B

² UNIT 1—Introduction to AI
² UNIT 2—AI Project Cycle
² UNIT 3—Neural Network
² UNIT 4—Introduction to Python
Unit

1
Introduction to
AI

Introduction
What is Intelligence?
What is Intelligence made of?
Types of Intelligence
Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Why We Need Artificial Intelligence?
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Real Life Applications of Research Areas
History of Application of AI Artificial Intelligence
Three Domain of AI
Software Related to AI
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Task Classification of AI
Threats to AI
149
150 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the current scenario, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new term that covers a broad range of domains
and applications these days and is expected to impact every field in the future. Artificial intelligence
is gaining the spotlight across applications in our personal and professional lives. We need to take
charge of preparing ourselves and our students for the future where devices will be inbuilt with the
capabilities of a human mind.

1.2 WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

Intelligence is the ability to think, calculate, reason and learn from experience, to solve problems
and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence can also perceive relationships, learn from past experience,
store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, evaluate complex ideas, use natural
language, categorize, simplify, and adjust new situations.

1.3 WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE MADE OF?

The intelligence is difficult to define and measure. Intelligence is intangible so it varies from person
to person. Intelligence is different for different person and different situations. Intelligence cannot
be directly observed,
touched, or measured in
physical terms. However,
we can still say that it is
composed of:
xReasoning
xLearning
xProblem solving
xPerception
xLinguistic intelligence
Let us go through all the components briefly:
x Reasoning—It is the set of processes that help us in providing a base for judging, making
decisions, and predicting behaviour.
x Learning—It is the act of gaining knowledge or skill by either studying the mechanism or
by practicing a skill or being taught a concept or experiencing something around. Learning
increases the awareness of the subjects to be studied.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.
Learning is of various types like Auditory Learning (through listening and hearing),
Episodic Learning (through some sequences of events), Motor Learning (through
movement of muscles), Observational Learning (through watching others), Perceptual
Learning (through sensory experience), Relational Learning (through relationship or
relational properties), Spatial Learning (through visual stimuli) and Stimulus-Response
Learning (through a particular behaviour).
x Problem Solving—It is the process in which one perceives and tries to find a solution of a
current situation by following some path. Problem solving also involves decision-making,
where in one finds the best solution of a given problem among the various alternatives
available.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 151
x Perception—It is the process of acquiring, analysing, interpreting, selecting, and organizing
sensory information. Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is derived from
sensory organs. In terms of artificial intelligent, perception mechanism puts the data derived
from sensory organs in an organized manner.
x Linguistic Intelligence—It is one’s ability to use, understand, evaluate, speak, and write
the verbal and written language. It is an important part of communication.

1.4 TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence is of many kinds depending upon the proficiency a person has. Howard Gardner,
an American developmental psychologist describe ‘Intelligence’ in multifold as:
1. Linguistic intelligence—The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of
phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning). Examples of
Linguistic intelligence are: Narrators, Orators.
2. Musical intelligence—The ability to create, communicate with, and understand meanings
made of sound, understanding of pitch, rhythm. Example of Musical intelligence are:
Musicians, Singers, Composers.
3. Logical-mathematical intelligence—The ability of use and understand complex,abstract
ideas and relationships in the absence of action or objects. Example of Logical-mathematical
intelligence are: Mathematicians, Scientists.
4. Spatial intelligence—The ability to perceive visual or spatial information, change it, and
re-create visual images, construct 3D images, and to move and rotate images. Examples of
Spatial intelligence are: Map readers, Astronauts, Physicists.
5. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence—The ability to use complete or part of the body to
solve problems and control the fine and coarse motor skills. Example of Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence are: Players, Dancers.
6. Intra-personal intelligence—The ability to distinguish among one’s own emotions,
intentions, and motivations. Examples of Intra-personal intelligence are: the people like
Gautam Buddha.
7. Interpersonal intelligence—The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other
people’s feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Examples of Interpersonal intelligence are: Mass
Communicators, Interviewers.
A machine is said to be artificially intelligent, if it has any of the intelligence discussed above.
To understand this, we need to finds the difference between natural/human and artificial/machine
intelligence.

1.5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMAN AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE

Human Intelligence Machine Intelligence

1. Humans perceive by patterns The machines perceive by set of rules and data.
2. Humans store and recall information Machines has memory that can store and recall
by patterns. For example, the number the information by searching algorithms.
40404040 is easy to remember, store,
and recall as its pattern is simple.
3. Humans can figure out the complete The machines finds it difficult to complete or
object even if some part of it is figure out the missing part of an object and
missing or distorted. cannot do it correctly.
152 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
Important Term Related to AI
Reasoning—It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement, making
decisions, and prediction. They are broadly oftwo types:
Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
It conducts specific observations to makes It starts with a general statement and examines
broad general statements. the possibilities to reach a specific and logical
conclusion.
Example: “Ram is a teacher. Ram is studious. Example: “All women of age above 60 years
Therefore, All teachers are studious.” are grandmothers. Sita is 65 years. Therefore,
Sita is a grandmother.”

1.6 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

In today’s world, technology is growing very fast and we are heading towards one of the booming
technologies of computer science which is identified as ‘Artificial Intelligence’. Artificial
Intelligence is nothing but making a machine that is as intelligent as a human being. The Artificial
Intelligence these days is growing around us at a very fast pace. It is currently working in many
areas, ranging from general to specific, such as displaying our shopping habits, self-driving cars,
playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.
Our future lies in AI that can make a machine to work as a human. When a machine displays
attributes like learning, reasoning and solving problems based on the situation or the environment
around, the machine is based on Artificial intelligence.

1.7 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Artificial Intelligence is made up of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial means
“man-made,” and intelligence means “ability to understand and think”, hence AI means “a man-
made ability to understand and think.”
So, we can define AI as:
“It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
act like a human, think and reason like humans, and able to make decisions like humans.”
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can respond like a human displaying the skill
of learning, reasoning, and solving problems. Artificial Intelligence is creating a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence and that is what makes AI unique
in itself.

