ARCILLA, KENNETH I. 2AR-1 RESEARCH 3 BTECH 2 – AR. MARK G.

DELFIN MARCH 23, 2023

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
RESEARCH NO. 3

1. ILLUSTRATE THE TYPICAL STRUCTURAL FRAME OF A BUILDING (FROM FOUNDATION TO ROOF FRAMING) IN PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND
LABEL THE PARTS. DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE OF EACH MEMBER:

A.    EARTH/SITE IS A LOCATION OR PLOT OF GROUND

WHERE ALL THE TASKS INVOLVED IN SETTING UP A
STRUCTURE ARE CARRIED OUT. THE LANDSCAPE
QUALITIES, SUCH AS THE VEGETATION, SOIL, APPEARANCE,
ETC., ARE FREQUENTLY CHANGED IN THIS AREA TO
CREATE A SUITABLE SETTING FOR EXPERTS TO CONDUCT
FIELD WORK. MOREOVER, TO MAKE SURE THAT YOUR
STRUCTURE IS SECURE, STURDY, AND BUILT CORRECTLY,
SITE WORK IS CARRIED OUT. ALSO, IT GUARANTEES THAT
THERE ARE NO STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS AND THAT THE
LAND AROUND YOUR BUILDING IS STABLE ENOUGH TO
SUPPORT ITS WEIGHT.

     B.     FOOTING (FOUNDATION) IS ONE OF A BUILDING'S

MOST CRUCIAL COMPONENTS, THE FOOTING IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSFERRING LOADS FROM THE
STRUCTURE TO THE SOIL BENEATH IT. THIS AREA OF THE
FOUNDATION REALLY MAKES CONTACT WITH THE GROUND.
CONSTRUCTION FOOTINGS ARE ESSENTIAL BECAUSE THEY
DISTRIBUTE THE BUILDING'S WEIGHT EQUALLY OVER THE
WHOLE STRUCTURE TO PREVENT SINKING INTO THE
EARTH. A SOLID FOUNDATION WILL ALSO AID IN
PREVENTING MOISTURE AND WATER FROM PENETRATING
THE BASE, WHICH CAN RESULT IN FRACTURES AND OTHER
DAMAGE.
 
C. COLUMNS/POSTS IS A COLUMN OR PILLAR IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT TRANSFERS THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE ABOVE
TO OTHER STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BELOW BY COMPRESSION AND IS USED DECORATIVELY OR AS A FREESTANDING MONUMENT. IN
OTHER TERMS A COLUMN IS A COMPRESSION MEMBER. SIMILAR TO A COLUMN OR PILLAR, A POST IS A PRINCIPAL VERTICAL OR
LEANING SUPPORT IN A CONSTRUCTION. POSTS ARE TYPICALLY MADE OF WOOD, HOWEVER THEY CAN ALSO BE MADE OF METAL OR
STONE.

D.  GIRDERS AND BEAMS. GIRDERS ARE ENORMOUS HORIZONTAL BEAMS THAT SERVE AS THE MAIN SUPPORT FOR A BUILDING, TO
WHICH ALL OTHER SMALLER BEAMS ARE ATTACHED, FORMING THE "SKELETON" OF THE STRUCTURE. THE GIRDER IS CONSTRUCTED
TO HANDLE SUBSTANTIAL, ALL-INCLUSIVE LOADS LIKE STRUCTURAL PILLARS OR BEAM REACTIONS. WHEREAS BEAMS ARE MADE TO
BE FLEXIBLE IN ORDER TO RESIST AND DISPERSE THE LOAD. GIRDERS, ON THE OTHER HAND, SUPPORT THE BEAMS AND ACT AS THE
PRIMARY HORIZONTAL SUPPORT FOR THE STRUCTURE, HENCE THEY MUST BE MORE RIGID. IN ACTUALITY, ALL BEAMS AND NOT ALL
GIRDERS ARE BEAMS.

