Mathematics MIDTERMS

CDU – CN
Math / Lecture / First Semester

Module 1: Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

o 2nd Month – the newborn pair becomes adult

Topic Outline (pair 1) ready to produced offspring
o 3rd Month – pair 1 gives birth to a new pair of
1.1 Fibonacci Sequence rabbits (pair 2)
1.2 Finding a Fibonacci Number o 4th Month – pair 1 gives birth to a new pair
1.3 Golden Ratio
(pair 3), pair 2 becomes adult
1.4 The Golden Spiral
1.5 Applications o 5th Month – pair 1 gives new pair (pair 4), and
pair 2 gives birth to a new pair of rabbits (pair
5)
 Such that, there are 1 pair for the first month, 1 pair
1.1 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE for the second month, 2 pairs for the third month, 3
pairs for the fourth month, 5 pairs for the fifth month;
 Fibonacci sequence - are the numbers found in this
set {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21…} and so on..
o done by adding 2 consecutive numbers found
ASSUMPTIONS
in the set
 Leonardo of Pisa (1170-1250) “known as Fibonacci”
o he developed the fibonacci sequence 1. The rabbits always produce 1 male and 1 female
 Liber Abaci (1202) – a book where Fibonacci offspring
explained why the Hindu-Arabic numeral system is 2. The rabbits become adult after 1 month
more efficient 3. The rabbits produce once every month
o also, this book contains a problem created by 4. The rabbits are alive in each of the succeeding
Fibonacci that concerns the birth rate of months
rabbits  Fibonacci discovered that the number of pair of
rabbits of a given month is determined by adding the
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE: THE RABBIT PROBLEM pairs of rabbits in each of the two previous months
o for example: 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 3 = 5, 3 + 5 = 8
and so on…
o the recursive definition for a sequence is one in
which each successive term of the sequence is
defined by using some of the preceding terms

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

 Let: Fn = nth Fibonacci number

o {Fn } = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, …}
 Then, the numbers of the Fibonacci sequence is given
by the recursive definition:
o F1 = 1
o F2 = 1
o F3 = F1 + F2 = 1 + 1 = 2
o F4 = F2 + F3 = 2 + 1 = 3; and so on…
 Such that,
o F1 = F2 = 1
o Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 , n ≥ 3

1.2 FINDING A FIBONACCI NUMBER

 Fibonacci discovered how the number of pair of  Decimal guidelines in answering:

rabbits behave o When computing 3 or 4 decimals, use 2
 To start: decimals for final answer
o 1st Month – a newborn pair of rabbit (pair 1)

Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio | 1

Mathematics MIDTERMS
CDU – CN
Math / Lecture / First Semester

Module 1: Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

1. Use the definition of Fibonacci sequence to find the  Edouard Lucas (1842–1891) - gives the numerical
seventh and eight Fibonacci number sequence now known as the Fibonacci sequence its
Solution: present name
F7 = F6 + F5  Mark Barr (20th century) - suggests the Greek letter
F7 = 8 + 5 = 13 phi (φ), the initial letter of Greek sculptor Phidias's
name, as a symbol for the golden ratio
F8 = F7 + F6  Roger Penrose (b.1931) - discovered a symmetrical
F8 = 13 + 8 = 21 pattern that uses the golden ratio in the field of
aperiodic tilings, which led to new discoveries about
2. Find the ninth term of the Fibonacci sequence quasicrystals
Given: {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …}
Solution: PYTHAGORAS
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2
F9 = F8 + F7  Pythagoras lived in the 500's BC
Substituting, F9 = 21 + 13 = 34  He was one of the first Greek mathematical thinkers
 He was interested in philosophy, music and
BINET’S FORMULA mathematics
 He proved the Pythagorean Theorem to be true, and
3. Find the 50th Fibonacci number he helped create the Golden Ratio
o Use Binet’s Formula:  Pythagoras believed that beauty was associated
with the ratio of small integers

