M.A.

Economics

Scheme and Syllabus

School of Distance Education

Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

1
 PREVIOUS

Sl.No. Paper Name of the Paper

1 Paper - I Micro Economic Analysis

2 Paper – II Macro Economic Analysis
3 Paper – III Quantitative Methods
4 Paper – IV Public Economics
5 Paper – V Indian Economic Policy

FINAL

Sl.No. Paper Name of the Paper

1 Paper – I Economic Growth and Development

2 Paper – II International Trade and Finance
3 Paper – III Economics of Social Sector and Environment
4 Paper – IV (A) Optional: Industrial Economics
5 Paper – IV (B) Optional: Demography
6 Paper – V (A) (A)Optional:Labour Economics
7 Paper – V Optional: Economics of Gender and Development

2
 ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
M.A. ECONOMICS PROGRAM

THE OBJECTIVES OF A MASTER OF ARTS (MA) DEGREE PROGRAM IN

ECONOMICS INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING:

 To provide students with a deep understanding of core economic principles and

theories.
 To equip students with analytical and quantitative skills to analyze and evaluate
economic data and develop solutions to complex economic problems.
 To familiarize students with current research and trends in the field of economics and
its subfields, such as macroeconomics, microeconomics, and international
economics.
 To develop students' communication and presentation skills, which are essential for
effectively communicating their economic insights and findings to others.
 To provide students with the opportunity to specialize in a particular area of
economics, such as public policy, development economics, or behavioral economics.
 Overall, the goal of a MA degree program in economics is to prepare students for
careers in academia, government, international organizations, private corporations, or
research institutions, where they can use their economic knowledge and skills to
address pressing economic and social issues.
 To deepen students' understanding of advanced microeconomic and macroeconomic
theories and concepts, including market structures, consumer behavior, monetary and
fiscal policy, and international trade and finance.
 To build students' technical skills in Quantitativemethods in economics, which are
essential for conducting economic research and making data-driven decisions.
 To provide students with exposure to a range of current policy debates and issues,
such as income inequality, globalization, and environmental sustainability.

3
 To prepare students for doctoral programs in economics or related fields, by
equipping them with the necessary foundation to conduct original research and
contribute to the advancement of the discipline.
 To prepare students for careers in the private sector, government, or non-profit
organizations, where they can apply their economic knowledge and skills to solve
real-world problems and make a positive impact on society.
 The viva voce provides an opportunity for the examiners to evaluate the candidate's
understanding of the subject matter. They can assess the depth and breadth of the
candidate's knowledge by asking questions related to the topics covered in the
program.
 The viva voce also allows the examiners to test the candidate's ability to apply
economic concepts to real-world situations. They may ask the candidate to analyze
case studies or solve problems to gauge their analytical skills.
 The viva voce provides a platform for the candidate to demonstrate their
communication skills. They should be able to articulate their ideas clearly and
succinctly, respond to questions effectively, and defend their arguments persuasively.

4
Code Subject Internal External Total
Assessment Examination
CORE COURSES
Paper I Microeconomic Analysis 20 80 100

Paper II Macroeconomic Analysis 20 80 100

Paper III Quantitative Methods 20 80 100

Paper IV Public Economics 20 80 100

Paper V Indian Economic Policy 20 80 100

Core Courses
(Choose any Two courses)
Paper I Economic Growth and Development 20 80 100

