Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2018) 7(8): 499-505

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.055

Performance of Ridge and Furrow System on the Growth and Yield

Attribution of Soybean in Barwani District of M.P. India

A.L. Basediya1*, Sunita Mishra2, Rajesh Gupta3, P. Kumar4 and S.S. Basediya5

1
(Agril Engg), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (RVSKVV) Shivpuri (MP)-473551, India
2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (RVSKVV) Aron, Guna (MP), India
3
(Agril. Engg), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (RVSKVV) Mandsaur, India
4
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (RVSKVV) Shivpuri, India
5
College of Agriculture Engineering, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Keywords The field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive Kharif season of 2011 and
2012 to study ridge and furrow in-situ conservation system for soybean crop at farmer’s
Soybean, Ridge and fields in Badwani district of Madhya Pradesh under Nimar agro-climatic region. Result
Furrow, Growth and yield
character, Net profit, B: C
showed that growth and yield contributing character viz. plant population, plant height,
ratio root length, root nodules, pods per plant, seed yield weight per plant, seed yield, straw
yield and harvest index (%) found higher in ridge and furrow system compared to the
Article Info
normal flatbed sowing method which subsequently resulted in yield enhancement to the
Accepted: extent of 8-23 % for soybean crop. Economic analysis revealed that the net profit was
06 July 2018 recorded higher under ridge and furrow system compared to normal flatbed sowing. B: C
Available Online: ratio was recorded as 3.35 and 3.23 under ridge and furrow system while 2.83 and 2.77
10 August 2018 under flat sowing system for the year of 2011 and 2012 respectively.

Introduction and an oilseed crop. It is the cheapest and

richest source of high quality protein
Soybean (Glycine max L.) ranks first amongst containing 38-44% protein and 18-22% oil. It
oilseed crops in the world and it contributes supplies most of the nutritional constituents
nearly 25 per cent of worlds total oil and fat essential for human health. Hence, soybean is
production. In India, soybean is topmost called as wonder crop or golden bean or
oilseed crop currently covering 11.23m ha miracle bean. India is the third largest
area with expected production of 14.22 importer of soya oil in the world and is one of
millions tones and productivity of 1266 kg per the major exporters of soya meal to the other
ha (Jadon, 2016). Madhya Pradesh is known Asian countries (Anonymous, 2013). The
as the “soybean state” of India, comprising average annual rainfall in Barwani district
55% of the total national area 5.56 million assured 676 mm per annum. The rainfed
hectare of soybean cultivation. Soybean has agriculture suffers from a number of hydro-
established its reorganization as both pulses physical and socio-economic constraints,

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which affect the productivity of rainy and The loss in yield can be avoided or minimized
post-rainy season crops. These include erratic if good amount of water is stored in the soil
and undependable rainfall, excess and during rainy days and utilized by the crop
deficient moisture with in a season, harsh during moisture stress or dry spell. Whereas,
thermal regime, soil loss, low level of input at the same time there should be provision for
use and technology adoption and resource drainage of excess rain water. Under such
poor farmers (Gupta, 2002). Soybean is a condition soybean planted on ridges yielded
major crop grown during the Kharif season in considerably higher than planted on flat bed
the rain fed areas of central India. (Saraf and Ahlawat, 1975) and (Patil et al.,
2010). Studies on soil management for
The flat-land cultivation system is popular in increasing crop production revealed that use of
Nimar Agro-climatic zone of Madhya Pradesh various tillage methods and modification of
state. The crop experiences moisture stress land configurations such as broad bed furrow,
during the dry spell ranging from 15 to 21 ridges and furrow for soybean in vertisols
days at any growth stage under rainfed were superior over flat bed and recommended
conditions, resulting significant reduction in in watershed development for moisture
the yield. These yield losses are expected at conservation as well as for safe removal of
higher level especially in early genotype with excess rain water (Raut and Taware, 1997).
determinate types. At present for extensively The small change through land configuration
cultivation of Kharif crop like soybean which in flat field conditions may help in improving
faces the problem of water logging and poor the productivity of Kharif crops in Vertisols of
aeration thereby affecting crop productivity Nimar region. There is a need for in-situ soil
adversely. Among all legumes soybean is and water conservation and proper drainage
most sensitive to soil moisture. After few technology in black soils. This technology has
showers the monsoon rains in July – August many advantages including in-situ
are usually heavy and frequent. Under such conservation of rainwater in furrows, better
situation water logging is a common problem drainage of excess water and proper aeration
which affects early growth, root proliferation in the ridge and root zone. More than 300
and final yield performance of crop. Excess farmers in Barwani district adopted the
and continuous rains may create bad drainage technology. Majority of the area under
and restricts aeration, which results in non- soybean –wheat based cropping system is in
availibility of plant nutrients and poor Central India and is covered under Vertisols
microbial activities. Extreme variability in the and associated soils (Bhatnagar and Joshi
quantity, time and duration of rains expose the 1999). These soils are potentially productive,
soybean crop to soil moisture deficit as well as if managed properly in terms of overcoming
excess moisture either on account of delayed soil, water and nutrient management
monsoon, longer dry spells or early constraints.
withdrawal mansoon has been identified as
one of the major factors for poor performance Now, the only way to increases the production
of soybean crops (Tiwari,2014; Gupta et. al., of soybean left is to make concerted efforts in
2018). During to extreme rainfalls events, improvement in productivity of crops.
soybean crop gets also affected by water Besides, other techniques the In-situ
logging problems due to improper drainage. conservation of rainwater at farm level by
Water logging adversely affects the growth of adopting holistic approach to the management
crops, primarily due to reduced oxygen supply of rainwater like broad-bed and furrow, ridge
to the roots and furrow, tied ridging, raised and sunken