GOLDEN RATIO
Solution:
 According to mathematicians as far back as the
ancient Greeks and Egyptians, the element of
perfection is a ratio
 The Greek mathematician Euclid defined the golden
ratio over two thousand years ago, in 300 BC, while
working with ratios present in geographic figures
o It is a proportion used to describe two things,
1.3 GOLDEN RATIO mathematically similar
 It is imperative to understand the relationship
GOLDEN RATIO TIMELINE
between the Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio
 Phidias (490–430 BC) - made the Parthenon statues
 The Golden Ratio (φ) - can be approximated from
 Plato (427–347 BC) - describes five possible regular
successive Fibonacci numbers
solids , which are related to the golden ratio
o It is known by many other names, such as the
 Euclid (c. 325–c. 265 BC) - gave the first recorded
golden mean, the divine proportion, or the
definition of the golden ratio
golden proportion
 Fibonacci (1170–1250) - mentioned the numerical
o Mathematically, the precise value of this ratio
series, the ratio of sequential elements of the Fibonacci
is expressed as 1.6180339887..., an
sequence approaches the golden ratio asymptotically
interminable number that goes to infinity
 Luca Pacioli (1445–1517) - defines the golden ratio as
 The Golden ratio is a mathematical ratio that
the "divine proportion."
epitomizes beauty, congruence, and balance in
 Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) proves that the golden
physical form
ratio is the limit of the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci
numbers
"A straight line is said to have been cut in extreme and
 Charles Bonnet (1720–1793) - points out that in the
mean ratio when, as the whole line is to the greater
spiral phyllotaxis of plants going clockwise and
segment, so is the greater to the less." –Euclid
counter-clockwise were frequently two successive
Fibonacci series
 Martin Ohm (1792–1872) - is believed to be the first
to use the term goldener Schnitt (golden section) to
describe this ratio, in 1835

Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio | 2

Mathematics MIDTERMS
CDU – CN
Math / Lecture / First Semester

Module 1: Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

GOLDEN RATIO SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. If you have a wooden board that is 0.75 meters

wide, how long should you cut it such that the golden
ratio is observed? Note: use 1.618 as the value of
Golden ratio
Given: W = 0.75 m a b
Phi= 1.618
Required: L = ? L= a + b
 It is derived by expressing a ratio using a line Solution:
segment where the ratio of the whole segment to the φ=
longer segment is equal to the ratio of the longer
segment to the shorter segment
φ=
APPROXIMATION OF THE GOLDEN RATIO 1.618 = 0.75 m

 The golden ratio (φ) is best approximated by the b= 0.75 m

1.618
famous Fibonacci Numbers
 The Fibonacci Sequence: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, b = 0.4635 m
89, 144, 233,… L=a+b

L = 0.75 + 0.4635

L = 1.21 m

Final Answer:
o A wooden board with the width of 0.75m
needs to be cut with a length of 1.21m in order
to achieve the golden ratio
Verify the golden ratio satisfied:

0.75 + 0.4635 = 1.618

0.75

1.618 = 1.618

Approximation of (φ)
2÷1 2.000 2. A wood is 120 inches long is to be cut into two parts
such that ratio of the 2 parts constitutes the Golden
3÷2 1.5
Ratio. What are the lengths of each part? Use 1.618 as
5÷3 1.666
the value of Golden Ratio.
8÷5 1.600 Given: L = 120 inches
13 ÷ 8 1.6250 L divided to 2
21 ÷ 13 1.6154 Phi = 1.618
34 ÷ 21 1.6190 Required: L1 = longer = a
55 ÷ 34 1.6176 L2 = shorter = b
89 ÷ 55 1.6182 L1 L2

Note: The ratio of each successive pair of numbers in Solution:

the Fibonacci sequence approximates φ (phi ≈ 1.618).
In fact, after the 40th number in the sequence, the
ratio is accurate to 15 decimal places φ= a+b
a

Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio | 3

Mathematics MIDTERMS
CDU – CN
Math / Lecture / First Semester

Module 1: Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

1.618 = APPLICATIONS IN THE HUMAN ANATOMY

120 in
a
120 in
a= 1.618

a = 74.165 in

b = 120 -74.165

b = 45.84 in

Verify the golden ratio satisfied:  In human anatomy, phi is exhibited in both the human
physique and facial dimensions. Examples are:

o The width of the face forms a golden section of

74.165 + 45.84 = 1.618
1.618
the length of the face
o The width of the nose is a golden section of the
1.618 = 1.618 length of the mouth
1.4 THE GOLDEN SPIRAL o The little finger is a golden section of the length
of the middle finger
 The Fibonacci Sequence: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, o The human lung is divided into sections based
89, 144, 233,… on the golden ratio
o The eardrum consists of chambers that are
located at approximately golden ratio to
optimize regulation and vibration
o The ratio of systolic and diastolic pressure in
the blood pressure is ideally 1.6, a close
approximation of the golden ratio
o The helix spirals of the DNA molecule is
 The Fibonacci sequence is often visualized in a graph
configured at 34 angstroms and 21 angstroms,
such as the given figures
two consecutive Fibonacci numbers whose
ratio is close to phi