1.8 WHY WE NEED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Human Beings were responsible for giving every direction to machines in the past. Artificial
Intelligence means equipping machines with the power to make its own decision like human beings.
How to give them power? We can do that with the help of machine learning.
Just like human beings store the information in their brain and learn from its patterns, the scientists
have also been able to use the stored machine information to make machines learn from them.
For instance, human beings know that fishes swim on the water by storing “fish” in their brain
and watching them float on the water over and over again. Likewise, machines can also do the
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 153
same by analysing the patterns from their stored information (Machine Learning) and coming out
with the conclusion to make decisions like human beings (Artificial Intelligence).
Artificial Intelligence is an approach or skill that can make a computer, a robot, or a product to
think how similarly like a human. AI is a study of how human brain think, learn, decide and work,
while trying to solve a problems. And later this study gives outputs as intelligent software systems.
The aim of AI is to improve computer functions which are related to the knowledge of humans, for
example, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.
The long-term goals of the general intelligence sector are to do research in the field of AI related
to reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, realization,
and ability to move and manipulate objects.
Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI
and why should we learn it. Let us understand some main reasons that shows the importance of AI:
x With the help of AI, we can create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems easily and with utmost accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues,
etc.
x With the help of AI, we can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.
x With the help of AI, we can build such Robots which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk like freezing zones, political boundaries, risky terrain, etc.
Thus we can say that AI opens a new path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities for human being.

ACTIVITY–1
Title: Excite Approach: Guess and Win
Demonstration: Students will play a games that involve the logic behind AI technology. One
student who is the head will think of any real life object and will ask the other students to guess
its name based on the features which he/she will ask.
The students will guess the name of the real life object based on the features.
For example :
Group 1 : Head : This real life object is a fruit which is citrus in nature.
............. Student 1 : Is it Orange ?
............. Head : NO, It is not round. The second clue is that it has seeds
............. Student 2: Is it pomegranate ?
............. In this way the students become aware of how a machine will identify a real life object?
Objectives
1. Students get their first experience of Artificial Intelligence. How AI devices can identify the
real life objects and portray them through its features.
2. Gain the habit of solving problems by practicing critical thinking and self-directed learning.
3. To discover more about themselves and the real world around.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe application of AI in their daily lives especially in the field of identification.
2. Identify the use of identifying face through pictures.
154 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th

Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Face through pictures

Watch Videos
1. https://youtu.be/Cgxsv1riJhI
2. https://youtu.be/tlC2O9T9jks

)QCNUQH#TVKſEKCN+PVGNNKIGPEG
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Imitate human intelligence
2. Solve tasks based on knowledge
3. An intelligent connection of observation and action
4. Building a machine or a device which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
such as:
x Proving a theorem
x Playing chess
x Plan some surgical operation
x Driving a car in traffic
x Interpreting your language
5. Creating some system which can demonstrate intelligent behaviour, learn new things by
itself, show, explain, and can advise to its user.

1.9 WHAT COMPRISES TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Though Artificial Intelligence is a part of computer sciences but it is very vast and requires many
other factors including the environment and its agent. To induce AI, we first need to know that what
factors or things build intelligence in a human being. Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain
which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving observation, language
understanding, etc.
To incorporate the above factors in a machine, Artificial Intelligence requires the following
discipline:
x Mathematics x Biology x Psychology
x Sociology x Computer Science x Neurons Study
x Statistics

1.10 ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Some of the advantages of Artificial Intelligence are as follows:
 x AI machines have high accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems have high
accuracy since it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information. This is why such
systems or machine gives output with less errors.
 x AI machines have high-speed: AI systems have high-speed and makes fast-decision. An
example of this can be seen through the machine that was able to beat a chess champion
in the Chess game.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 155
 x AI machines has high reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with accuracy.
 x AI machines are best suited for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations
where employing humans can be risky such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor,
keeping an eye on the international border of a country, etc.
 x AI machines can give digital assistant: AI machines can give digital assistant to the
users like it is doing in the field of E-commerce websites for showing the products as per
customer requirement.
 x AI machines can be useful as a public utility: AI machines can be very useful as
public utilities such as a self-driving car for making our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the
human in human-language, etc.

1.11 DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Every new technology emerges because of some advantages but at the same time it can have some
disadvantages too. Artificial Intelligence has following disadvantages:
 x AI machines are high in cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI machines
is quite high. The high cost also includes the maintenance cost of the AI machines.
 x AI machines can’t think out of the box: With the emergence of AI Technology, the
machines can do the task as per the instruction and algorithm given but still they cannot
think or work out of the box e.g., a robot will only do that work for which they are trained,
or programmed.
 x AI machines have no feelings and emotions: AI machines can only work on the
instructions and algorithm given. These machines cannot feel or react so it cannot make
any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may even harm the users if proper care
is not taken.
 x AI machines increase human dependency on machines: AI is a new technology but
it has made humans more dependent on the machines or devices and as a result humans
are losing their mental capabilities.
 x AI machines does not have original creativity: God has blessed humans with
intelligence and creativity so humans created the AI machines but on the contrary the AI
machines does not have their own intelligence and so they cannot beat the power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