Paper II International Trade and Finance 20 80 100

Paper III Economics of Social Sector and 20 80 100

Environment
Paper IV(A) Industrial Economics 20 80 100

Paper IV(B) Demography 20 80 100

Paper V(A) Labour Economics 20 80 100

Paper V(B) Gender and Development 20 80 100

Viva Voce 100 100

5
 PAPER – I MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 Understanding fundamental economic concepts: The course aims to provide students with
an understanding of basic economic concepts such as supply and demand, market
equilibrium, consumer and producer behavior, and market structures.
 Analyzing individual decision-making: Microeconomic analysis helps students
understand how individuals make decisions based on their preferences, budgets, and
constraints.
 Understanding firm behavior: The course also aims to provide an understanding of how
firms operate, how they make production and pricing decisions, and how they interact in
markets.
 Developing analytical skills: Microeconomic analysis is a quantitative course that aims to
develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use economic
models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying economic theory to real-world problems: The course encourages students to
apply economic theory to real-world problems. This includes analyzing current economic
issues and understanding the economic implications of policy decisions.
 Preparing for advanced study: Microeconomic analysis is a foundational course for
further study in economics. Therefore, the course aims to provide a strong foundation for
students who plan to pursue advanced study in economics.

6
 PAPER – II MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding the aggregate economy: The course aims to provide students with an
understanding of the aggregate economy, including concepts such as Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), inflation, and unemployment.
 Analyzing macroeconomic policy: Macroeconomic analysis helps students understand
the tools and policies used by governments to stabilize the economy, including monetary
policy, fiscal policy, and international trade policy.
 Examining long-term economic growth: The course also aims to provide an
understanding of long-term economic growth and the factors that contribute to it, such as
technological change and human capital development.
 Developing analytical skills: Macroeconomic analysis is a quantitative course that aims
to develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use
macroeconomic models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying economic theory to real-world problems: The course encourages students to
apply macroeconomic theory to real-world problems. This includes analyzing current
economic issues and understanding the economic implications of policy decisions.
 Preparing for advanced study: Macroeconomic analysis is a foundational course for
further study in economics. Therefore, the course aims to provide a strong foundation for
students who plan to pursue advanced study in economics or related fields.

7
 PAPER – III QUANTITATIVE METHODS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Developing mathematical and statistical skills: The course aims to provide students with
a foundation in mathematical and statistical concepts and techniques that are commonly
used in economic analysis. This includes calculus, linear algebra, probability theory, and
statistical inference.
 Developing analytical skills: Quantitative methods of economics is a rigorous course that
aims to develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use
economic models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying quantitative methods to real-world problems: The course encourages students
to apply quantitative methods to real-world economic problems. This includes analyzing
current economic issues and understanding the economic implications of policy
decisions.
 Preparing for advanced study: Quantitative methods of economics is a foundational
course for further study in economics or related fields. Therefore, the course aims to
provide a strong foundation for students who plan to pursue advanced study in
economics.

Unit-I:Conceptoffunctionsandtypesoffunctions;Limits,Continuityandderivative.Rulesof
differentiation; applications relating to revenue, cost, demand, supply functions.
Elasticityw.r.t.singlevariablefunctions.Problemsofmaximaandminimaofsingle
variablefunctionsandtheirapplicationsinEconomics(likeprofitmaximizationorcost
minimization); concept of integration; simple rules of integration. Applicationto
consumer’ssurplusandproducer’ssurplus.

Unit - II:Determinants and their basic properties. Solutions of simultaneous

equationsthroughCramer’srule.Conceptofmatrix-theirtypes,simpleoperationson
matrixinversion and rank of a matrix. Introduction to input-output analysis-
solution offirstorderandsecondorderdifferenceequations.

Unit - III:Linear programming - Basic concept, Formulation of a linear

programmingproblem.Natureoffeasible,basicandoptimalsolutionthroughgraphic
almethod.Concept of a game. Strategies - Simple and mixed value of a
game;Saddlepointsolution.Simpleapplications.

Unit - IV:Meaning,assumptionsand limitationsofsimple correlation and regressionanalysis.

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and their properties.Conceptof least
squares and lines of regression, standard error of estimate, partial
andmultiplecorrelationandregression(applicationsonly).

Unit-V:Deterministicandnon-deterministicexperiments;varioustypesofevents-
classicalandempiricaldefinitionsofprobability.Lawsofadditionandmultiplication;

8
 conditionalprobabilityandconceptofrandomonvariable.

