2022

PERCEPTION
IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

KOPAL AGRAWAL
ISHIKA SHEORAN
KASHIKA BANSAL
KANKSHIT KUMAR

FUNDAMENTALS OF MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

 PERCEPTION

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Research Methodology
4. Factors Affecting
Perception
5. Perceptual Process
6. Theory of Attribution
7. Errors of Perception
Selective Perception
Halo Effect
Contrast Effect
Stereotype
Horn Effect
Perceptual Set
Projection
8. Managerial Implications of
Perception
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography

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 PERCEPTION

situations. Since people's behaviour is

INTRODUCTION determined by their perception of reality
rather than reality itself, it becomes vital to
study and understand the nature of
perception, factors that influence it,
The term Perception is subject to varied perceptual process etc.
interpretations. While in common terms, it
means the ability to see, hear, or become
aware of something through the senses, it
takes a different meaning in the parlance of
organizational behavior. OBJECTIVES
Stephen Robbins has defined perception 1. To investigate perception and its
as, “The process by which individuals impact on judgments.
organize and interpret their sensory
impressions to give meaning to their 2. To understand the theory of attribution
environment. and how certain errors in perception
influence judgements
Whereas, Henry L. Tosi has defined it as,
“A psychological process of creating an 3. To discover whether the judgments
internal image of the outside world.” have significant implications for the
In total, perception can be defined as, organization
“A cognitive process by which people attend 4. To determine the relationship between
to incoming stimuli, organize and interpret perception and individual decision
such stimuli into meaningful information and
making
then transform it into behavioural actions.”
It is safe to say that not everyone in a
group of people will perceive something in
the same way, but they will all have some
similar views that are grounded in
RESEARCH
reality. Surprisingly, some people's
perception of certain subjects or situations is
far off, in comparison to other closely related METHODOLOGY
views. This fact can be taken to infer that
perception is closely related to reality, but not This research paper focuses on perception
entirely dependent on it. Moreover, and its impact on judgments. This study
perception becomes the reality from which employs a descriptive research design that
we act. In other words, the world is perceived makes use of literature to describe the
as the world that matters. relationship between perception and its
impact on judgments. It is created by
Perception helps shape a person's combining data, findings, and conclusions
personality and how they act in certain from an integrated review of the literature.

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 PERCEPTION

The literature review is compiled using perceiver. The significant qualities of the
online journal databases such as Google perceiver impacting Perception are:
Scholar and Books and is heavily focused on
management and organizational reviews on
organizational culture. It also entails 1. Attitudes
conducting primary research using Google The perceiver's mentalities influence
Forms of a sample of size of about 110, on
insight. For instance, assume Mr X is
human reactions to study errors in
meeting for a vital situation in his
perception, wherein the respondents were
given a variety of corporate situations and
association - a place that requires
they had to answer based on their perception. arranging contracts with providers, a large
portion of whom are male. Mr X might
feel that ladies are not fit for standing their
FACTORS ground in intense arrangements. This
disposition will without a doubt influence

AFFECTING his impression of the female up-and-

comers he meets.

PERCEPTION 2. Moods
Moods can impact how we see
Various variables work to shape and somebody. We think contrastingly when
some of the time even twist Perception. we are blissful than we do when we are
These elements reside: - discouraged. What's more, we recollect
data that is predictable with our
1. In the perceiver temperament state better compared to data
2. In the item or target being seen that is conflicting with our disposition
state. When feeling good, we structure a
3. In the setting of the circumstance in
better impression of others. When feeling
which the Perception is made. pessimistic, we will more often than not
assess others ominously.