   E.   BEAMS AND JOISTS. THE MOST FREQUENT STRUCTURAL COMPONENT USED IN BUILDING PROJECTS IS THE BEAM, WHICH
CARRIES FLOOR LOADS FROM THE FLOORS, WALLS, OR ROOFS TO THE COLUMNS OR FOUNDATION WALLS. ALTHOUGH THEY ARE
NORMALLY HORIZONTAL, THEY CAN BE ORIENTED IN ANY WAY THAT FITS THE FUNCTION MORE EFFECTIVELY. A FLOOR OR A CEILING
IS SUPPORTED BY JOISTS, WHICH ARE OFTEN THIN BEAMS THAT SPAN AN OPEN AREA AND ARE TYPICALLY PLACED IN PARALLEL
SERIES. ITS PRIMARY PURPOSE IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF BEAMS, WITH THE EXCEPTION THAT THEY RUN HORIZONTALLY ACROSS A
BUILDING'S FOUNDATIONS OR BETWEEN WALLS, ACTING AS THE SKELETON OF THE STRUCTURE.

  
F.   FLOORING IS A PHRASE USED TO DESCRIBE THE BOTTOM, ENCLOSING SURFACE OF AREAS WITHIN BUILDINGS. ALTHOUGH IT
COULD BE THE TOP OF A CONCRETE SLAB OR A SET OF FLOORBOARDS, THIS IS OFTEN A PERMANENT COVERING PLACED ON TOP OF
THE FLOOR. THE SURFACE COVERING FOR A ROOM'S LEVEL FOUNDATION SURFACE THAT IS USED TO PROVIDE COMFORT,
DURABILITY, SAFETY, AND DECORATION. IT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED OF TEXTILES, FELTS, RESINS, RUBBER, OR OTHER NATURAL OR
MAN-MADE MATERIALS.

G.  ROOF FRAMING. THE ROOF STRUCTURE CONSISTS MOSTLY OF A SERIES OF SPACED RAFTERS, TO WHICH BATTENS MAY BE
AFFIXED AND, ULTIMATELY, THE ROOFING MATERIAL. RAFTERS ARE FASTENED TO THE TOP PLATES OF THE WALL FRAMING AND,
WHERE NECESSARY, TO THE JOISTS SUPPORTING THE CEILING. ROOF FRAME AND LINING SERVE AS A STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND
SECURITY MEASURE. THE ROOF COVERING IS SUPPORTED BY THE FRAME, WHICH EXTENDS BETWEEN THE BUILDING'S WALLS. IN
ORDER TO ALLOW RAINWATER TO RUN OFF THE ROOF AND ACCUMULATE AND BE DRAINED AWAY FROM THE BUILDING, MOST ROOF
 DESIGNS HAVE A SLOPE OR PITCH.
2.  IN 6 TO 10 STEPS LIST AND DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF STAKING AND LAYOUT OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ON A SITE.
ILLUSTRATE IF NECESSARY.

THE ACTION OF TRANSLATING DESIGN IDEAS FROM A DRAWING TO THE ACTUAL SITE IS REFERRED TO AS BUILDING LAYOUT. IT
ESTABLISHES THE POSITIONS OF THE BUILDING'S RIGHT SIZES, ANGLES, AND LEVELS AS WELL AS THE LOCATIONS OF THE BUILDING'S
FOUNDATIONS, WALLS, COLUMNS, AND OTHER CRUCIAL STRUCTURAL PARTS.

STEPS PROCEDURE

1 A TEMPORARY BENCH MARK IS A KNOWN ELEVATION FIXED POINT THAT IS NORMALLY ON THE FIRST FLOOR.

ESTABLISHING A BASELINE TO WHICH ALL SUBSEQUENT LAYOUT JOBS MAY BE REFERENCED IS TYPICALLY THE FIRST WORK
2
IN LAYOUT. THE BUILDING'S CORNERS ARE SITUATED ON THE GROUND ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE CALLED THE BASELINE.