Unit - VI:Basic concept of sampling-random and non-random sampling, simple

random;stratified random P.P.S. sampling. Formulation of statistical hypothesis
-Null andalternative;Goodnessoffit.Confidenceintervalsand
levelofsignificance.Hypothesistestingbasedon(chi-
square)andFtests:TypeIandTypeIIerrors.

PAPER -IV PUBLIC ECONOMICS

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Understanding the role of government in the economy: The course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the role of government in the economy, including the
reasons for government intervention, and the tools available to policymakers.
 Analyzing the effects of taxation and public spending: Public economics helps students
understand the economic implications of taxation and public spending, including the
effects on economic growth, income distribution, and welfare.
 Examining the design of tax systems: The course also aims to provide an understanding
of the design of tax systems, including the trade-offs between efficiency and equity, and
the different types of taxes that can be used to generate revenue.
 Developing analytical skills: Public economics is a quantitative course that aims to
develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use economic
models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying economic theory to public policy: The course encourages students to apply
economic theory to public policy issues. This includes analyzing current public policy
issues and understanding the economic implications of policy decisions.

Unit-I: INTRODUCTION:

RoleofGovernmentinorganizedsociety;changingperspective-
Governmentinamixedeconomy; Government as an agent for economic planning and
development - Private goods, publicgoodsandMeritgoods-
MarketfailureImperfections,Decreasingcosts,Externalities,Jointconsumption,Informationalasy
mmetry.

9
Unit -II: PUBLICCHOICEANDPUBLICPOLICY:

Provision of Public goods : Problems of preference revelation and aggregation of

preferences;Voting systems; Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem; An Economic Theory of
Democracy; Rent
seekinganddirectlyunproductiveprofitseeking(DUP)activities,TiboutModel;Socialgoalsofpublicg
oods.
Unit-III:TAXATION:

Incidenceoftaxation-Effectsoftaxationonwork,savingandinvestment-BenefitandAbility-
to-pay approaches-Excess Burden of Taxes and its measurement-Indian tax system; tax and
non-taxrevenue of the centre, states and Local Bodies -Taxation of agriculture and expenditure
Tax - Reformsintaxation.

Unit -IV:PUBLICEXPENDITUREANDPUBLICDEBT.

Public Expenditure :Wagner and Peacock-Wiseman hypotheses; Structure and Growth of

publicexpenditure-Social Cost - Benefit Analysis-Program and Zero Base Budgeting-Structure
and growth ofpublicexpenditureinIndia.
Public Debt: Classical view of public debt; burden of public debt; sources of public debt;
effects ofpublicdebt;principlesofdebtmanagementand repayment-Growth ofpublic debtin
India;States’indebtedness.

Unit -V: FISCALPOLICYANDFISCALFEDERALISM:

Fiscal Policy: Budgetary deficit and its measurement - Fiscal Policy and stabilization-
Balanced BudgetMultiplier-Built-in-stabilizers-Interdependenceoffiscalandmonetarypolicy-
FiscalPolicyinunderdevelopedcountries.
FiscalFederalism:Principlesofmulti-unitfinance-VerticalandHorizontalfiscalimbalances-
Methodsoffiscaladjustment-
Indianfiscalfederalism:Assignmentoffunctionsandrevenuepowers;resourcetransferfromCentret
oStates;State-LocalfiscalrelationsinIndia.

PAPER V – INDIAN ECONOMIC POLICY

COURSE OBJECTIVES

10
 Understanding the economic history of India: The course aims to provide students with
an understanding of the economic history of India, including the evolution of economic
policies since independence, and the key challenges faced by the Indian economy.
 Analyzing the performance of the Indian economy: Indian Economic Policy helps
students understand the economic performance of India, including economic growth,
poverty, inequality, and employment.
 Examining the role of government in the Indian economy: The course also aims to
provide an understanding of the role of government in the Indian economy, including the
reasons for government intervention, and the tools available to policymakers.
 Developing analytical skills: Indian Economic Policy is a quantitative course that aims to
develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use economic
models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying economic theory to Indian economic issues: The course encourages students to
apply economic theory to Indian economic issues. This includes analyzing current
economic policy issues in India and understanding the economic implications of policy
decisions.
 Preparing for careers in economic policy: Indian Economic Policy is a course that is
relevant for students who wish to pursue careers in economic policy or related fields.
Therefore, the course aims to provide a strong foundation for students who plan to work
in government, non-governmental organizations, or the private sector.