+ORQTVCPV6GTO4GNCVGFVQ#+
Speech and Voice Recognition
Speech and Voice Recognition are common terms in robotics, expert systems and natural
language processing. Though these terms are used interchangeably, their objectives are different.
Speech Recognition Voice Recognition
1. The speech recognition aims at under- The objective of voice recognition is to recognize
standing and grasp ‘WHAT’ was spoken. ‘WHO’ is speaking.
2. It is used in hand-free computing, map, It is used to identify a person by analyzing its
or menu navigation. tone, voice pitch, and accent, etc.
3. Machine does not need training for speech Voice recognition system needs training as it is
recognition as it is not speaker dependent. person oriented.
156 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
1.12 REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH AREAS
The domain of artificial intelligence is large and widespread. The broadly common and prospering
research areas in the domain of AI are as follows:
Sr.No. Research Areas
1. Expert Systems : Related to those devices that can be trained for working
as humans. Examples: Flight-tracking systems, Clinical systems.
2. Natural Language Processing: Related to those devices that use human
language for operating.
Examples: Google Now feature, speech recognition, Automatic voice output.
3. Neural Networks: Related to those devices that work the way human brain
neurons work.
Examples: Pattern recognition systems such as face recognition, character recognition,
handwriting recognition.
4. Robotics: Related to those devices that are programmed to do a task in
a factory or industry.
Examples: Industrial robots for moving, spraying, painting, precision checking, drilling,
cleaning, coating, carving, etc.
5. Fuzzy Logic Systems: Related to those devices that are based on human
reasoning.
Examples: Consumer electronics, automobiles, etc.

1.13 APPLICATION OF AI
AI or Artificial Intelligence can be understood as simulating human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems. These processes include learning, reasoning and self-correction.
AI was coined by John McCarthy, an American computer scientist, in 1956 at ‘the Dartmouth
Conference’. This term that explains everything from robotic process automation to actual
robotics. AI can perform tasks like identifying patterns using data more effectively than the humans,
enabling deeper view of business prospects, analyzing large data for mapping poverty and climate
change, automate agricultural practices and irrigation, individualize healthcare and learning, predict
consumption patterns, evaluate energy-usage and waste-management.
AI is making our daily life more comfortable and easy and that is why Artificial Intelligence has
various applications in today’s world like solving complex problems in an efficient way in many
industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. Following are some sectors
which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can
be useful in understanding our entire universe and how it works. This implementation could better
explain the mankind about the origin of our galaxies and other milky way.
2. Healthcare
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster medical diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when the condition of patients are deteriorating
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 157
so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization. The AI-based applications are
useful in understanding medical data and drawing conclusion about the medical health of humans.
These applications are applied in diagnosis and treatment, drug development, prescribing medicine,
and patient monitoring and care.
3. Gaming
The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a
large number of possible places. Many 3D and online games based on AI are also being played
which has made games, an industry, these days.
4. Finance
The finance industry is implementing automation, ChatBot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm
trading, and machine learning into financial processes. Many major banks across the world have
implemented these emerging technologies for automation and as powerful tools for their effective
operations. The implementation of the AI in the banking helped in the payment efforts and reduced
complex process through simple ChatBots conversation to continue the operations without any
hassles. Some banks are also using AI technology in the field of an intelligent virtual assistant to
improve their customer services where as some of them are using this to prevent fraud and monitor
potential threats to customers in commerce.
5. Data Security
The security of data is very important for every company especially since cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make the data more safe and secure.
Some examples of AI technology are shown in the field of security by AEG bot, AI2 Platform which
can determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and SnapChat contain billions of user profiles,
which are stored and managed in a very efficient way through the AI Technique. AI can organize,
evaluate and manage massive amounts of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag and requirement
of different users.
7. Travel and Transport
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-enabled
ChatBots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their customers for better
performance. One of the famous examples of AI in automation industry is TeslaBot, an intelligent
virtual assistant introduced by Tesla. Various Automotive Industries are also currently working on
developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
9. Robotics
Artificial Intelligence has a major role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such
that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots
which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed. Humanoid Robots
are best examples for AI in robotics. Recently, the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and
Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
158 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
10. Entertainment
In the field of entertainment, we are currently using some AI based applications in our daily
life such as Netflix or Amazon Prime. With the help of machine learning algorithms, these services
show the recommendations for programs or shows depending on your search history.
11. Agriculture
Agriculture is now becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI
as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very
helpful for farmers. Agriculture is one of the core sectors and we have been modifying the cultivation
process to yield more from it. The technologies like AI and IoT (Internet of Things) will be very useful
in understanding a timely planting, getting predictions, using fertilizers, harvesting and the climate.
12. E-commerce
AI is helping shoppers to find related products with recommended size, colour, or brand. Major
e-commerce companies have been using advanced technologies like AI or machine learning by using
the AI as ChatBots, AI assistants, smart logistics, using algorithms to predict and analyze customers’
behaviours. The ultimate aim is to reduce shipping costs. Machine learning helps companies in
demand forecasting, product search ranking, product and deals recommendations, merchandising
placements, fraud detection, translations and many more.
13. Education
AI can automate grading so that the teacher can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant. AI in the future can act as a personal virtual
tutor for students, who will be accessible easily at any time and any place. AI or machine learning
is making our education system smarter. AI and collaborative virtual networks are used to make a
perfect learning environment for students as well as teachers also.

ACTIVITY–2
Title: Excite Approach: Emoji Scavenger Hunt
Demonstration: Emoji Scavenger Hunt is a browser-based game built with machine learning
that uses your phone’s camera and a neural network (brain network) to try and guess what it’s
viewing.
Objectives
1. Students will understand the logic behind the Artificial Intelligence application and will become
excited about learning the technology behind it.
2. Gain the knowledge emoticons in real life.
3. To discover more about themselves and their knowledge about identifying emoticons.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe application and uses of AI in daily life.
2. Identify the use of AI in facial expression.
Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Facial expression.
Watch videos
1. https://youtu.be/jr3q_9pJBr8
2. https://youtu.be/pNm5OgeT7K8
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 159
1.14 HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence is not a new word nor a new technology for researchers. This technology is
much older than you would imagine. There are many myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek
and Egyptian Myths. Following are the milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey
from the AI generation to till date development.