GRADING, EXCAVATION, OR SITE CONDITIONING ARE FREQUENT FIRST STEPS, FOLLOWED BY CONCRETE POURING AND
STEEL STRUCTURE ERECTION. THE CONSTRUCTION MANAGER WILL ORGANIZE THE PURCHASE OF ALL CONSTRUCTION
3
SUPPLIES, EQUIPMENT, AND LABOR REQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT, FOLLOWING WHICH THE CONSTRUCTION WILL
COMMENCE.

IN A STRAIGHTFORWARD CONSTRUCTION ARRANGEMENT, SUCH A RECTANGLE, THE BUILDING'S OUTLINE IS CREATED BY A

4
LINE ATTACHED TO THE CORNER POSTS. USE A NAIL IN THE TOP OF THE POST TO SECURE THE LINE TO IT.

CORNER POSTS ARE NORMALLY WOOD POSTS WITH A NAIL IN THE CENTER THAT ARE 50 X 50 MM IN SIZE AND DEEPLY
5
EMBEDDED IN THE GROUND.

PROFILE BOARDS NORMALLY RANGE IN HEIGHT FROM 0.6 TO 1 M AND ARE ATTACHED TO TWO 50 X 50 MM POSTS THAT HAVE
6
BEEN DRIVEN AT LEAST 600 MM INTO THE GROUND BY A CROSSBOARD 150 X 38 MM.

3.    COMPARE AND CONTRAST SHALLOW AND DEEP FOUNDATIONS. ILLUSTRATE THE FOLLOWING:

A.     TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

     B.     TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

A SHALLOW FOUNDATION, AS OPPOSED TO TRANSFERRING BUILDING LOADS TO DEEPER SOIL OR ROCK STRATA, SENDS
BUILDING LOADS TO THE EARTH EXTREMELY NEAR THE SURFACE. FOR MODEST, STRAIGHTFORWARD STRUCTURES LIKE
HOMES, GARAGES, AND SHEDS, SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY USED. THEY ARE ALSO UTILIZED FOR SOME
BIGGER CONSTRUCTIONS, SUCH TOWERS AND BRIDGES. NORMALLY, NO EXCAVATION OR REINFORCEMENT
WHATSOEVER IS DONE TO THE SOIL BENEATH SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS.

TYPES DESCRIPTION ILLUSTRATIONS

FOR A LOAD-BEARING WALL, A STRIP FOOTING

IS OFFERED. A ROW OF COLUMNS THAT ARE SO
CLOSELY SPACED APART THAT THEIR SPREAD
STRIP FOOTINGS MEET OR ALMOST TOUCH EACH
OTHER ALSO HAS A STRIP FOOTING. IN THIS
FOOTING SITUATION, IT IS MORE COST-EFFECTIVE TO
SUPPLY A STRIP FOOTING RATHER THAN
SEVERAL SPREAD FOOTINGS IN A SINGLE LINE.
ANOTHER NAME FOR A STRIP FOOTING IS A
CONTINUOUS FOOTING.

TO SUPPORT A SINGLE COLUMN, A SPREAD

FOOTING—ALSO KNOWN AS AN ISOLATED
SPREAD OR
FOOTING, A PAD FOOTING, OR AN INDIVIDUAL
ISOLATED
FOOTING—IS OFFERED. A SPREAD FOOTING IS A
FOOTING OR
SLAB WITH A UNIFORM THICKNESS THAT MIGHT
INDIVIDUAL
BE CIRCULAR, SQUARE, OR RECTANGULAR. IN
FOOTING
ORDER TO DISTRIBUTE THE LOAD ACROSS A
LARGE AREA, IT IS OCCASIONALLY STEPPED OR
HAUNCHED.
 TWO COLUMNS ARE SUPPORTED BY A SINGLE
FOOTING. WHEN TWO COLUMNS ARE SO CLOSE
TO ONE ANOTHER THAT THEIR INDIVIDUAL
FOOTINGS WOULD OVERLAP, THIS TECHNIQUE
IS USED. WHEN THE PROPERTY LINE IS SO
COMBINE CLOSE TO ONE COLUMN THAT A SPREAD
FOOTING FOOTING WOULD BE ECCENTRICALLY LOADED IF
KEPT TOTALLY WITHIN THE PROPERTY LINE, A
COMBINATION FOOTING IS ALSO OFFERED. IT IS
COMBINED WITH AN INNER COLUMN TO EVENLY
DISPERSE THE LOAD. A COMBINED FOOTING
MIGHT HAVE A TRAPEZOIDAL OR RECTANGULAR
PLAN.