11
 M.A. ECONOMICS IInd Year

PAPER – I ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding the theories of economic growth and development: The course aims to
provide students with an understanding of the theories of economic growth and
development, including the roles of physical capital, human capital, technology, and
institutions.
 Analyzing the patterns of economic growth and development: Growth and Development
helps students understand the patterns of economic growth and development in different
regions of the world, including differences in income levels, poverty, and inequality.
 Examining the role of institutions and policies in economic growth and development: The
course also aims to provide an understanding of the role of institutions and policies in
economic growth and development, including the importance of macroeconomic
stability, trade policy, and investment in education and health.
 Developing analytical skills: Growth and Development is a quantitative course that aims
to develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use economic
models, analyze data, and interpret the results.

PAPER-I : ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Unit – 1 : ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT

Meaning and Measurement - Per capita income,Physical Quality of Life Index
(PQLI), HumanDevelopment Index (HDI) andHuman Poverty Index(HPI);
Factors Affecting Growth and Development- Capital, Labour and Technology;
EconomicInequality and Economic Growth- Measurement ofInequality-
Inequality, Income and Economic Growth- Inverted 'U' hypothesis - convergence
thesis.

Unit – 2 : TIIBORIES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH

Classical Theory-Adam Smith and David Recardo;Marxian Approach - Theory of
Surplus Value;Schumpeter and Capitalist development; Harrod-Domarmodel and

12
 instability in the Growth Process-Neo-classicalGrowth Models - Solow and
Meade.

Unit – 3 : APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT

Production function approach to Growth - Kaldor'smodel; Linear stages approach-
Rostow; Structuralistapproach- Lewis model ofDualism; Neo-colonialdependence
approach; Neo-classical counter-revolution - Sen's capability approach;
Economicapproaches - Population growth - Education, healthand nutrition.

Unit – 4 : DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Agriculture Vs. Industry; Inward Looking Vs.OutwardLooking; Big-push
Strategy - Balanced growth Vs.Unbalanced growth; Low level Equilibrium trap
andcritical minimum effort thesis; Investment criteria andchoice of technology;
Strategy of Globalisation,Liberalisation and Privatisation.

Unit – 5 : DEVELOPMENT POLICY

Financing Development - Prior Savings VsForeignCapital - FDI Vs. Foreign
Trade; Neo-classicalpolitical Economy - State Vs.Market; Marcoeconomicpolicy-
Monetary Vs.FiscalPolicy;Development and Environment - Economy
andEnvironment - Kumet's Environmental curveEnvironmental Problems and
Policies for DevelopingCountries.

PAPER – II INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FINANCE

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding the theories of international trade: The course aims to provide students
with an understanding of the theories of international trade, including comparative
advantage, factor endowments, and trade policies.

13
 Analyzing the patterns of international trade: International Trade and Finance helps
students understand the patterns of international trade, including the types of goods and
services that are traded, the sources of trade, and the barriers to trade.
 Examining the role of international institutions in trade and finance: The course also aims
to provide an understanding of the role of international institutions in trade and finance,
including the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank.
 Understanding the theories of international finance: International Trade and Finance aims
to provide students with an understanding of the theories of international finance,
including exchange rates, capital flows, and balance of payments.
 Developing analytical skills: International Trade and Finance is a quantitative course that
aims to develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use
economic models, analyze data, and interpret the results.

