3 sub-function Sub Function Not Supported Incorrect Message Length Invalid Format Request Out Of Range Negative Response

Data Value 7F 19 00-FF 12 13 31

3.5

Read Data By Identifier

The Read Data By Identifier service allows the diagnostic tool to request data record values from the ECU identified by Record Data identifiers.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Read Data By Identifier Request Service Id 2 Data Identifier[2]

Data Value 22 00-FF

Request Message Definition Read Data By Identifier

Read Data By Identifier Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Read Data By Identifier Response Service Id 2 Data Identifier[2] 4 Data Record [2]

Data Value 62 00-FF 00-FF

Positive Response

If an ECU responds positively to a Read Data By Identifier request, the response message Data Identifier parameter value shall be an echo of the value provided in the request message by the diagnostics tool

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Read Data By Identifier 3 sub-function Incorrect Message LengthInvalid Format Conditions Not Correct Request Out of Range Security Access Denied

Data Value 7F 22 00-FF 13 22 31 33

Negative Response 3.6 Read Memory By Address

The Read Memory By Address services allows the diagnostics tool to request memory data from the ECU via provided starting address and size of memory to be read.

Read / Write Memory By Address Parameter Address And Length Format Identifier

Description This parameter is a one byte value with each nibble encoded separately: bit 3 - 0: Length (number of bytes) of the Memory Address parameter bit 7 - 4: Length (number of bytes) of the Memory Size parameter The parameter Memory Address is the starting address of ECUs memory where the data is to be written or from which the data is to be read. The parameter Memory Size in the Read / Write Memory By Address request message specifies the number of bytes to be read or written starting at the address specified by Memory Address in the ECU's memory. The number of bytes used for this size is defined by the high nibble (bit 7 - 4) of the Address And Length Format Identifier. This parameter is used by the Read Memory By Address positive response message to provide the requested data record values to the diagnostic tool. The content of the Data Record is not defined in this document and is vehicle manufacturer specific.

Memory Address

Memory Size

Data Record

Read / Write Memory By Address Request Parameters

The Read Memory By Address request message shall meet the format defined in table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Read Memory by Address

Data Value 23

2 3 4

Request Service ID Address And Length Format Identifier Memory Address[2] Memory Size[2]

00-FF 00-FF 00-FF

Request Message Definition Read Memory By Address

Read Memory By Address Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Read Memory By Address Response Service Id 2 Data Record [2] = [data number 1, data number 2]

Data Value 63 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Read Data By Identifier 3 sub-function

Data Value 7F 23 00-FF

Incorrect Message LengthInvalid Format Conditions Not Correct Request Out of Range Security Access Denied

13 22 31 33

Negative Response

3.7

Security Access

The purpose of this service is to provide a means to access data and/or diagnostic services, which have restricted access for security, emissions, or safety reasons. The security concept uses a seed and key relationship.

Security Access Request Type Description

Security Access type Request Seed

Send Key

Description This type specifies that the ECU shall transmit to the test device the so called seed value with a defined security level for calculating an appropriate key value to unlock the ECU. This type signalizes to the ECU that the diagnostic tool transmits now the appropriate key value associated with the seed requested before.

The Security Access request message shall meet the format defined in table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Security Access Request Service ID 2 sub Function = [Security Access type] Request Seed Positive Response Required Send Key Positive Response Required 3 Security key[1]

Data Value 27 00-FF 01 02 00-FF

Request Message Definition Security Access

Security Access Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table. Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Security Access Response Service Id 2 Security Access Type 3 Security Seed [2] Data Value 67 00-FF 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 SecurityAccess 3 sub-function

Data Value 7F 27 00-FF

Sub-Function Not Supported Incorrect Message Length Conditions Not Correct Request Sequence Error Invalid Key Exceeded Number Of Attempts Required Time Delay Not Expired

12 13 22 24 35 36 37

Negative Response 3.8 Communication Control

The purpose of this service is to switch on and off the transmission of certain ECU messages. Control Type description Some possible Communication Control types are,

Control Type Enable Rx And Tx

Enable Rx And Disable Tx

Description This type indicates that the ECU shall enable reception and transmission of messages. This type indicates that the ECU shall enable reception of messages and disable transmission of messages.

Communication Type description Some possible Communication types are,

Control Type Normal Communication Messages

Description This type references all application-related communication

Network Management Communication Messages

This type references all network management related communication.

The ECU shall perform the requested communication type control after sending the Communication Control positive response message to the diagnostic tool if a positive response is requested (Suppress Position Response Message Indication Bit = FALSE). In case no response is requested from the diagnostic tool (Suppress Position Response Message Indication Bit = TRUE) then the ECU shall perform the requested communication type control immediately after the successful evaluation of the request message. The Communication Control request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Communication Control Request Service Id 2 Security Function / Sub function Enable Rx And Tx Positive Response Required Enable Rx And Disable Tx Positive Response Required Vehicle Manufacturer Specific Positive Response Required System Supplier Specific Positive Response Required 3 Communication Type Normal Communication Messages Network Management Communication Messages

Data Value 28 00-FF 01 11 40-5F 60-7E 00-FF 01 02

Request Message Definition Communication Control

Communication Control Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Communication Control Response Service Id 2 Control Type

Data Value 28 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Communication Control 3 sub-function Sub-Function Not Supported Incorrect Message Length Conditions Not Correct Request Sequence Error

Data Value 7F 28 00-FF 12 13 22 31

Negative Response

3.9

Write Data By Identifier

The Write Data By Identifier service allows the diagnostic tool to write information into the ECU at an internal location specified by the provided data identifier.

Following table defines the possible request and response parameter types,

Data Identifier

Data Record

This parameter identifies the ECUs data record that, the diagnostic tool is requesting to write to. This parameter provides the data record associated with the Data Identifier that the diagnostic tool is requesting to write to.