TWO SEPARATE FOOTINGS ARE JOINED

TOGETHER WITH A STRUCTURAL STRAP OR A
LEVER TO FORM A STRAP (OR CANTILEVER)
FOOTING. THE STRAP JOINS THE TWO
FOOTINGS, CAUSING THEM TO FUNCTION AS A
SINGLE UNIT. THE STRAP IS MADE TO BE RIGID
STRAP OR LIKE A BEAM. THE SEPARATE FOOTINGS ARE
CANTILEVER CREATED IN A WAY THAT THEIR COMBINED LINE
FOOTING OF ACTION CROSSES THE OVERALL LOAD
RESULT. WHEN THE PERMITTED SOIL PRESSURE
IS HIGH AND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
COLUMNS IS GREAT, A STRAP FOOTING IS MORE
COST-EFFECTIVE THAN A COMBINATION
FOOTING.
 THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE OR A SIGNIFICANT
PORTION OF THE STRUCTURE IS SUPPORTED BY
A NUMBER OF COLUMNS AND WALLS ON TOP OF
A MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION, WHICH IS A
SIZABLE SLAB. WHEN THE PERMITTED SOIL
PRESSURE IS LOW OR THE COLUMNS AND
MAT / RAFT
WALLS ARE CLOSE ENOUGH THAT THE
FOUNDATIONS
INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS WOULD OVERLAP OR BE
IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO ONE ANOTHER, A MAT
IS NECESSARY. WHEN THE WEIGHTS ON
INDIVIDUAL COLUMNS VARY GREATLY OR THE
SOIL IS NOT UNIFORM, MAT FOUNDATIONS CAN
HELP REDUCE DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS.

ECCENTRIC LOAD IS THE TERM USED TO

DESCRIBE A LOAD GIVEN TO A PART OF A
COLUMN OR SPRING WHEN IT IS NOT
SYMMETRIC WITH THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE
COLUMN OR SPRING. WHEN THERE IS AN
ECCENTRICALLY ECCENTRICITY IN THE LOADING OR WHEN
LOADED THERE IS A BENDING MOMENT AT THE JUNCTION
FOOTING OF THE FOOTING AND THE COLUMN, NORMAL
FOOTING BECOMES ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
FOOTING.
 A SLAB-ON-GRADE SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS
ONE IN WHICH THE CONCRETE SLAB SITS
DIRECTLY ON THE GROUND. A SLAB-ON-GRADE
FOUNDATION TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF A THIN
SLAB ON GRADE
LAYER OF CONCRETE APPLIED TO THE WHOLE
FOUNDATION
AREA OF THE FOUNDATION, WITH THICKER
FOOTINGS APPLIED AT THE FOUNDATION'S
PERIMETER OR BENEATH THE BUILDING'S LOAD-
BEARING WALLS IN THE CENTER.