QUALITIES OF THE PERCEIVER

3. Motives
A few qualities of the perceiver can
influence Perception. At the point when Unsatisfied requirements or thought
an individual glances at a target and processes animate people and may apply
endeavours to decipher it, that a solid impact on their Perceptions. For
understanding is intensely affected by the instance, in an authoritative setting, an
private attributes of the individual unreliable manager sees a subordinate's
endeavours to work hard as a danger to

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 PERCEPTION

their position. Individual weakness can be denounced by his supervisor for arriving
moved into the Perception that others are behind schedule is bound to see his
out to "land my position", no matter what associates arriving behind schedule
the goal of the subordinates. tomorrow than he did the week before. If
you are engrossed with an individual
issue, you might view it hard as mindful
4. Self-Concept in class.
Another factor that can influence social
insight is the perceivers' self-idea. A
6. Cognitive Structure
person with a positive self-idea will in
general notice positive credits in someone Cognitive design, an individual's
else. Interestingly, a pessimistic self-idea thought process, additionally influences
can lead a perceiver to select pessimistic Perception. Certain individuals tend to see
attributes in someone else. More actual characteristics, like tallness,
noteworthy comprehension of self- weight, and appearance, all the more
permits us to have a more exact view of promptly. Others will more often not
others. centre around focal qualities or character
manners. Mental intricacy permits an
individual to see different attributes of
5. Interest someone else rather than going to only a
The focal point of our consideration has couple of qualities.
all the earmarks of being affected by our
inclinations. Since our advantages vary
7. Expectations
extensively, what one individual
notification in a circumstance can contrast Finally, assumptions can contort your
from what others see. For instance, the Perceptions in that you will see what you
manager who has quite recently been hope to see. The examination discoveries
Target

Situation
Perceiver

• Attitude • Appearence • Social Setting

• Mood • Verbal • Location
• Motive Correspondence • Organizational
• Self-Concept • Non-verbal Context
• Interest Correspondence
• Congnitive • Conduct
Structure
• Expectation

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 PERCEPTION

of the review led by Sheldon S Zalkind whole impression of someone else.

and Timothy W Costello on a few explicit Recruiters rate alluring applicants all the
attributes of the perceiver uncover. better and appealing up-and-comers are
granted higher beginning pay rates.
Knowing oneself makes it simpler to
see others precisely. One's qualities
influence the attributes one is probably
2. Verbal correspondence
going to see in others. Individuals who
acknowledge themselves are bound to It is communicating something specific
have the option to see the good parts of through a talked dialect that is
others. Precision in seeing others is comprehended by both sides. Verbal
anything but a solitary ability. These four correspondence from targets likewise
attributes significantly impact how an influences our view of them. We stand by
individual sees other in the natural listening to the points they talk about,
circumstance. their voice tone, and their intonation and
make decisions given this information.

ATTRIBUTES OF THE TARGET

3. Non-verbal correspondence
Attributes in the target that is being
noticed can influence what is seen. Actual It passes on a lot of data regarding the
appearance assumes a major part in our target. The perceiver unravels eye-to-eye
view of others. Incredibly alluring or ugly connection, looks, body developments,
people are bound to be seen in a gathering and stance all in an endeavour to shape an
than normal enjoying people. Movement, impression of the target.
sound, size, and different characteristics
of a target shape as far as we can tell.
4. Target’s Conduct
The perceiver, who notices the target's
1. The appearance of the target conduct, derives the expectations of the
Actual appearance assumes a major target. For instance, assuming our
part in our view of others. The perceiver supervisor comes to our office entryway,
will see the target's actual elements like we think "God help us! he will give me
stature, weight, assessed age, race, and more work to do". Or on the other hand,
orientation. we might see that he will probably praise
us for a new achievement. Regardless, the
Perceivers will quite often see actual perceiver's understanding of the target's
appearance attributes that differ with the goals influences how the perceiver sees
standard, that are serious, or that are new the target.
or uncommon. Appearance affects our