 Each of the squares illustrates the area of the next

number in the sequence. The Fibonacci spiral is then
drawn inside the squares by connecting the corners of
the boxes Note: We take note that all these are used to address
 The squares fit together perfectly because the ratio and resolve sensory impairments as well as other
between the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence is very medical problems
close to the golden ratio, which is approximately 1.618
 The larger the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence, the APPLICATIONS IN FACE
closer the ratio is to the golden ratio

1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE GOLDEN RATIO

 Phi is a number that has been discovered in many

places, such as art, architectures, humans, and plants
o It may hold the key to understanding
perfection

Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio | 4

Mathematics MIDTERMS
CDU – CN
Math / Lecture / First Semester

Module 1: Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

 This two-dimensional visual of the human face is  When that half of the base equal to one, the slant
based upon the Golden Ratio. This special number is height would be equal to the value of Phi and the height
believed to symbolize perfect natural harmony would be equal to the square root of Phi

APPLICATIONS IN ART

LEONARDO DA VINCI

 The golden proportion is repeated in the human face

and is used by plastic surgeons to follow as guidelines
 Human face from the bottom of the chin to the
hairline in length to the edge of the eyebrow is 1:1.618 or
1: φ.

APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE  Golden rectangle - is simply a rectangle with

dimensions that reflect the Golden Ratio
THE PARTHENON  Leonardo Da Vinci is known for his artistic
representation using aspects of the Golden Ratio

VITRUVIAN MAN

 The exterior dimensions of the Parthenon form a

Golden Ratio in many of the proportions

THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GYZA

 Proportions used to model, paint, and sculpt a human

body are essential, as Luca Pacioli, a contemporary of
Da Vinci, indicates that “without mathematics there is
no art,” proportions are an integral part of design and
beauty of nature, to achieve beauty, balance, and
harmony, thereby presenting visual parity to the
 Half of the base, the slant height, and the height from audience
the vertex to the center create a right triangle  Such use of proportion creates the greatest harmony
in the symmetrical relations

Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio | 5

Mathematics MIDTERMS
CDU – CN
Math / Lecture / First Semester

Module 1: Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

eyebrows and the hairline are equal to the ears and to

1/3 of the face

APPLICATIONS IN NATURE

FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN SUNFLOWER

 The sunflower seed pattern used by the National

Museum of Mathematics contains many spirals. If you
count the spirals in a consistent manner, you will
always find a Fibonacci number (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, 55, …)
 Below are the three most natural ways to find spirals
in this pattern. Note that the black pattern is identical
 Leonardo da Vinci developed 15 proportion rules
in all the images on this page. Only the colored lines
used to model a human in his work named VITRUVIAN
indicating the selected spirals are different
MAN. The famous proportions were written
underneath the illustration shown
 The first rule is that the length of a man is equal to
the width of a man with both arms extended. Hence, a
man can be inscribed in a square. A man can be
inscribed in circle where the extended arms while
raised to the level of the head and both feet are on the
circumstance of the circle, as seen in the figure
 The second rule is for the proportion of the face which
is 1/10 of the man height.
 The third rule is for the head proportion which is 1/8
of man height.
OTHER APPLICATIONS
 The fourth and fifth rules, from the chest to the hair
line is 1/7-man height, and from chest to the head is
 The Golden Ratio is also a logarithmic spiral. For
1/6-man height.
every 90 degree turn, the radius of the spiral grows by
 The sixth rule pertains to the shoulders width, which
a factor of the phi
is of man height.
 The seventh rule measures the distance from breast
to the top of the head and the proportion is ¼ of the
man height, noting that measurements from the rule 6
and 7 correlate
 Rules 8–10 all relate to forearm, upper arm, and
hand which are ¼, 1/8, and 1/10 height of a man,  In addition to natural patterns found here on earth,
respectively. It is worthwhile to note that the the spiral pattern of the Golden Ratio can also be seen
aforementioned three rules on measurement of in the pattern of our galaxy
forearm, shoulders width correlate with rule 7.
 Rule 11 is the measure of half the man, from the root
of the penis to the top of the head or the root of the
penis to the sole of the feet is ½ of man height
 Rules 12–14 pertain to foot leg and thigh. The foot is
1/6 of man height while the leg and thigh are both equal
to ¼ of man height.
 The last rule explains proportions used in the face
which divides the face to three-thirds: one-third from
hair line to eyebrows, second third from eyebrows to
below nose, and from below the nose to end of chin.
The last rule, pertain to face proportions. Face: the ~ END OF MODULE 1 ~
distances from the below the chin to the nose and the
Trans by: Jan Kylle Jala BSN 1-I

Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio | 6