Unit – 1 : THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE:

The pure theoryofinternational trade· Theories of absoluteadvantage, comparative
advantage and opportunity costs- Heckscher- Ohlin theory ofinternational trade;
Theoremof factor price equalization; Empirical testing of theory ofabsolute cost and
comparative cost- Leontief Paradox,Factor Endowments in explaining the emergence of
trade,product life cycle and imitation gap theories – TheRybczynski theorem - concept
and policy implications ofimmiserizing growth; Theories of intra-industry trade andtheir
impact on developing economies.

Unit – 2 : MEASUR EMENT OF GAINS AND THEORY OFINTERVENTIONS:

Measurement of gains from trade and their distribution;Concepts of terms of trade,their
uses and limitations;Secular deterioration Hypothesis, its empirical relevanceand policy
implications for less developed countries; Tradeas an engine of economic growth;
Welfare implicationsEmpiricalevidence and policy issues; The theory ofinterventions
(Tariffs, Quotas and non-tariff barriers);Economic effects of tariffs and quotas on
national income,output, employment, terms of trade, income distribution;The political
economy of non-tariff barriers and theirimplications; nominal, effective and optimum
rates oftariffs- their measurement, impact and welfare implications.

Unit – 3 : BALANCE OFPAYMENTS

Meaning and components of balance of payments;Equilibrium and disequilibrium in the
balance ofpayments; The process of adjustment under systems ofgold standard. fixed
exchange rates and flexible exchangerates; Expenditure-reducing and expenditure

14
 switchingpolicies and direct controls for adjustment; Policies forachieving internal and
external equilibrium simultaneouslyunder alternative exchange rate regimes; Foreign
trademultiplier with and without foreign repercussions anddetermination of national
income andoutput;Relative meritsand demerits of fixed and flexible exchange rates inthe
context of growth and development in developingcountries.

Unit – 4 : INTERNATIONALMONETARYSYSTEM
Rise and fall of gold standard and Bretton-woods system;Need, adequacy
anddeterminants of international reserves;Conditionality clause of IMF; Emerging
InternationalMonetary System with special reference to Post-Maastrishdevelopments and
developing countries; Theory of short-termcapital movements.International trade and
financialinstitutions-Functions of GATT/WTO (TRIPS, TRIMS),UNCTAD, IMF, Wot1d
Bank and Asian DevelopmentBank-Their achievements and failures; WTO and
WorldBank from the point of view of India.

Unit – 5 : THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICINTEGRATION

Forms of economic cooperation; Static and Dynamiceffects of a customs union and free
trade areas; Reasonsfor the emergence of trading blocks at the global level;Rationale and
economic progress ofSAARC/SAPTAandASEAN regions. Problems and prospects of
forming acustoms union in the Asian region. Regionalism (EU,NAFTA).

15
 PAPER – IIIECONOMICS OF SOCIAL SECTOR AND ENVIRONMENT

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding the role of the social sector in economic development: The course aims to
provide students with an understanding of the role of the social sector in economic
development, including education, health, and social welfare programs.
 Analyzing the economic impacts of environmental policies: Economics of Social Sector
and Environment helps students understand the economic impacts of environmental
policies, including the costs and benefits of different policy approaches.
 Examining the relationship between economic development and the environment: The
course also aims to provide an understanding of the relationship between economic
development and the environment, including the trade-offs between economic growth
and environmental sustainability.
 Developing analytical skills: Economics of Social Sector and Environment is a
quantitative course that aims to develop students' analytical skills. This includes
developing the ability to use economic models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying economic theory to social sector and environmental issues: The course
encourages students to apply economic theory to social sector and environmental issues.
This includes analyzing current social sector and environmental issues and understanding
the economic implications of policy decisions.
PAPER-III : ECONOMICS OF SOCIAL SECTOR AND ENVIRONMENT

Unit – 1: ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY, ECONOMICSAND

MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALVALUES
Basic concepts of Environment and EcologyInteraction between Economy and
EnvironmentExternalitiesand Efficiency of the MarketEconomy-Alternative models for
solving theproblemofExternalities.MethodsofEnvironmental valuation -Travel
costMethod, Hedonic pricing Meth od, contingentvaluation Method.