A GRILLAGE FOUNDATION IS ONE THAT

DISTRIBUTES LOAD ACROSS A LARGE AREA
USING ONE, TWO, OR MORE LEVELS OF BEAMS
(USUALLY STEEL) PLACED ON TOP OF A LAYER
OF CONCRETE. AT THE FOOT OF COLUMNS, IT IS
GRILLAGE UTILIZED. THESE TIERS ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES
FOOTING TO ONE ANOTHER AND ARE ENCLOSED WITH
CONCRETE. WHEN THE FOUNDATION IS
REQUIRED TO DISTRIBUTE ENORMOUS LOADS
ACROSS A SIZABLE AREA, IT IS TYPICALLY
EMPLOYED FOR HEAVY STRUCTURAL COLUMNS,
PIERS, AND SCAFFOLDS.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
A DEEP FOUNDATION IS A FORM OF FOUNDATION THAT IS BURIED FURTHER BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND AND DISPERSES
STRUCTURE LOADS DEEP INTO THE EARTH. SUCH A FOUNDATION OFTEN HAS A DEPTH TO BREADTH RATIO LARGER THAN 4 TO 5.
BECAUSE THE PILES ARE SUPPORTING THE SYSTEM IN THE MORE STABLE SOILS, A DEEP SYSTEM HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING A
MORE LONG-LASTING FOUNDATION REPAIR. THE DRAWBACK IS THAT THEY ARE MORE EXPENSIVE BECAUSE INSTALLING THE PILES
REQUIRES MORE MANPOWER AND MATERIALS.
 TYPE DESCRIPTIONS ILLUSTRATIONS

A HOLLOW SUBSTRUCTURE KNOWN AS A

BASEMENT OFFERS WORKSPACE OR STORAGE
BELOW GROUND. ALTHOUGH SOME BASEMENT
DESIGNS ARE TRULY ORIGINAL AND
IMAGINATIVE, THEY MUST BE CONSTRUCTED
MORE FOR THE PURPOSE OF SERVING AS A
BASEMENT FOUNDATION THAN AS A PLACE TO STORE
FOUNDATION THINGS OR LIVE. SO THAT THE BUILDING'S
STRUCTURE CAN CONTINUE TO STAND UPRIGHT,
THESE SUBSTRUCTURES ARE MADE TO
WITHSTAND PESTS, DIRT, SOIL PRESSURE,
WATER, AND OTHER ELEMENTS.

THE FLOATING FOUNDATION OR HOLLOW BOX

FOUNDATION IS ANOTHER NAME FOR A
BUOYANCY RAFT. WHEN BUILDING ON BRITTLE,
SOFT SOIL, THEY ARE EMPLOYED. BY REMOVING
BUOYANCY THE DIRT FROM THE FOUNDATION'S BASE,
RAFT BUOYANCY RAFTS EFFECTIVELY MAKE THE
FOUNDATION FLOAT. DUE TO THE FOUNDATION'S
WEIGHT BEING EQUAL TO THAT OF THE
BUILDING, THE STABILITY IS MAINTAINED BY THE
OPPOSING WEIGHTS OF THE TWO FORCES.
 CAISSON FOUNDATIONS ARE HOLLOW
CONSTRUCTIONS THAT ARE INITIALLY
CONSTRUCTED ON THE SURFACE AND THEN
LOWERED TO THE NECESSARY DEPTH
CAISSON UNDERNEATH. THEY ARE UTILIZED WHEN A
FOUNDATIONS LAYER OF "WEAKER" SOIL COVERS COMPACT
AND STABLE SOIL. A CONCRETE CAISSON IS A
FORM OF CYLINDER. THEY ARE FREQUENTLY
USED FOR BRIDGES, DOCKS, PIERS, AND OTHER
STRUCTURES IN AQUATIC SITUATIONS.

CONCRETE AND ADDITIONAL PRE-FABRICATED

LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS ARE USED TO BUILD
DRILLED SHAFT FOUNDATIONS. THEY SERVE TO
EVENLY DISTRIBUTE THE WEIGHT BETWEEN THE
HEAVY STRUCTURE AND THE BASE. THESE
FOUNDATIONS ARE BUILT BY DRILLING HOLES IN
THE EARTH, INSERTING REINFORCED STEEL TO
DRILLED SHAFT ADD ADDITIONAL STRENGTH, AND THEN FILLING
FOUNDATIONS THE FOUNDATION WITH CONCRETE AFTER IT
HAS BEEN INSERTED. ALL OF THIS ADDS UP TO A
CONCRETE FOUNDATION THAT IS HEAVILY
REINFORCED.