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3. Organisational context
QUALITIES OF THE SITUATION The organizational context can be
defined as contact with top management,
The context in which we observe
decision-making influence, and how well
objects or events is critical. While
the leader acts. It also has an impact on
perceiving a specific situation or event,
people's behaviour. When people are
the surrounding environment and the
allowed to interact in a friendly and
elements present in it influence our
sociable work environment, they become
perception; its physical, social, and
more trustworthy and less defensive.
organizational setting can also influence
the perception.
PERCEPTUAL
1. Social Setting
The surroundings or environment in PROCESS
which social activities take place is
referred to as the social setting. It is a The perceptual interaction permits us to
critical factor that influences perception. encounter our general surroundings.
For example, if you meet a person for the In this outline of insight and the
first time and he is with someone you perceptual interaction, we will advance
respect and admire, you will form a more with regards to how we go from
favourable image of him in your mind as distinguishing boosts in the climate to
opposed to a situation in which you see making a move given that data and it very
him with someone you despise. Of course, well may be coordinated into our current
the initial impressions may change with constructions and examples, and are then
time, but the saying that “First impression deciphered in light of past encounters.
is the last impression” is very valued.
Albeit the insight is a to a great extent
mental and mental interaction, what we
2. Location see individuals and items around us mean
for our correspondence.
The location of a given event is also an
important factor in determining The discernment process is a grouping
behaviour. A conversation with the boss of steps that starts with the climate and
in a casual reception area, for example, prompts our impression of an
may be perceived differently than one in improvement and activity in light of the
the boss's office with the door closed. boost.

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 PERCEPTION

To completely see how the discernment choice, we pick improvements that stand
cycle functions, we need to follow every out for us.
one of the accompanying advances.
We centre around the ones that stand
3 phases of the insight process are; apart from our faculties (sight, sound,
smell, taste, and contact). We take data
Selection
through each of the five of our faculties,
Organization however, our perceptual field
incorporates such countless boosts that it
Interpretation is unimaginable for our minds to process
and sort out everything.
In this way, as data comes in through
our faculties, different variables impact
1. Selection what forges ahead through the
Our general surroundings are loaded up discernment cycle.
with an endless number of improvements
that we could join in, however, our minds
2. Organization
don't have the assets to focus on
everything. Whenever we have decided to take care
of an upgrade in the climate, the decision
Along these lines, the initial step of
sets off a progression of responses in our
insight is the choice of what to take care
cerebrum.
of.
This neural interaction begins with the
Whenever we take care of something
initiation of our tangible receptors
explicit in our current circumstance -
(contact, taste, smell, sight, and hearing).
regardless of whether it is a smell, a
believing, a sound, or something different Getting sorted out is the second piece of
- it turns into the went to upgrade. the insight interaction, wherein we sort
and arrange data that we see in light of
Choosing is the initial segment of the
inborn and learned mental examples.
insight cycle, in which we concentrate on
specific approaching tactile data. In

Selection Organization Interpretation

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 PERCEPTION

Three different ways we sort things into We make prompt assessments that
designs are by utilizing nearness, cause programmed decisions of positive
closeness, and distinction (Stanley, Mo). and negative responses toward others,
which happen outside of our mindfulness.
The choice, association, and translation
3. Interpretation
of discernments can vary among various
After we have taken care of a boost, and individuals.
our cerebrums have gotten and
Based on these, the perceptual result
coordinated the data, we decipher it such
that implies, values, perspectives,
that appears to be legit utilizing our
conduct, and so on of the perceiver might
current data about the world Interpretation
vary.
implies that we take the data that we have
detected and coordinated and transform it Along these lines, when individuals
into something that we can order. respond diversely in a circumstance, a
piece of their conduct can be clarified by
By placing various upgrades into
looking at their perceptual cycle, and how
classes, we can more readily comprehend
their insights are driving.
and respond to our general surroundings.
Impression of others includes
detecting, sorting out, and deciphering
data about individuals, and what they say
THEORY OF
and do. The sensation is a fundamental
quality of insight as it connects with
outside input. In the perceptual
ATTRIBUTION
interaction, first and foremost the Attribution Theory states that when we
perceiver should choose what will be see individuals, we try to figure out why
seen. they act the way they do. The assumptions
Then, at that point, the association we make about a person's psychological
happens when audience members condition have a substantial impact on our
recognize the kind of sound and contrast impression of their actions.
it with different sounds heard before. Attribution theory as defined by Fiske
Translation and order are by and large and Taylor is "The study of how the social
the most emotional areas of discernment, perceiver uses the information to arrive at
as they include choices regarding whether causal explanations for events." It
audience members like what they hear and investigates how information is obtained
need to continue to tune in. and is used to arrive at a causal
conclusion.