'XQNWVKQPQHVJG#TVKſEKCN+PVGNNKIGPEG%QPEGRV

In 1923, Karel Capek play named “Rossum’s Universal Robots” (RUR) which was shown in
London. The word “robot” was first used in English, but the evolution started from 1943 onwards.
Year Development
1943 The first development in the field of AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter
pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons similar to human brain
neurons.
1949 Donald Hebb demonstrated Hebbian learning, an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons.
1950 Alan Turing publishes “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour
equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.

$KTVJQH#TVKſEKCN+PVGNNKIGPEG

Year Development
1955 An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the “first artificial intelligence
program” which was named as “Logic Theorist”. This program proved 38 of 52
Mathematics theorems.
1956 The word “Artificial Intelligence” was first coined by American Computer scientist
John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference.
160 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
'CTN[;GCTUQH#+

Year Development
1966 The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical
problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named
as ELIZA.
1972 The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as
WABOT-1.
The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was known as the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from
government for AI researches.

2TGFGXGNQROGPV5VCIGQH#+

Year Development
1980 AI came back with “Expert System” after the AI winter duration. Expert systems
were programmed that displayed the decision-making ability of a human expert. In
the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration. This time
also Investors and government stopped funding for AI research due to high cost.

#TTKXCNQH+PVGNNKIGPV#IGPVU

Year Development
1997 In the year 1997, IBM machine Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov.
2002 AI became a part of home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
2006 AI became a part of business and social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and
Netflix.

#TTKXCNQH&GGR.GCTPKPIKP#+
VKNNPQY
Year Development
2011 In the year 2011, IBM’s Watson won ‘jeopardy’, a quiz show, which had the complex
questions and riddles. IBM Watson proved that it can understand natural language
and can solve complex problems.
2012 Google launched an Android app feature “Google now”, which could provide the
information to the user as a prediction.
2014 In the year 2014, Chatbot “Eugene Goostman” won a competition in the infamous
“Turing test”.
2018 The “Project Debater” from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters
and performed well.
Google has demonstrated an AI program “Duplex” which was a virtual assistant and which
had taken hair-dresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn’t notice that she was talking
with the machine.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 161
AI has made development to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and
data science are now latest trends in AI like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook,
IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating new devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence
is quite promising and we see a very bright future ahead.

1.15 THREE DOMAINS OF AI

In AI, we use computer but in a different sense. Normally when we use computer, we give input and
then process it and then we get the output but in AI, we feed data into the computer then analyse
that data and gives out the prediction. For performing this mechanism of AI, we need to discuss
the domains of AI. The three domains of artificial intelligence are:
1. Data
2. Computer Vision
3. Natural Language Processing.
Data can be in any form. It can be in the form of numerical facts or in the form of images or
audio, voice or music. If the data is in the visual form like images or video, then it is related to
computer vision. If the data is in the form of voice or audio or music, it is related to natural language
processing.
Computer Vision is when we process graphics and video to recognize some pattern or trend.
For example, when we watch a CCTV footage and try to match the criminal face for finding the
culprit then it is AI using computer vision.
Natural Language Processing is when we try to understand the language spoken by the user
for communication purpose then it is AI using natural language.
AI needs only data. The more the data, the better will be the analysis done and more accurate
will be the predictions. Thus AI require large amount of data for predicting the output. Here output
does not mean traditional computer output rather data is analyzed to find the latest trends and
patterns using the data.

1.16 SOFTWARE RELATED TO AI

#RRUVQ7PFGTUVCPF#+CPF/CEJKPG.GCTPKPI
There are some of the apps to help your children get an in-depth understanding of AI and machine
learning. These are as follows:
 x Pika: Pika is an entertaining camera app for kids. It allows kids to photograph colours and
make robots learn about the colours.
 x Machine Learning for Kids: This app provides parents with scratch and spreadsheets.
The parents can track the progress of their kids via this app. The kids can also train machines
via image selection or by using scratch.
 x Dalton Learning Lab: This application offers numerous tools to help parents with AI and
machine learning. The Scratch option is free for parents, and there is no need to either
register or make an account on this website.
162 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
 x Kano Computing: Kano Computing enables kids to develop their version of computers.
Then, they need to program that computer for the completion of tasks. The guide is available
for helping kids with the learning process.
 x VIPER: Wonderville introduced a game, Viper, to make machine learning interesting for
kids. In this game, the kids program a robot for exploring Europe.
 x Azure Machine Learning: This cloud-based service provides tools for organizing predictive
models as analytic solutions. It can also be used to test machine learning models, run
algorithms, and create recommender systems.
 x Caffe: It is an open-source framework for deep learning that supports various types of
software architectures that were designed with image segmentation and image classification
in mind.
 x CNTK: CNTK (Computational Network Toolkit) is a deep learning toolkit developed by
Microsoft that “describes neural networks as a series of computational steps via
a directed graph.”
 x IBM Watson: IBM Watson is called a “question answering machine.” It uses analytical
powers and artificial intelligence to replicate human-like abilities to respond to questions.
 x Pybrain: PyBrain is an open-source, modular machine learning library. A completely
Python-based framework, PyBrain aims to be a tool that can be used by developers ranging
from students who are just beginning to explore the world of Python, as well as computer
science researchers in the world of deep learning and neural networks.
 x Scikit-Learn: Scikit-learn is an open-source machine learning framework for Python that
is useful for data mining, data analysis, and data visualization.
 x Swift AI: Swift AI is a deep learning and neural network library for Swift, with support
for Mac machines. This library is made up of various tools that allow developers to create
neural networks, create deep learning algorithms, and work with signal processing.
 x Tensorflow: It is originally developed by members of Google’s Machine Intelligence research
division to conduct deep learning neural networks and machine learning research along
with numerical computing.

About AI
Machine learning is an artificial intelligence technique, that is newly developed by creating
new algorithms which imitate or support human behaviour or decision-making capabilities like
Apple’s Siri, or the email servers which eliminate junk or spam emails. Before talking about the
facts of AI, Let us watch some videos to understand ‘What is Artificial intelligence?’