PILE FOUNDATIONS ARE HOLLOW TUBES FILLED

WITH CONCRETE AND JOINED TOGETHER TO
EVENLY DISTRIBUTE HIGH LOADS. BECAUSE
PILE
EACH PILE IS SIMULTANEOUSLY ATTACHED TO
FOUNDATIONS
EVERY OTHER PILE, THESE PILES ARE JOINED
BY GRADE BEAMS, WHICH GIVE THE BUILDING
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
TYPE DESCRIPTIONS ILLUSTRATION TYPE DESCRIPTIONS ILLUSTRATION

M
O ONE OF THE FOUNDATION
N THE MONO PILE TYPES TYPICALLY UTILIZED
FOUNDATION IS AN FOR BRIDGES, DAMS, AND
O
EASY STRUCTURE OTHER SUBSTANTIAL
P
TO BUILD. A STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS IS THE
I PILE WITH A C PIER FOUNDATION. AN
L DIAMETER OF ARRANGEMENT OF LARGE-
Y
E BETWEEN 3.5 AND DIAMETER CYLINDRICAL
L
4.5 METERS SERVES COLUMNS KNOWN AS A
I
F AS THE PIER FOUNDATION IS USED
N
O FOUNDATION. TO SUPPORT A
DEPENDING ON THE D SUPERSTRUCTURE AND
U
TYPE OF E TRANSFER HEAVY LOADS
N
SUBTERRANEAN, R TO THE SOLID STRATA
D
THE PILE IS PUSHED BELOW. IT WAS ELEVATED
A
SOMEWHERE BY A FEW FEET FROM THE
T
BETWEEN 10 AND 20 GROUND. ADDITIONALLY, IT
I METERS INTO THE IS REFERRED TO AS "POST
O SEABED. HOWEVER, FOUNDATION" OR "COLUMN
N FOUNDATION
S

4.    COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING:

FOUNDATIONS BASEMENT FOUNDATION CRAWL SPACE FOUNDATION

A HOUSE OR OTHER BUILDING IS ESSENTIALLY A CRAWL SPACE IS A VACANT, UNFINISHED, SMALL
SECURED BY A BASEMENT FOUNDATION, WHICH IS AREA INSIDE A BUILDING THAT IS BETWEEN THE
AN ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE THAT EXTENDS FIRST (OR GROUND) FLOOR AND THE GROUND
DESCRIPTION
ROUGHLY A FLOOR BELOW GROUND LEVEL. LEVEL. THE CRAWL SPACE IS SO NAMED BECAUSE
THERE IS TYPICALLY JUST ENOUGH AREA TO CRAWL
RATHER THAN STAND.
 A TYPICAL BASEMENT IS AROUND 8 FEET TALL. CRAWL SPACES ARE COMPACT AND ARE GOVERNED
CRAWL SPACES ARE VERY SMALL COMPARED TO BY ASPECTS THAT ARE USEFUL IN EVERYDAY LIFE,
SIZE
BASEMENTS. SUCH AS CURB APPEAL, WATER TABLE, STORAGE,
OR ACCESS TO MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT.

THERE IS USUALLY FLOORING IN THE BASEMENT. USUALLY CRAWL SPACE DOESN'T HAVE FLOORING,
EVEN THOUGH THE FLOOR IS JUST A CONCRETE ALL THEY GET IS DIRT, THUS YOU HAVE A CRAWL
FLOORING
SLAB, THERE IS SOMETHING TO KEEP THE SPACE SPACE.
FROM BEING CONNECTED TO THE EARTH BELOW IT.