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 PERCEPTION

People are inexperienced psychologists

attempting to make sense of their
surroundings. Even when there aren't any,
KELLY’S COVARIATION
people are prone to seeing cause and MODEL
effect linkages. The best-known attribution theory is
TWO CATEGORIES OF Kelley's (1967) covariation, model. He
ATTRIBUTION devised a logical paradigm for
determining whether a specific action
Dispositional (internal cause) and should be attributed to a personality trait
situational (external cause) attributions (dispositional) or the environment
are the two categories. (situational).
The cause of conduct is attributed to a Covariation simply means that a human
person's inherent characteristics rather can recognize the covariation of an
than external forces in dispositional observable effect and its causes based on
attribution. We relate a person's actions information from several observations
to their personality, motives, and beliefs, made at various times and in varied
for example. settings.
Situational Attribution is the process People, he claims, act like scientists
of attributing a person's conduct to an when trying to figure out what drives the
external condition or incident rather than behaviour of others. They consider three
a personal trait. different types of evidence in particular.
We tend to make external attributions, Distinctiveness
such as situational or environmental
Consensus
factors when attempting to explain our
conduct. Consistency

External
Distinctivene
ss
Internal

External
Individual
Consisitency
Behaviour
Internal

Internal
Consensus
External

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 PERCEPTION

The term "distinctiveness" refers to a than a competitor's inventive product

person's ability to behave differently in introduction.
various settings.
The exterior environment receives
more cause attribution than the interior
ERRORS OF
environment. For example, Preksha's
conduct is highly distinctive if she only
smokes when she's out with friends. If she
smokes at any time or any place, she won't
PERCEPTION
be considered distinctive. Perception Errors, or the usual
The extent to which others behave shortcuts we utilize while making
similarly in a comparable scenario is judgments about others.
determined by consensus. E.g., Preksha
smokes a cigarette only when she goes for
supper with her friends. If her friends also 1. Selective Perception
smoke, her behaviour is high in Selective Perception refers to the
consensus. If only Preksha smokes, the tendency to interpret what one sees
consensus is low. selectively based on one's interests,
The external environment is more background, experience, and attitudes.
likely to be the cause of attribution, This is because we are unable to process
according to consensus. everything we see.
The amount to which the person Selective perception can be influenced
behaves in this manner every time the by a variety of variables. A human's
issue arises is determined by consistency. selective perception system is influenced
Preksha's consistency is high if she only by his previous experiences. People
smokes while she's out with her buddies. screen out commercials based on their
Consistency is low if she just smokes on a
ideas, attitudes, conditioning, habits,
few occasions.
usage preferences, and other factors,
The more constant the behaviour, the according to advertising researcher
more likely we are to blame it on internal Seymour Smith. Gender, age, and race are
factors. among biological characteristics that may
We tend to underestimate the influence selective perception. A person's
importance of external circumstances and wants, expectations, and emotional states,
overestimate the influence of internal in addition to these, have a significant
ones when making judgments about other impact on what he or she "chooses" to
people's behaviour. This is why a manager perceive.
is more likely to blame an employee's
poor sales performance on laziness rather