9CVEJ8KFGQU
1. https://youtu.be/kWmX3pd1f10
2. https://youtu.be/2ePf9rue1Ao
3. https://youtu.be/Bg_tJvCA8zw
4. https://youtu.be/S5t6K9iwcdw
5. https://youtu.be/WSbgixdC9g8
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 163
+PVGTGUVKPI(CEVUQH#+
1. Google’s AI-Powered Predictions: Using unknown location data from smartphones, Google
Maps (Maps) can analyze the speed of movement of traffic at any given time. And, with its
acquisition of crowd sourced traffic app Waze in 2013, Maps can more easily incorporate
user-reported traffic incidents like construction and accidents. Check the Waze app on
https://youtu.be/66jehpnKoUA. (Waze is a community driven GPS navigation app).
2. With Machine learning and language recognition, it is expected that 85% of telephonic
customer service jobs will be performed by computers and will not need human interaction
in future.
3. It is a fact that with increased intelligence and ability to perform tasks with accuracy, it is
predicted that over the next few years around three million workers will be reporting to
or will be supervised by “Robot-bosses”.
4. Sony created a robotic dog called Aibo. It is one of its first toys that could be bought and
played with. It could express emotions and could also recognise its owner.
5. IBM has created a supercomputer based on AI, called Watson. Watson could understand
questions in most of the common languages and has the ability to attend to the questions
in real time.
6. Autonomous vehicles will be in market soon. The knight rider can become a reality
in the next 2-3 years or less. These cars are based on the artificial intelligence that can
recognise the driving conditions and adapt the behaviour. These cars are under testing
and make be launched soon.
7. Researchers at the University of Stanford have built a machine learning algorithm that
can predict your death with 90% accuracy.
8. Nautilus, a self-learning supercomputer can foretell your future. This is the same robot
that located Osama Bin Laden and gained popularity. It can make predictions from the
information provided to him.
9. A new methodology has been developed by roboticists that can create an image of your
thoughts using an FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scanner. The AI is
designed to construct an image from your brain and compare it with other pictures,
received from volunteers.
10. Sophia, a lifelike humanoid has gained guaranteed citizenship of Saudi Arabia. She
was created by Dr. David Hanson, founder of Hanson Robotics. Sophia uses artificial
intelligence, visual data processing and facial recognition. Sophia also imitates human
gestures, facial expressions, answer certain questions and can make simple conversations
on predefined topics.

1.17 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is divided into two categories, out of which one is based on capabilities and
other one is based on functionally of AI. We can understand this division using the following flow
diagram:
164 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
#+6[RG$CUGFQP%CRCDKNKVKGU
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI
x Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a particular task with intelligence where
limited part of mind is involved. The AI which is common and currently available is the
Narrow AI. Narrow AI can only perform within its boundary, as it is only trained for one
specific task. This is the reason Narrow AI is also known as Weak AI. Narrow AI is bounded
within the limit.
x Apple Siri, Cortana, and Google Assistant are all examples of narrow AI, but they operate
within a limited pre-defined range of functions.
x IBM’s Watson supercomputer is also an example of Narrow AI as it uses an Expert system
approach together with Machine learning and natural language processing.
x Some more examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on
e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition where a
predefined task is associated with each feature.
2. General AI
x General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intelligent task with efficiency
like a human.
x The concept behind the general AI is to make such devices or system which can act and
think smartly like a human on its own.
x Till now we have no such system which can actually be called an example of general AI and
can act or behave like a human. The system with general AI are still going through under
research work, and it will take lots of efforts and time to develop such systems as this would
be a major step towards AI.
3. Super AI
x Super AI is that type of Intelligence where devices or systems will behave in more intelligent
manner than humans or we can say that AI machines will beat human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than human with cognitive thinking.
x The characteristics of strong AI will include the ability to think, reason, solve the puzzle,
make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own. In other way we can say that
a machine having the brain of human but performing better in all the cognitive properties.
xSuper AI is still an imaginary concept of Artificial Intelligence as designing such system is
much beyond out-of-box task.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 165
#TVKſEKCN+PVGNNKIGPEG6[RG$CUGFQP(WPEVKQPCNKV[
1. Reactive Machines
Reactive machines are the basic types of Artificial Intelligence. These AI systems do not store
memories or past experiences for future actions. These machines only focus on present scenarios
and react on it as per best possible action available.
IBM’s Deep Blue system and Google’s AlphaGo is an example of reactive machines.
Reactive machines became famous with Deep Blue that was created to play chess against a
human competitor with the perception that it will defeat the competitor. Deep Blue defeated Gary
Kasparov (world chess champion). Deep Blue was programmed such that it can identify a chess
board and its pieces and the moves each piece can do. Deep Blue was able to make predictions that
“which moves it should make and what moves its opponent might make.” This prediction
helped him select, move and win.
2. Limited Memory
Limited memory is made up of machine learning models that develop knowledge from
previously-learned information, stored data, or events. Unlike reactive machines, limited memory
learns from the past by observing actions or data fed to them. These machines can store past
experiences or some data for a limited period of time only.
Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate
the road and travel as per the route, direction and traffic they find currently.
3. Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI can make a machine understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and
be able to interact socially like humans. Such type of machines are yet to be developed and so
researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for making such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
x Self-awareness AI will be the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, feelings, emotions, and self-awareness.
These machines will be ahead of human intelligence. Self-Awareness AI is an concept and
does not exist in reality.