A BASEMENT CAN BE USED FOR A VARIETY OF TO CREATE A BARRIER BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND
PURPOSES APART THAN JUST PROVIDING EXTRA ITS OCCUPANTS AND THE MOIST, DAMP EARTH
PURPOSE SPACE. ADDITIONALLY, IT HAS A LOT OF STORAGE BELOW, CRAWL SPACES WERE CONSTRUCTED.
SPACE, ESPECIALLY FOR LARGE OBJECTS LIKE
FURNITURE OR ARTWORK.

BASEMENT FOUNDATION INCLUDE ITS ABILITY TO IN EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREAS AND WITH SOILS
OFFER PROTECTION FROM HAZARDOUS WEATHER THAT ARE MORE PRONE TO SLIDE, THESE
(TORNADOES, HURRICANES, ETC.). IT MAY BE FOUNDATIONS PERFORM BETTER. CRAWL AREA
CONSTRUCTED ON AN UNEVEN GRADE. ENHANCED FOUNDATIONS FURTHER OFFER SIMPLE ACCESS TO
ADVANTAGES
APPEAL TO BUYERS AND INCREASED HOUSE RESALE PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL AS WELL AS A
VALUE. AFFORDABLE EXTRA SQUARE FEET THAT CAN TECHNIQUE TO QUICKLY INSPECT FOR TERMITES
BE FINISHED LATER. ADDITIONAL WORKSPACE OR AND OTHER PESTS.
STORAGE.

BUILDING A BASEMENT COSTS MORE THAN BUILDING THE INSULATION OF CRAWL AREAS CAN BE
A SLAB OR CRAWLSPACE. ALTHOUGH RADON CHALLENGING. MOLD AND RAT PROBLEMS CAN
PROBLEMS ARE MORE LIKELY, THEY CAN BE RESULT FROM INADEQUATE INSULATION IN HUMID
AVOIDED OR ELIMINATED BY EMPLOYING RADON- ENVIRONMENTS. IN TERMS OF ENERGY EXPENSES,
DISADVANTAGES RESISTANT METHODS AND INSTALLING AN ACTIVE SLAB FOUNDATIONS CAN OUTPERFORM CRAWL-
RADON MITIGATION SYSTEM. WITHOUT A SUMP SPACE FOUNDATIONS. A HOUSE WITH A CRAWL
PUMP, FLOODING COULD OCCUR. (WHICH CAN BE SPACE FOUNDATION IS MORE EXPENSIVE TO HEAT
ELIMINATED BY ENSURING A NATURAL PATH FOR AND COOL.
DRAINAGE FROM THE FOOTINGS).

5.    COMPARE AND CONTRAST THESE WOOD FRAMING METHODS:

A. LIGHT FRAMING VS. HEAVY TIMBER FRAMING
 TYPE LIGHT FRAMING HEAVY TIMBER FRAMING
IN LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION, THE FLOOR, WALL, LARGE STRESS-GRADED TIMBERS THAT ARE EITHER
STAIR, AND ROOF COMPONENTS ARE COMPOSED HEAVILY SAWN OR GLUE LAMINATED AND JOINED USING
OF DIMENSIONAL LUMBER AND ENGINEERED WOOD TRADITIONAL MORTICE AND TENDON JOINERY AS WELL
DESCRIPTION THAT IS UNIFORMLY SPACED AND JOINED BY NAILS. AS METAL FASTENERS MAKE UP THE ESSENTIAL
SIMILAR TO A SKELETON, A BUILDING'S STRUCTURE COMPONENT OF A HEAVY WOOD FRAME. CAST IRON
IS CREATED BY THE WOOD PIECES BEING JOINED CONNECTIONS WERE FREQUENTLY UTILIZED IN THE
TOGETHER. PAST.

LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION IS THE MOST HEAVY TIMBER FRAMES THAT ARE PREFABRICATED
POPULAR STYLE OF WOOD BUILDING DUE TO ITS OFF-SITE ENABLE FASTER CONSTRUCTION AND
AFFORDABILITY, MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY. THE LEAST ENERGY IS
ADVANTAGES
EASE OF ASSEMBLY, EFFICIENT MATERIAL USE, AND USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TIMBER FRAME
THE EASY AVAILABILITY OF PERSONNEL AND STRUCTURES, WHICH ALSO PRODUCE HEALTHIER
RESOURCES. SURROUNDINGS AND BETTER WORKPLACES.

IT IS A NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL, BUT SINCE THE FACT THAT WOOD TAKES A LOT OF MAINTENANCE
HEAT WEAKENS IT, IT NEEDS TO BE COVERED WITH IS ONE DISADVANTAGE. TIMBER CAN DETERIORATE
FIRE-RATED SHEETS TO PREVENT DAMAGE. OVER TIME IF IMPROPER CARE IS NOT TAKEN OF IT, AND
DISADVANTAGES SOUND CAN TRAVEL THROUGH LIGHT-FRAMED ROT CAN DEVELOP. IF TIMBER FRAMES ARE NOT
CONSTRUCTIONS, WHICH IS UNDESIRABLE. AS A CONSTRUCTED CORRECTLY OR ARE FREQUENTLY
RESULT, SOUNDPROOFING AND THERMAL EXPOSED TO MOISTURE, THEY CAN ROT.
INSULATION ARE NEEDED.

ILLUSTRATIONS
B. BALLOON FRAMING VS. PLATFORM FRAMING

TYPE BALLON FRAMING PLATFORM FRAMING

IN CONTRAST TO PLATFORM FRAMING, WHERE PLATFORM FRAMING DIVIDES UP EACH FLOOR INTO ITS
EACH FLOOR IS FRAMED INDEPENDENTLY, BALLOON OWN FRAME, AS OPPOSED TO BALLOON FRAMING, IN
FRAMING USES STUDS (VERTICAL MEMBERS) THAT WHICH THE STUDS (VERTICAL COMPONENTS) RUN THE
DESCRIPTION STRETCH THE ENTIRE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING ENTIRE HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE. PLATFORM
(OFTEN TWO STOREYS) FROM THE FOUNDATION FRAMING FACILITATES CONSTRUCTION BY ELIMINATING
PLATE TO THE RAFTER PLATE. THE NEED FOR THE WEIGHTY TIMBERS USED IN THE
POST-AND-BEAM SYSTEM.

THE IMPROVED WIND LOAD STRENGTH OF BALLOON PLATFORM WOOD FRAMING IS STILL THE PREFERRED
FRAMING OVER PLATFORM FRAMING IS ITS PRIMARY TECHNIQUE FOR BUILDING HOMES FOR A NUMBER OF
BENEFIT. IN HURRICANE-PRONE PLACES, BALLOON REASONS, INCLUDING THE AVAILABILITY OF WOOD AND
ADVANTAGES
FRAMING IS QUITE COMMON BECAUSE THE THE LOWER COST OF MATERIALS (IN COMPARISON TO
CONTINUOUS STUDS THAT CONNECT THE ROOF OTHER TECHNIQUES) AND THE ADAPTABILITY OF WOOD
STRUCTURE TO THE SOLE PLATE MAKE IT SO. PARTS.

THE ONE RELATIVELY SIGNIFICANT DISADVANTAGE THE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF PLATFORM FRAMING IS
OF BALLOON-FRAMED HOMES IS THEIR FIRE WASTE. AS THE FRAME IS BEING BUILT, LUMBER IS
HAZARD. A FIRE CAN SPREAD SWIFTLY AND CONSTANTLY SHAPED AND RESIZED ON SITE, WHICH
DISADVANTAGES
FREQUENTLY UNNOTICEABLY IN WALL CAVITIES GENERATES A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF
THAT RUN THE ENTIRE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING ENVIRONMENTAL TRASH AND COSTS THE CUSTOMER
AND ARE TYPICALLY UNINSULATED. MONEY.

ILLUSTRATIONS