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 PERCEPTION

2. Halo Effect: intellectual and likable than those who are

The term "halo effect" was first coined not. The halo effect causes judgments of
by psychologist Edward Thorndike in a other qualities to be skewed as a result of
1920 work titled "The Constant Error in impressions of one attribute.
Psychological Ratings." Thorndike One great example of the halo effect in
requested military commanding officers action is our overall impression of
to rate several traits in their subordinate celebrities. Since people perceive them as
soldiers in the experiment detailed in the attractive, successful, and often likable,
study. Leadership, physical appearance, they also tend to see them as intelligent,
intelligence, loyalty, and dependability kind, and funny.
were among the traits listed.
Thorndike wanted to see how ratings of
one attribute influenced ratings of other 3. Contrast Effect:
traits. He discovered that high ratings of
This error states that one
one quality were associated with high
doesn’t evaluate someone in isolation but
ratings of other characteristics, while low
our reaction to someone is influenced by
ratings of one quality were associated
other persons’ whom we have recently
with lower ratings of other characteristics.
encountered. It is an unconscious bias that
“The relationships were far too strong happens when two things are judged as
and even." compared to at least one another, rather
As a result, the Halo Effect is at work than being assessed individually.
when we form a broad opinion of
someone based on a specific trait such as
intelligence, smartness, rudeness,
Our perception is altered once we start
likability, and so on.
to check things for one another. We
The "physical attractiveness tend to gauge them relative to
stereotype" and the "what is beautiful is every other instead of on their merit.
also good" premise are terms used to
Contrast effects can occur at different
describe the halo effect.
points in time - I’ll compare an object
The halo effect is frequently influenced I’m watching to one I saw yesterday.
by one's physical appearance. People who
This effect is both conscious and
are regarded as attractive are also
unconscious since we would not
regarded as having more favourable
even remember that we’re making a
characteristics.
comparison.
People who are friendly or nice, for
There are two forms of contrast effects:
example, may be perceived as more

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 PERCEPTION

When compared to worse things, judging them collectively instead of

something is perceived as better than it examining their characteristics. It has the
might otherwise be - Positive Contrast potential to change what we see to
Effect evolve from our preconceived notions.
When something is contrasted to Our unconscious prejudices and
something better, it's perceived as being stereotypes have the power to affect our
worse than it'd otherwise be - Negative brain's visual systems, which suggests we
Contrast Effect may interpret people's faces in ways
that conform to those stereotypes.
“It can distort what we see to be more
4. Stereotype
in line with our biased expectations".
It occurs once we pass judgment on an
The majority of preconceptions that
individual which is based on our view of
influence our seeing are unconscious, and
the group to which he/she belongs. We are
that we might not even bear in mind
them in line with the study, we might
not consider men as "more aggressive" or
women as "more appeasing" consciously,
Selective but we do intuitively view
Perception them intrinsically. "Many people have
engrained stereotypes, whether or
Halo Effect not they are personally embracing those
assumptions."
Contrast Effect Each passing day, we rely on
generalizations to assist us in making
Errors

quick decisions. However, the difficulty

Stereotype arises when we start generalizing
incorrectly or excessively.
Horn effect Men, for instance, are tired of child care,
and today's age is impatient.
Stereotypes are an example of the
Perceptual Set warning.

Projection
5. Horn Effect
Edward Thorndike, an American
psychologist, created the phrase "halo