ACTIVITY–3
Title: Relate Approach: Become a chatbot
Demonstration: Students will play a games that involve AI technology and computer
applications. The students will be divided into groups of 5 student each and then one of them
will act as a machine like a chatbot. The other students will act as a user and will ask questions.
For example:
Group 1: User 1 : Hello
Chatbot user : hi, how can I help you ?
User 2 : I am looking for a flight ticket.
Chatbot user : Can You please specify the date and place?
The chatbot replies on the basis of interpretation of the keywords. (Like in line no 3 : Looking,
flight ticket are keywords)
166 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th

Objectives
1. Students get their first taste of what problems Artificial Intelligence can solve and become
excited about learning the technology behind it.
2. Gain the habit of solving problems by practicing critical thinking and self-directed learning.
3. To discover more about themselves and their friends.

Learning Outcomes
1. Describe application of AI in their daily lives that uses chatbot.
2. Identify the use of natural language processing

Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Natural language processing

Watch Videos
1. https://youtu.be/TL1XjHTBLKI
2. https://youtu.be/byXa6tIgyKY

1.18 TASK CLASSIFICATION OF AI

The domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, mundane tasks, and Expert tasks.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 167
6CUM&QOCKPUQH#TVKſEKCN+PVGNNKIGPEG
Mundane (Ordinary) tasks Formal tasks Expert tasks
x Based on common sense, x Based on verification x Based on Financial
reasoning and planning and theorem proving analysis, Medical
diagnosis, Scientific
analysis and
creativity
Perception·
x Computer vision x Mathematics x Engineering
x Speech, voice x Geometry x Fault/ Error finding
  x Logic x Manufacturing
x Integration and x Monitoring
differentiation
Natural Language Processing Games
x Understanding x Go
x Language Generation x Chess (Deep Blue)
x Language Translation x Checkers·
Robotics·
x Locomotive
Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception, speaking,
using language, and locomotives. The brain develops with age and so does the cognitive capabilities
and this is why the ordinary tasks are normally done through observation. The humans learn Formal
Tasks and Expert Tasks later, in that order.
For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. But since the machine cannot observe, so
these ordinary task are not easy for machines. Later, it was concluded that the machine requires more
knowledge, complex knowledge representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane
tasks. This is the reason why AI work is more successful in the Expert Tasks domain now,
as the expert task domain needs expert knowledge without observation or common sense, which
can be easier to represent and handle.
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. Here the agent is anything that
can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
For example :
x A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel to
the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.
x A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and various
motors and actuators* for effectors**.
x A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.
The environment on the other hand can sometimes be entirely artificial that can be confined
to keyboard input, database, computer file systems and character output on a screen.
The most famous artificial environment is the Turing Test environment, in which one real
and other artificial agents are tested on same grounds.
*actuator is the actual mechanism that enables the effector to execute an action like electric motors, pneumatic
cylinders.
** effector is any device that affects the environment.
168 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th

ACTIVITY–4
Title: Relate Approach: Story writing
Demonstration: Students will play a games that will relate how a machine can understand the
words we speak. The students will be asked to write the synonyms of the words given by the
teacher. The teacher will then ask the students to write a story using these synonyms.
For example:
Teacher : forest
Student1: jungle, woods, woodland
Teacher : nature
Student : environment, scenery
Objectives
1. Students will understand the logic behind the Artificial Intelligence application and will become
excited about learning the technology behind it.
2. Gain the knowledge of using vocabulary for creating AI machines.
3. To discover more about themselves and their knowledge of language usage.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe application of AI that can help you on story writing.
2. Identify the use of English language for speaking.
Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Natural language processing
Watch Videos
1. https://youtu.be/Un2p5VUxPEU
2. https://youtu.be/dj3EvdOJXMc

6WTKPI6GUV
Turing test is a measure to find the success of the system built using Artificial Intelligence. In this
test, two persons and a machine are used to participate in the test for evaluation. Out of the two
persons, one plays the role of the tester. One person and the machine sits in different rooms. The
tester is unaware of who is machine and who is a human. He interrogates through the questions
by typing and sending them to both and in return it receives typed responses.
This test aims at fooling the tester. If the tester fails to determine machine’s response from the
human response, then the machine is said to be intelligent. Alan Turing introduced this test in 1950.

1.19 THREATS TO AI
AI is developing at a very fast speed which at times appear more magical. Some of the researchers
and developers think that AI can grow so strong that it might become difficult for humans to control it.
Humans developed AI systems by introducing all the possible intelligence they have experienced
but this process can make the machine more intelligent than humans and pose a threat to human
race. The various threat that we can face are:
1. Threat to Privacy
An AI program that recognizes speech and understands natural language is capable of
understanding each conversation on e-mails and telephones. This can create threat to privacy of
any individual.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 169
2. Threat to Human Dignity
AI systems are now being used in many industries at the place of humans. We should be careful
to decide that these machines should not replace people in the sectors where they are holding
dignified positions related to the ethics and morals of humans such as nursing, surgeon, judge,
police officer, etc.
3. Threat to Safety
The self-improving AI systems can be so strong that it could become difficult to stop these
machines from achieving their goals, which may lead to safety issues of the humans.

ACTIVITY–5
Title: Possibilities Approach: Theme-based research
Demonstration: Students will be allotted a theme around which they need to search for present
AI trends and have to visualize the future of AI in and around their respective theme given below:
For Example:
1. AI will make healthcare more accurate and less costly
2. Improved accuracy and efficiency of neural networks
3. The geopolitical implications of AI
4. IoT (Internet of things—discussed in detail in Unit 2) is all set to become the biggest driver
of artificial intelligence in the enterprise. IoT is network of internet connected objects that
can collect and exchange data.
Objectives
1. Students will understand the logic behind the Artificial Intelligence application and will
become excited about learning the technology behind it.
2. Gain the knowledge of using AI in latest trends.
3. To discover more about themselves and their knowledge about latest trends in AI.
Learning Outcomes
1. Discuss the various application areas of AI.
2. Identify the areas where we can use AI.
Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Using AI in all the fields
Watch Videos
1. https://youtu.be/tzopvUCTaRM
2. https://youtu.be/3BhkeY974Rg