Unit – 2:THE THEORY OF ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY

Pigovian taxes and subsidies - Tradable pollutionpermits-Coase's bargaining solution and
collectiveaction-Trade and Environment in WTO regime.Mechanism for environment
regulation in IndiaPolicyinstruments for controlling water and airPollution - Forest
Policy.

16
 Unit – 3: ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCEMANAGEMENT AND
SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
Theories of optimal use of exhaustible andrenewable resources-Environment
andDevelopment Trade-off-E.K.C. HypothesisConceptof Sustainable Development-
Rules ofSustainable Development-Indicators ofSustainable Development

Unit – 4:ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION

Education as in instrument for economic growth;Education as consumption or
investment;Measurement of returns from investment ineducation; Educational Planning
in developingcountries with special emphasis on India.

Unit – 5 :HEALTII ECONOMICS

Health dimensions of development; Determinantsofhealth-Poverty, Malnutrition and
environmentalissues - Global burden of disease - Health care
delivery system in India- Health Policy in India.

PAPER – IV(A) INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding the structure of different industrial markets: The course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the structure of different industrial markets, including
the different market structures such as perfect competition, monopolistic competition,
oligopoly, and monopoly.
 Analyzing the behavior of firms in industrial markets: Industrial Economics helps
students understand the behavior of firms in industrial markets, including pricing
strategies, production decisions, and entry and exit decisions.
 Examining the role of government in regulating industrial markets: The course also aims
to provide an understanding of the role of government in regulating industrial markets,
including antitrust laws and regulations, and industrial policies.
 Developing analytical skills: Industrial Economics is a quantitative course that aims to
develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use economic
models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
Unit – 1: FIRMANOMARKETS1RUCTURE
Concept and organization of a firm - ownership,control and objectives of the firm;
Passive and activebehaviour of the firm; Sellers' concentration; Productdifferentiation;
Entry conditions; Economies of scale;Market structure and profitability; Market

17
structureand innovation; Theories ofindustrial location Weberand Sargent Florence;
Factors affecting location.

Unit –2 : MARKET ORIENTED ECONOMY ANDPERFORMANCE

Product pricing-Theories and evidence; Investmentexpenditure - Methods of evaluating
investmentexpenditure; Theories and· empirical evidence onMergers and acquisitions (M
& As) anddiversification. Growth ofthe firm- Size and growthof a firm; Growth and
profitability of the firm;Constraints on growth; Productivity; efficiency andcapacity
utilization - Concept and measurement,Indian situation.

Unit – 3 : INDIAN INDUSTRIAL GROWTH ANDPATTERN

Classification of industries; Industrial policy in IndiaRole of Public and private sectors;
Recent trends inIndian industrial growth; MNCs and transfer oftechnology;
Liberalisationand privatization; Regionalindustrial growth in India; Industrial
economicconcentration and remedial measures; Issues inindustrial proliferation
andenvironmentalpreservation;Pollution control policies.

Unit – 4 : INDUSTRIAL FINANCE

Owned, external and other components of funds.Role, nature, volume and types of
institutional finance – IDBI, IFCI, SFCs, SIDC, commercial banks, etc., Financial
statement -Balance sheet, Profit and lossaccount; assessment of financial soundness, ratio
analysis.

Unit – 5 : INDUSTRIAL LABOUR

Structure of Industrial Labour: Employmentdimensions of Indian Industry; Industrial
Legislation,Industrial Relations; EXIT Policy and Social Security.Wages and problem of
bonus; Labour marketreforms.