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 PERCEPTION

effect" within the early 1920s. He An individual's expectations, motives,

correctly observed that those that are and interests can all influence perception.
'conventionally attractive' are more likely The tendency to look at objects or
to be seen as knowledgeable and situations from a particular frame of
successful. Essentially, one redeeming reference is mentioned as a perceptual
feature of someone causes us to look set. it's the tendency to look at things in a
at their entire character in a favourable very certain way, like noticing only
light. As a result, any negative certain parts of an object or circumstance
attributes, like poor punctuality and while dismissing others.
communication skills, or a habit of
You might think that what you see is
missing deadlines, are overshadowed.
what you get when it involves our views
The halo effect and therefore the horn of the globe around us. In reality, research
effect is quite similar, it is a kind reveals that your own past experiences,
of cognitive bias during which one's expectations, motives, beliefs, emotions,
perception of another is skewed by one and even your culture all influence (and
favourable or unfavourable characteristic. bias) how you see the globe.
An example of the horn effect could also
Perceptual sets and the way we
be that an observer is more likely to
understand the environment around
assume a physically unattractive person is
us will be influenced by motivation.
morally inferior to a pretty person,
We are also motivated to take members
despite the dearth of the relationship
of the opposite side as too aggressive,
between morality and physical
weak, or inept if we are supporting our
appearance.
preferred sports team.
The horn effect might not be
They have a major impact still.
obvious initially glance. Suppose in an
Expectations can influence how we
interview it's later discovered that a
perceive people and their jobs if we expect
candidate belongs to a minority group,
them to act a particular way in certain
then they'll be judged harsher than they
scenarios. Showing participants, a series
might be otherwise.
of numbers or letters, for instance. the
When you consider how stereotype topics were next presented an ambiguous
prejudice influences how we view out- visual that may be read as either the
groups, the horn effect in amount 13 or the letter B. people who had
recruitment could lead to minority seen the numbers were more likely to
candidates being missed. determine it as a 13, whereas those
that had seen the letters were more
likely to determine it because of the letter
6. Perceptual Set B.

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 PERCEPTION

Emotions have a big impact on how we

view the environment. after we are
upset, as an example, we are more
MANAGERIAL
inclined to detect antagonism in others.
IMPLICATIONS
7. Projection
OF
It is a cognition during which people
assign to others
wondering themselves.
what they're
Self-critical PERCEPTION
individuals, for instance, may believe that
others are critical of them, whether A manager is primarily concerned
consciously or unintentionally. with the achievement of organizational
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), an Austrian objectives. Perception affects the
psychotherapist, introduced the notion to behaviour of the employee. So, facts
psychology by borrowing the word necessarily may not always be accepted.
projection from neurology, where Thus, understanding human perception is
it brought up neurons' innate ability to significant in understanding and
convey stimuli from one level of controlling behaviour. Five major areas
the systema nervosum to a different. require special attention up to
now because the perceptual accuracy is
However, during this case, the term anxious.
refers to recognizing oneself in another.
This supposedly ubiquitous human social PERCEPTION IN RECRUITMENT
animal instinct has both beneficial and
harmful consequences. Projection is the In the organization, numerous
source of both warm empathy and cold activities that are undertaken induce
animosity, reckoning on what attributes perception during a technique or the
are projected and whether or other. In an organizational activity like
not they're denied within the self. recruitment and selection, perception
What's internal is perceived as outward in plays a major role. In external
projection. recruitment, there's usually limited
information about candidates, hence
For example, a sensitive parent deduces interviewers’ expectations and
that his daughter is unhappy supported her interviewees’ characteristics form a basis
facial expression; he knows this when he of perception within the choice of an
sees her because his face looks similar appropriate candidate.
when he's sad.

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 PERCEPTION

Again, when recruits are hired, be it, On the complete, when managers face
permanent staff, contract staff, or part- a situation to create a call, they'll improve
time staff, it takes time for them to settle their decision when they understand the
in and acquire along with other co- tactic of perception. First, they need to
workers and so the statutes of the analyse things. Combine the facts and
organization. Within this era, it's largely sort them to grasp what is addressed.
perception they employ to form meaning Second, concentrate on biases. Although
of their new environment, within the the subjective biases are inevitable, they'll
absence of the fact of the organization reduce to minimal. Last, enhance the
which they'll get to grasp within the creativity and know alternative
times to return. routes which will be better and more
practical. Managers may develop
PERCEPTION IN DECISION alternatives to a situation and so they
MAKING review them and find the one they feel is
best.
In an organization, when the manager
knows the factors which can influence
PERCEPTION IN PERFORMANCE
people’s attention; they’ll know
APPRAISAL SYSTEM
the thanks to attract people’s attention.
that's to say, managers can make the Effective performance appraisal
appropriate decision for the organization. systems may be made when the
as an example, managers should make a organizational manager understands the
call to push their new product to the public strategy of perception, especially once
and appeal to the consumers. If the they concentrate on subjective biases.
manager understands the tactic of In performance planning, managers
perception, he/she will determine a series should understand the organizational
of plans like putting an objectives and performance measures. It
enormous advertisement board on a needs a discussion between managers and
location of enormous population employees, within which managers and
movements, repeat broadcast the employees should hear and make
advertisement on TV during peak viewing consensus on how the worker should do
time, and contrasting its product with a the task, what results the worker must
similar competitive brand. Meanwhile, achieve, how about the rewards to
managers who understand the importance employees and also the way about the
of selective attention will know different training and development plan.
individuals should be motivated in In performance assessment, the
numerous ways in keeping foremost thing is to
with individual personalities. urge eliminate subjective bias from
analysis and judgment. Managers should