ACTIVITY–6
Title: Possibilities Approach: Travelling Salesman Problem
Demonstration: In this algorithm, the objective is to find a low-cost tour that starts from a city,
visits all cities en-route exactly once and ends at the same starting city.
Start
Find out all (n-1)! Possible solutions, where n is the total number of cities.
Determine the minimum cost by finding out the cost of each of these (n-1)! solutions.
Finally, keep the one with the minimum cost.
170 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th

en

Objectives
1. Students will understand the logic behind the Artificial Intelligence application and will become
excited about learning the technology behind it.
2. Gain the knowledge of using AI In latest trends.
3. To discover more about themselves and their knowledge about latest trends in AI.
Learning Outcomes
1. Discuss the various application areas of AI.
2. Identify the areas where we can use AI.
Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Using AI in all the fields
Watch Videos
1. https://youtu.be/pglyY0O78Pc
2. https://youtu.be/BmsC6AEbkrw

5QOG(COQWU4QDQVU/CFG7UKPI#+
1. Sophia is a humanoid robot that has the capability of displaying human like expressions.
Her behavior is similar to a human and she can interact with other people as a human does.
She was made by Hong Kong based company Hanson Robotics. Sophia was activated
on February 14, 2016. She is able to display more than 60 facial expressions. On October
25, at the Future Investment Summit in Riyadh, the robot was granted Saudi Arabian
citizenship, becoming the first robot ever to have a nationality
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 171

2. Manav is India’s first humanoid robot which was developed in the laboratory of A-SET
Training and Research Institutes by Diwakar Vaish (Head of Robotics and Research,
A-SET Training and Research Institutes) in late December 2014. It debuted at the
IIT-Bombay Techfest 2014-15 in Mumbai. Manav stands at 2 feet tall and has a weight of
2 kilograms. It is equipped with onboard sound processing and visual processing so it can
respond to commands. The Robot was designed in a span of 2 months

3. Ranjit Srivastava developed the world’s first Hindi speaking realistic humanoid robot
named Rashmi. Rashmi, who can speak Hindi, Bhojpuri and Marathi along with English,
embodies linguistic interpretation, artificial intelligence, visual data and facial recognition
systems

List of Artificial Intelligent Machines

S.No. Name of the Robot URL Link

1. Hanson robotics sophia https://www.designboom.com/technology/sophia-

robot-citizenship-saudi-arabia-10-26-2017/

2. Mayfield robotics kuri https://www.designboom.com/technology/ces-2017-

kuri-robot-01-04-2017/
(Contd...)
172 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th

3. Sony aibo https://www.designboom.com/technology/sony-aibo-

robot-dog-11-02-2017/
4. Stanford university snake https://www.designboom.com/technology/stanford-
robot snake-robot-07-20-2017/
5. Festo octopusgripper https://www.designboom.com/technology/festo-
octopusgripper-03-20-2017/
6. Honda E2-DR https://www.designboom.com/technology/honda-e2-
dr-robot-iros-disaster-relief-10-04-2017/
7. Boston dynamics handle https://www.designboom.com/technology/boston-
dynamics-handle-robot-02-28-2017/
8. Piaggio gita cargo bot https://www.designboom.com/technology/piaggio-
gita-personal-cargo-bot-boston-01-31-2017/
9. Nasa puffer https://www.designboom.com/technology/nasa-puffer-
robot-03-21-2017/
10. Honda 3E robotics concept https://www.designboom.com/technology/honda-3e-
robotics-concept-ces-2018-08-12-2017/

#TVKſEKCN+PVGNNKIGPEG%QORCPKGUŌ#$TKGH+PVTQFWEVKQP
1. Apple Inc. in a multinational technology company headquartered in California that develops
and manufactures consumer electronics, online services, and software. Apple has acquired
several promising artificial intelligence startups. Some of which founding the basis of FaceID,
Apple’s facial recognition security system.
2. Amazon, the e-commerce Enterprose that offers cloud computing and AI software and
hardware services for both consumers and businesses.
3. Microsoft Corporation develops, manufactures and license computer hardware, software,
and consumer electronics, as well as provides various data protection and storage services.
Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
4. Google is a multinational technology and internet services company based in California.
Google is known for its leading search engine platform, advertising technologies, android
software, as well as cloud computing and machine learning.
5. Facebook is a social network and media service company based out of California. Launched
in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook continues to operate as one of the world’s largest
social media platforms along with developing cloud computing, virtual reality, machine
learning and other forms of AI software.
6. IBM (International Business Machines) is one of America’s oldest technology companies,
manufacturing device hardware, middleware, and software since 1911. IBM also provides
an array of hosting and consulting services in areas including nanotechnology, mainframe
computing, and predictive maintenance.
7. Intel develops software and manufactures hardware for the computing industry and the
inventor of the x86 chip series found in most personal computers.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 173
2QKPVUVQ4GOGODGT
1. Intelligence is the ability to think, calculate, reason and learn from experience, to solve
problems and to adapt to new situations.
2. Intelligence cannot be directly observed, touched, or measured in physical terms.
3. Reasoning is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement, making
decisions, and prediction.
4. Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can respond like a human displaying the
skill of learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
5. The long-term goals of the general intelligence sector are to do research in the field of
AI related to reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language
processing, realization, and ability to move and manipulate objects.
6. AI machines can be very useful as public utilities such as a self-driving car for making our
journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural language
processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
7. AI machines can only work on the instructions and algorithm given. These machines cannot
feel or react so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
even harm the users if proper care is not taken.
8. AI was coined by John McCarthy, an American computer scientist, in 1956 at The
Dartmouth Conference.
9. The first development in the field of AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in
1943.
10. The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1.
11. The three domains of artificial intelligence are: Data, Computer Vision and Natural language
processing.
12. Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a particular task with intelligence where
limited part of mind is involved.
13. General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intelligent task with efficiency
like a human.
14. Super AI is a that type of Intelligence where devices or systems will behave in more intelligent
manner than humans or we can say that AI machines will beat human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than human with cognitive thinking.
15. Reactive machines are the basic types of Artificial Intelligence. These AI systems do not
store memories or past experiences for future actions.
16. Limited memory is made up of machine learning models that develop knowledge from
previously-learned information, stored data, or events.
17. Theory of Mind AI can make a machine understand the human emotions, people, beliefs,
and be able to interact socially like humans.
18. Self-awareness AI will be the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, feelings, emotions, and self-awareness.
19. An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. Here the agent is anything that
can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through
effectors.
20. Turing test is a measure to find the success of the system built using Artificial intelligence.
In this test, two persons and a machine are used to participate in the test for evaluation.
174 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
#EVKXKV[6KOG
1. Draw your own emoji’s expressing a thought or an emotion in your practical file.
2. Watch the various videos given in the chapter and create a brief report on the topic “AI
-Boon or Bane for mankind”.