18
 PAPER – IV(B)DEMOGRAPHY

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding population dynamics: The course aims to provide students with an

understanding of population dynamics, including the components of population change
(births, deaths, migration), demographic transition, and population projections.
 Analyzing the social and economic implications of population change: Demography
helps students understand the social and economic implications of population change,
including the effects on labor markets, social security systems, and healthcare systems.
 Examining the relationship between population and the environment: The course also
aims to provide an understanding of the relationship between population and the
environment, including the impact of population growth on resource use, pollution, and
climate change.
 Developing analytical skills: Demography is a quantitative course that aims to develop
students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use demographic
models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying demographic theory to real-world issues: The course encourages students to
apply demographic theory to real-world issues. This includes analyzing current
demographic trends and understanding the economic and social implications of
population change.

(Optional) : Paper-IV: DEMOGRAPHY

Unit – 1 : NATURE AND SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHY

Meaning, Definition and Scope of Demography -Componentsof population growth and
their interdependence - Measures ofpopulation change: growth, structure end Distribution
– Sourcesofpopulation Data-World Population: Trends and DistributionAge-Sex
structure: Economic and Social Implications.
Unit – 2 : POPULATION. THEORIES AND ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT:
Population growth and Economic Development - Pre -Malthusian theories Malthusian
Theory-Optimum Theory ofPopulation - Theory of Demographic Transition - Post -
Malthusian Theories: Views of Meadows, Enke and Simon.

Unit – 3 : FERTILITY AND MORTALITY

19
 Measures of Fertility - Fertility-Measurement -ofNuptiality Measurement ofMortality and
Morbidity- Life -Table- Construction and uses - Factors Affecting Mortalitydeclinein
recent past.

Unit – 4 : MIGRATION, URBANISATION AND

POPULATIONPROJECTION
Concept and types of Migration - Factors affecting Migration·TheoriesofMigration
related to internal migration InternationalMigration-Urbanisation-growth and pattern
Methods ofpopulation projections.

Unit – 5 : INDIAN DEMOGRAPHY

Population Census India (1901-2001) - Major Sample surveysin India, NFHS and RCHS-
Indias Population: Trends, structureand Distribution-Fertility and Mortality Trends in
India-Population, Health and EnvironmentLinkages-Population Policiesin India,
Evaluation, focus and role of National Population Commission.

PAPER – V(A) LABOUR ECONOMICS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding the labor market: The course aims to provide students with an
understanding of the labor market, including the different types of labor markets, labor
demand, labor supply, and labor market equilibrium.
 Analyzing the behavior of workers and firms: Labour Economics helps students
understand the behavior of workers and firms in the labor market, including wage
determination, human capital investment, labor market discrimination, and labor market
policies.
 Examining the role of government in the labor market: The course also aims to provide
an understanding of the role of government in the labor market, including labor market
regulations, labor market policies, and social protection.
 Developing analytical skills: Labour Economics is a quantitative course that aims to
develop students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use economic
models, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying economic theory to labor market issues: The course encourages students to
apply economic theory to labor market issues. This includes analyzing current labor
market issues and understanding the economic implications of policy decisions.

20
 (OPTIONAL) : Paper - V : LABOUR ECONOMICS

Unit – 1:LABOURMARKETS
Nature and characteristics of labour markets indeveloping countries like India; Paradigms
oflabour market analysis - Classical.neo-classicaland dualistic economy: Demand for
labourinrelation to size and pattern of investment: Choiceof technologies and labour
policies; Supply oflabour in relation to growth oflabour force; Labourmarket policies;
Mobility and productivity oflabour; Rationalisation; Methods of recruitmentand
placement; Employment service organizationin India

Unit – 2 :EMPLOYMENT
Poverty -and unemployment in developingcountries; Unemployment- Concept, Types
andMeasurement, particularly in India; Impact ofrationalisation; Technological change
andmodernization on employment in organized privateindustry, Public sector and
employment inagricultural sector, Analysis of educatedunemployment; Employment
policy in Five-yearPlans and its evaluation.