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 PERCEPTION

avoid the subjective to most extent, not Managers within the organization need
judge employees on personal preference to know whether or not members share
or experience. similar or a minimum of compatible
perceptions. If people aren't
misunderstanding each other, if they don't
PERCEPTION IN COMMUNICATION seem to be working with preoccupied
Perception may be a vital minds and having a positive approach
component of the communication then the interpersonal relations are often
process, and perceptual problems are strengthened.
frequently encountered in an organization Misperceptions usually cause strained
which is often related to communication relations and may even end in open
problems. As perceptual problem easily conflict among people.
arises within the connection between
manager and employees, the manager PERCEPTION IN INCREASING
should be devoted to perceiving the staff LOYALTY
deeply.
With proper application of perception,
Managers can concentrate on people’s
the loyalty level is going to be increased.
personality, cultural difference,
If the workers think that management isn't
habit so on. for example, when a manager
taking any undue advantage from them,
knows an employee’s personality, he/she
management is knowing them, then they'll
will understand a way to speak with this
perceive it as their organization and
employee better; when a manager knows
switching over of jobs are visiting be
an employee’s motivation, and their
decreased
conversation can focus on that
motivation.
Enhancing the communication between
managers and employees can improve
PRIMARY
workplace relationships, and good
relationships create a nice work
environment, which is good for the work
RESEARCH ON
outcome. the foremost processes of
perception are selective attention,
organization, and interpretation. and there
ERRORS OF
is also an appropriate response that should
be made after people be of the stimuli. PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION IN INTERPERSONAL
WORKING RELATIONSHIPS

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 PERCEPTION

Out of the total responses in this

hypothetical situation, 62.1% (64
Responses) suggest that individuals
would choose to give the job to the family
man. Here, they are using only the marital

status to form the overall perception of the

applicants rather than giving them equal
opportunity and making the decision
further on. This error is called the Halo
Effect, wherein an individual makes an
opinion about a person based on a single
characteristic leading to a biased decision.
Another point that is needed to be
noticed, is that despite knowing the fact
that both the applicants have almost
similar qualifications and skill sets, many
have chosen to disregard it, and take only
their marital status into the account. This
is known as selective perception, where
individuals take into account the facts that
comply with their perception and
disregard the remaining.

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 PERCEPTION

In this hypothetical situation, it can be associated emotions to form perceptions

seen that 62.1% of the total Responses (64 and thus make decisions.
Responses) show that most individuals
believe that owing to Shivanshu’s record
of late submissions, to ensure that he
submits the new project in time, they’ll
ask him to submit it 5 days before the
actual deadline. This shows that they use
their experience as a reference to make
decisions. This error of perception is
called the Perceptual set, wherein
individuals use their experiences and

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 PERCEPTION

In the given Situation, 69.9% of They have used his first impression to
Respondents (72 Responses) suggest that form a positive opinion about him. This is
Ayaan should be given a warning but not called the Horn Effect. It is a cognitive
punishment as he might not have been bias during which one's perception of
able to meet the deadline due to some another is skewed by one unfavourable
trouble. It can be observed that characteristic.
respondents believe that Ayaan is a smart
intern and such behaviour is not usual.