5QNXGF3WGUVKQPCPF#PUYGTU
1. What is Artificial Intelligence?
(a) Putting your intelligence into computer
(b) Programming with your own intelligence
(c) Making a machine intelligent
(d) Playing a game
Ans. (c) Making a machine intelligent
Explanation: Because AI is to make things work automatically through machine without
using human effort. Machine will give the result with just giving input from human. That
means the system or machine will act as per the requirement.
2. Strong Artificial Intelligence is __________
(a) the embodiment of human intellectual capabilities within a computer
(b) a set of computer programs that produce output that would be considered to reflect
intelligence if it were generated by humans
(c) the study of mental faculties through the use of mental models implemented on a
computer
(d) all of the mentioned
Ans. (a) the embodiment of human intellectual capabilities within a computer.
3. A certain Professor at the Stanford University coined the word ‘artificial intelligence’ in
1956 at a conference held at Dartmouth college. Can you name the Professor?
(a) David Levy (b) John McCarthy
(c) Joseph Weizenbaum (d) Hans Berliner
Ans. (b) John McCarthy
4. Who is the “Father” of Artificial Intelligence?
(a) Fisher Ada (b) John McCarthy
(c) Allen Newell (d) Alan Turning
Ans. (b) John McCarthy
5. What among the following is considered a pivotal event in the history of Artificial Intelligence?
(a) 1949, Donald O, The organization of Behaviour
(b) 1950, Computing Machinery and Intelligence
(c) 1956, Dartmouth University Conference Organized by John McCarthy
(d) 1961, Computer and Computer Sense
Ans. (c) 1956, Dartmouth University Conference Organized by John McCarthy.
,QWURGXFWLRQWR$, 175
6. What is Artificial Intelligence? Give an example of where AI is used on a daily
basis.
Ans. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that deals with the creation of
intelligent machines that can behave like human beings. i.e., “The capability of a machine
to imitate the intelligent human behaviour.”
Example : Google’s Search Engine is a famous AI Application. If you open up your chrome
browser and start typing something, Google immediately provides recommendations for
you to choose from. The logic behind the search engine is Artificial Intelligence.
7. What are the different types of AI based on functionality and capabilities ?
Ans. Based On Functionality, there are 4 types of AI:
x Reactive Machines AI: Based on present actions, it cannot use previous experiences
to form current decisions and simultaneously update their memory.
Example: Deep Blue.
x Limited Memory AI: Used in self-driving cars. They detect the movement of vehicles
around them constantly and add it to their memory.
x Theory of Mind AI: Advanced AI that has the ability to understand emotions, people
and other things in the real world.
x Self Aware AI: AIs that posses human-like consciousness and reactions. Such machines
have the ability to form self-driven actions.
Based On Capabilities, there are 3 types of AI:
x Narrow Artificial Intelligence : Also known as Weak AI. The weak AI can perform
the expert task like driving a vehicle or talking to a human. It is also used in building
virtual assistants like Siri.
x General Artificial Intelligence : Also known as General AI. General AI is when a
machine performs like a human being with all those emotions and behaviour.
x Super Artificial Intelligence : Also known as Super AI. AI that possesses the ability
to do everything more smartly than a human and can supersede humans. We are yet
to make such a machine.
8. Explain the assessment that is used to test the intelligence of a machine.
Ans. In artificial intelligence (AI), a Turing Test is a method of inquiry for determining whether
or not a computer is capable of thinking like a human being.
9. What is Turing test?
Ans. The Turing test is a method to test a machine’s ability to match the human-level intelligence.
A machine is used to challenge human intelligence, and when it passes the test it is considered
intelligent. Yet a machine could be viewed as intelligent without sufficiently knowing how
to mimic a human.
10. What is an expert system? What are the characteristics of an expert system?
Ans. An expert system is an Artificial Intelligence program that has expert-level knowledge about
a specific area and how to utilize its information to react appropriately. These systems have
the expertise to substitute a human expert. Their characteristics include:
x High performance
x Adequate response time
x Reliability
x Understandability
176 $UWLÀFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH– 9th
7PUQNXGF3WGUVKQPU
1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) _______________ is intangible so it varies from person to person.
(b) Problem solving also involves __________________ , where in one finds the best solution
of a given problem among the various alternatives available.
(c) Artificial Intelligence is made up of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where
Artificial means “_______________,” and __________________ means “ability to
understand and think”.
(d) The speech recognition aims at understanding and grasp __________ was spoken.
(e) An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the “first artificial intelligence program”
which was named as ______________.
2. Write any 4 goals of Artificial Intelligence.
3. What are the 3 domains of Artificial Intelligence ?
4. What is the difference between Weak, General and Super AI ?
5. What are the important threats to AI ?
6. Why AI work is more successful in the Expert Tasks domain ?
7. What are mundane task ?
8. What is turing test ? How do you perform a turing test ?
9. What is the difference between Reactive and limited memory machines ?
10. How did deep blue defeated Gary Kasparov in chess ?

UUU