The Write Data By Identifier request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below,

Data Byte No. 1 2 3

Parameter Name Write Data By Identifier Request Service Id Data Identifier[2] Data Record [2]

Data Value 2E 00-FF 00-FF

Request Message Definition Write Data By Identifier

Write Data By Identifier Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. 1 2

Parameter Name Write Data By Identifier Response Service Id Data Identifier[2]

Data Value 6E 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table. Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Write Data By Identifier 3 sub-function Security Access Denied Incorrect Message Length Conditions Not Correct Request Out Of Range Data Value 7F 2E 00-FF 33 13 22 31

Negative Response 3.10 Input Output Control By Identifier

The Input Output Control By Identifier service is used by the diagnostic tool to substitute a value for an input signal, internal ECU function and/or control an output (actuator) of an electronic system. The Input Output Control By Identifier request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below. Data Byte No. 1 2 3 Parameter Name Input Output Control By Identifier Request Service Id Data Identifier[2] Input Output Control Type Return Control To ECU Reset To Default Freeze Current State Short Term Adjustment Data Value 2F 00-FF 00-FF 00 01 02 03

Request Message Definition Input Output Control By Identifier

Input Output Control By Identifier Responses The ECU shall send a positive response message if the requested control operation was successfully executed. After an ECU returns a positive response to this service, the diagnostic tool shall assume control over the inputs/outputs specified by the Input Output Data Identifier.

If the response message is positive, then the expected response is as given in the table below.

Data Byte No. 1 2 3

Parameter Name Input Output Control By Identifier Response Service Id Data Identifier[2] Input Output Control Type

Data Value 6F 00-FF 00-03

Positive response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Input Output Control By Identifier 3 sub-function Incorrect Message Length Invalid Format

Data Value 7F 2F 00-FF 13

Conditions Not Correct Request Out Of Range Security Access denied

22 31 33

Negative response

3.11

Write Memory By Address

The Write Memory By Address service allows the external diagnostic tool to write information into the ECU at one or more contiguous memory locations.

The Write Memory By Address request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below. Data Byte No. 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Name Data Value Write Memory By Address 3D Request Service Id Address And Length Format 00-FF Identifier Memory Address[2] 00-FF Memory Size[2] 00-FF Data Record[2] 00-FF

Request Message Definition - Write Memory By Address Write Memory By Address Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. 1

Parameter Name Write Memory By Address Response Service Id

Data Value 7D

2 3 4

Address And Length Format Identifier Memory Address[2] Memory Size[2]

00-FF 00-FF 00-FF

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. Parameter Name 1 Negative Response 2 Write Memory By Address 3 sub-function Incorrect Message Length Invalid Format Conditions Not Correct Request Out Of Range Security Access denied General Programming Failure

Data Value 7F 3D 00-FF 13 22 31 33 72

Negative Response

3.12

Tester Present

This service is used to indicate to an ECU or a group of ECUs that a diagnostic tool is still connected to the vehicle and that certain diagnostic services and/or communication that have been previously activated are to remain active. The Tester Present request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. 1 2

Parameter Name Tester Present Request Service Id sub Function Positive Response Required No Positive Response Required

Data Value 3E XX 00 80

Request Message Definition Tester Present

Tester Present Responses If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. 1 2

Parameter Name Tester Present Response Service Id sub Function

Data Value 7E 00

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. 1 2 3

Parameter Name Negative Response Tester Present sub-function Sub Function Not Supported Incorrect Message Length Invalid Format

Data Value 7F 3E 00-FF 12 13

Negative Response 3.13 Control DTC Setting

The Control DTC setting service is used by a diagnostic tool to stop or resume the setting of DTCs in the ECU.

DTC setting type description The below table defines the possible DTC Setting types, DTC Setting Type On Off Description This type requires the ECU to enable setting of DTCs. This type requires the ECU to disable setting of DTCs.

The Control DTC Setting request message shall meet the format defined in the Table below.

Data Byte No. 1 2

Parameter Name Control DTC Setting Request Service Id Sub Function On Positive Response Required Off Positive Response Required

Data Value 85 00-FF 01 02

Request Message Definition Control DTC Setting

Control DTC Setting Responses

If an ECU responds positively to a Control DTC Setting request, the DTC Setting type in the response shall match the DTC Setting sent in the request

If the response message is positive, then response should meet the format, given in below table. Data Byte No. 1 2 Parameter Name Control DTC Setting Positive Response Service Id sub Function Data Value C5 XX

Positive Response

And if the response message is negative, then response should meet the format, given in below table.

Data Byte No. 1 2 3

Parameter Name Negative Response Control DTC Setting sub-function Sub Function Not Supported Incorrect Message Length Invalid Format Conditions Not Correct Request Out Of Range

Data Value 7F 85 00-FF 12 13 22 31

Negative Response

Conclusion

Due to much technological advancement, todays cars are more complex than ever before and so the troubleshooting of car's problem has even become more complex and tedious job. Thanks to advanced diagnostic facilities within the car which assist in pin-pointing the exact cause of trouble in a car.

Reference
www.auto-diagnostics.info www.obddiagnostics.com

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Anonymous Hi Hi thanks a lot for putting these details , its a lot simpler than reading the Standard.... keep up the nice work. Did u happen to do any Single ECU Diagnostics testing using Vector CANoe tool ? I am new to CAPL programming , wondering if you have ever used CDD file to write the CAPL code for automatic testing? Last edited Aug 5, 2011 5:51 AM Report abusive comment +1 View/post replies (1) to this comment Rasmi Ranjan Nayak Software Engineer Bangalore Your rating: No rating Moderated collaboration

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Version: 4 Versions Last edited: Apr 28, 2009 4:19 AM.

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