19
 PERCEPTION

In this situation, 57.3% of the total

respondents (59 Responses) would choose
Akanksha as their Sales Executive, which
shows that they believe that Akanksha
would have better persuading skills solely
because she is a female. This error is
Stereotype, wherein individuals judge
people based on the group they are a part
of, using their prejudice rather than having
an objective view.
Another error that can be seen here is
selective perception, as the respondents
have taken into account that Aditya would
have fewer persuading skills as compared
to Akanksha, but at the same time ignored
that he would have more physical strength
and energy, as it does not support their
prejudice.

Old Age Stereotype

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 PERCEPTION

The 66% of Respondents (68

Responses) suggest that it would be better
not to give Richie such a crucial project,
based on the information given by the
previous manager. This means that the
respondents decided to believe the prior
manager, rather than keeping an open
frame of mind and making an opinion
objectively on their own.
This is called Contrast Effect. Here,
individuals from a perception about the
perceptions of others may be in the same
direction or a contrast. It is very difficult
to ignore the insights that you have been
previously provided while forming a
perception and making an unbiased
opinion or decision.

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 PERCEPTION

In this hypothetical situation, there are

61.2% of Respondents (63 Responses)
have suggested that a certificate of
CONCLUSION
excellence must be issued to the Perception is an important cognitive
subordinate to acknowledge his/her hard mediating process. Individuals make
work. This suggests that since the interpretations of the stimulus or situation
manager is motivated by non-financial with which they are confronted as a result
incentives, the subordinate must think of this complex process and react
alike. This error is called Projection, accordingly.
wherein a person perceives others’
Both selectivity and organization are
characteristics to be similar to his/hers. As
involved in such interpretations. As a
a result, they are often able to understand
result, perception is often inspired by
the need of others.
reality but is rarely dependent on it
completely. Similar situations can be
viewed and solved in several different
ways by different individuals, solely
because of their different perceptions of
the same reality.
Perception of an individual is
influenced by a soup of factors, including
the perceiver’s characteristics such as
psychological needs, attitude, and

22
 PERCEPTION

experience, characteristics of the situation in appraising them, i.e., identifying their

perceived such as recurrence, intensity, needs and designing the reward system
size and movement, and the environment accordingly. It also plays an important
in which the perception occurs. role in understanding how employees are
to be motivated and take subsequent steps
Regrettably, the perceptual process can
in that direction.
result in a blunder in judgment or
understanding, such as denying the reality
of disseminating information, ignoring
facts that do not support one’s perception
BIBLIOGRAPHY
or assigning attributes to someone solely Robbins, Stephen – Organizational
based on a particular characteristic or Behaviour, Pearson Education
group to which the individual belongs. Limited, 2017
Fortunately, however, through education, Kondalkar, V.G. – Organizational
practice, and experience, the accuracy of Behaviour, New Age International,
perception and judgment can be 2007
improved, and such errors eliminated. What is Perception? – Judd, Charles
H – The Journal of Philosophy,
Attribution is one of the major Psychological and Scientific
functions of perception, wherein an Methods, Vol. 6, No. 2 (January 21,
individual assigns the cause of an event to 1909)
one or a few factors among the several www.managementnotes.com
underplay. An important attribution that www.simplypsychology.com
people make about the behaviour of others www.verywellmind.com
is whether the behaviour is internally www.beapplied.com
caused by the person's nature or is www.psychologydiscussion.com
externally caused by circumstances. www.iedunote.com
www.wisdomjobs.com
Individuals also make attributions about
www.economicsdiscussion.net
tasks, i.e., assign causes to success and
failure, both of which have significant
ramifications for organizational
behaviour.
Understanding perception is an
extremely important part of studying
organizational behaviour as it has several
implications on the behaviour of
employees in an organization. Not only
does it affect an individual’s decisions,
but it is also important for but also helps

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