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Basic Science Yr9 WK7&8 Lesson Note

This document discusses electrical circuits, including series and parallel circuits. It describes fuses and circuit breakers as safety devices in circuits. It also discusses meter reading and billing of electricity usage measured in kilowatt-hours. The rest of the document defines elements and compounds, discusses the periodic table and properties of elements like metals and non-metals. It provides examples of common elements and their valencies or oxidation states. Finally, it distinguishes between elements, compounds and mixtures.

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264 views

Basic Science Yr9 WK7&8 Lesson Note

This document discusses electrical circuits, including series and parallel circuits. It describes fuses and circuit breakers as safety devices in circuits. It also discusses meter reading and billing of electricity usage measured in kilowatt-hours. The rest of the document defines elements and compounds, discusses the periodic table and properties of elements like metals and non-metals. It provides examples of common elements and their valencies or oxidation states. Finally, it distinguishes between elements, compounds and mixtures.

Uploaded by

Pearl Pharee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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…Continuation of Electrical Energy

Electric Circuits

Electric circuit is a diagram representing the pathway of electric current when


some electrical materials are connected together.

Symbols of electrical materials in a circuit

A. Circuits in series

This is the type of electric circuit where all the electrical components are
connected along a single path, so the same current flows through all of the
components. A. Circuits in series

This is the type of electric circuit where all the electrical components are
connected along a single path, so the same current flows through all of the
components. 

B. Circuits in parallel
This is the type of electric circuit where all the electrical components are
connected along multiple paths, so the same voltage is applied to each
component.

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

A fuse is a small, thin conductor designed to melt and separate into two pieces
for the purpose of breaking a circuit in the event of excessive current. It is
made up of a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows
through it, thereby interrupting the current.

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to


protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent, typically
resulting from an overload. It has an internal switch mechanism that is tripped
by an unsafe surge of electricity.

Meter reading and Billing

Electricity supply to home is consumed in form of electric energy. Electric


energy consumed is calculated in Kw/h (kilowatt per hour).

Cost of electricity = electric energy consumed x time of consumption x cost of


1kwh

A New Topic

ELEMENTS
An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler units by an
ordinary chemical process. There are over one hundred known elements.

Symbols of elements

There are three ways in which symbols of elements are derived:

1. From the first letter of the name of the element.

Element Symbol
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Iodine I
Fluorine F
Nitrogen N
Sulphur S
Carbon C
Phosphorus P

2. The first letter written in capital letter and one other letter from its
name written in small letter.

Element Symbol
Chlorine Cl
Bromine Br
Calcium Ca
Aluminum Al
Magnesium Mg
Beryllium Be
Helium He
Neon Ne
Lithium L

3. The symbols of some elements are derived from their Latin names

Element Latin name Symbol


Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg
Sodium Natrium Na
Iron Ferrum Fe
Copper Cuprum Cu
Silver Argentum Ag
Tin Stannum Sn
Gold Aurum Au
Potassium Kalium K
Lead Plumbum Pb

First 20 elements of the Periodic Table

Element Symbol Atomic Number


Hydrogen H 1
Helium He 2
Lithium Li 3
Berrylium Be 4
Boron B 5
Carbon C 6
Nitrogen N 7
Oxygen O 8
Fluorine F 9
Neon Ne 10
Sodium Na 11
Magnesium Mg 12
Aluminium Al 13
Silicon Si 14
Phosphorus P 15
Sulphur S 16
Chlorine Cl 17
Argon Ar 18
Potassium K 19
Calcium Ca 20

Classification of Elements
Elements can be classified into metals and non-metals. Examples of metals
include iron, zinc, tin, aluminium, copper, etc. Examples of non-metals
include chlorine, oxygen, carbon, sulphur, fluorine, hydrogen, etc. Some
elements possess both properties of metals and non-metals. They are
called metalloids; examples are silicon and germanium.

Differences between Metals and Non-metals


S/ Metals Non-metals
N
1 They are solids at room temperature They may be solids, liquids or
(except mercury) gases
2 They are good conductors of They are poor conductors of
electricity electricity
3 They are malleable and ductile They are brittle and not ductile
4 They have high density They have low density

Valency
Valency is the combining power of an element. It may also be defined as
the number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with or replace one atom
of that element.
Valencies have either positive or negative values showing whether
electrons are gained or lost. If an element gains electrons, its value is
negative. If an element looses or gives out electrons, its value is positive.
Generally, metals have positive valencies, while non-metals have negative
valencies. Valency is also called oxidation number.

Common elements and their valencies

Element Symbol Valency


Aluminium Al +3
Calcium Ca +2
Chlorine Cl -1
Sulphur S -2, -4 or -6
Sodium Na +1
Magnesium Mg +2
Copper Cu +1 or +2
Carbon C -2 or -4
Barium Ba +2
Silver Ag +1
Iron Fe +2 or +3

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances. The smallest part of an element that can exist is an atom.
Each element is represented by a symbol.

A compound is a substance made when two or more elements are


chemically bonded together. Water is a compound made from one oxygen
atom and two hydrogen atoms. Its formula is H ₂O. Other examples of
compounds are sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium chloride (HCl), etc.
A mixture is a substance consisting of two or more substances not
chemically combined together. Examples are crude oil, ink, gun powder, air,
etc. A mixture can be of elements, mixtures of compounds or mixtures
containing both.

Assignment
Memorize the first 20 elements of the periodic table

This YouTube video might be helpful. https://youtu.be/rz4Dd1I_fX0


Please watch

See you in class

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