Unit – 3:WAGE DETERMINATION

Classical, ne-classical and bargaining theories ofwage determination; Concepts of
minimum wage,living wage and fair wage in theory and practice;Discrimination in labour
markets; Wagedetermination in various sectors- rural, urban,organized and informal
sectors; Non-wagecomponentoflabour remuneration; inflation-wagerelationship;
Productivity and wage relationship;Analysis of rigidity in labour markets;
Asymmetricinformation and efficiency oflabour markets inwage determination; National
wage policy; Wagesand Wage Boards in India; Bonus system and profitsharing;
Collective Bargaining - Role of collectivebargaining in wage determination; Current
trends.

Unit – 4 :LABOUR MOVEMENT

Theories of labour movement - Growth, patternand structure oflabour unions in India,
ProblemsofLabour Unions in India, White collar
unions,ManagerialUnions,EmployersFederations.Industrial Dropouts, Causes,
Consequence,Preventive and settlement mechanisms-Workersparticipation in
Management Concept,Mechanism, Current Trends.

Unit – 5 :STATEANDLABOUR
State and social security of labour-Concept ofsocial security and its evolution; Social
assistanceand social insurance; Review and appraisal ofstates policies with respect to
social security andlabour welfare in India; Special problems oflabour: Child Jabour,
female labour, Discriminationand gender bias in treatment of labour, labourmarket
reforms; Receding state and its· effect onworkingoflabour markets; Exit policy, need
forsafety nets, measures imparting flexibility in labourmarkets; Second National
Commission on Labour,Tripartism and Role of ILO in LabourLegislation;Globalisation
and Labour markets.

21
 PAPER – V(B) GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 Understanding gender concepts: The course aims to provide students with an

understanding of gender concepts and how gender affects development, including gender
roles, gender identity, and gender-based discrimination.
 Analyzing the relationship between gender and development: Gender and Development
helps students understand the relationship between gender and development, including
the effects of gender inequality on economic growth and social development.
 Examining gender-based policies and programs: The course also aims to provide an
understanding of gender-based policies and programs, including gender mainstreaming,
gender budgeting, and affirmative action policies.
 Developing analytical skills: Gender and Development is a course that aims to develop
students' analytical skills. This includes developing the ability to use gender analysis
frameworks, analyze data, and interpret the results.
 Applying gender analysis to development issues: The course encourages students to
apply gender analysis to development issues. This includes analyzing current
development issues and understanding the implications of gender inequality on policy
decisions.

(Optional): Paper- V: ECONOMICS OF GENDERAND DEVELOPMENT

Unit – 1: INTRODUCTION TO GENDER STUDIES

Importance and concepts of women studies-Womenin Patriarchal and Matriarchal
Societies Status ofWomen in the Indian Social set up Participation ofWomen in
Pre-Industrial and Industrial societies.

Unit – 2: DEMOGRAPIDC ASPECTS

Demography of female population. Age Structure,Mortality rates, sex ratio-
Causes of declining sexratios and fertility rates in India- Gender Differentialsin
fertility, mortality and migration Gender bias in thetheories of value, distribution
and population.

Unit – 3 : WOMEN IN DECISION–MAKINGCONCEPTSOF WOMEN'S WORK

Factors effecting decision-making by womeneconomicstatus of women and its
effect on workparticipation rate-Concepts of womensworkProductive and

22
 unproductive, paid and unpaid, visibleand invisible work.Impact of
technologicaldevelopment and modernization on women's workparticipation.

Unit – 4 : WOMEN AND LABOUR MARKET

Factors affecting female entry in Labour marketStudies of female work
participation in agricultural,non-agricultural activities, formal and informal
sector,cottage and small-scale industry and service sectorDeterminants of wage
differentials in female activities.

Unit – 5 : GENDER PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT ANDGOVERNANCE:

Social security of women - Schemes for safety netfor women - Role of voluntary
organizations –Selfhelpgroups in providing social security Genderplanning
techniques- Paradigm shifts from women'swell-being to women's empowerment -
Women'sempowerment in India - Gender SensitiveGovernance.

23