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bed and compartmental bunding etc. by which 562.2 and 469.9 mm received during the year
crop productivity is substantially increased. 2011 and 2012 respectively. The soybean crop
Land treatments (raised sunken bed system, (variety JS 95-60) was sown for the study. The
ridges and furrows, broad bed and furrows) recommended fertilizer dose of 30 kg N and
increased in situ soil moisture conservation, 60 kg P2O5/ha was applied as urea (46% N)
minimized runoff, and soil erosion (Singh and single superphosphate (16% P2O5) before
et.al., 1999 and Nagavallemma et al., 2005) sowing soybean.
and increased the yield of principal crops
grown in the region (Mandal et al., 2005; The plant growth character and yield
Rajput et al., 2009). Hari Ram et al., 2012 contributing data such as are plant height, root
concluded that raised bed, raised broad bed length, number of root nodules per plant,
and ridge furrow sowing of soybean should be number of pods per plant, number of seeds per
advocated over flatbed sowing mainly due to pod, seed yield per plant, seed yield and straw
their ability to save irrigation water. yield were recorded of soybean crop for sown
by ridge and furrow system and flat sowing.
The strategy for soil moisture management is
therefore; to maximize use of rainfall by Harvest index is the ratio of economic yield
increasing infiltration and moisture retention, (kg/ha) to biological yield (kg/ha) and
encourage surface drainage and reducing multiplied by 100 to obtain its value in
runoff and soil erosion for getting high yield. percentage. It indicates the efficiency of plant
In view of the above fact the study was material to convert the photosynthate in to the
undertaken. This paper presents the results of economic yield and it is worked out as:
ridge and furrow system on growth and yield
of soybean crop in Barwani district of MP. Economic yield (kg/ha)
Harvest index (%) = ------------------ X 100 (1)
Materials and Methods Biological yield (kg/ha)

The field experiment was conducted at the Where, the biological yield = Seed yield +
farmer’s fields in Barwani district of Madhya Stover yield
Pradesh during Kharif seasons 2011 and 2012.
The field study was performed with ridge and Economic analysis
furrow system. To make the ridge and furrow
system an extra punji is attached on the back Cost of cultivation
tines of tractor operated seed-cum-fertilizer
drill machine. The cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) of each
treatment was worked out by considering the
The width of panji depends upon the row to price of inputs, charges for cultivation, labour
row distances. Sowing seeds by front line tines and other charges.
and covering them by soil took place by punji
attached in back line tines. Thus lines of Gross monetary returns
soybean automatically come over ridge
favoured by formation of alternate furrows. The gross monetary returns (Rs/ha) occurred
This ridge and furrow system involves sowing due to different treatments in the present study
of crop at a row spacing of 30 cm while in flat were worked out by considering market prices
sowing method is done at a row 22 cm in of economic product, by product and crop
medium black soil. The average rainfall of residues during the experimental year.

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Net monetary returns flatbed sowing (1271 kg/ha) for year 2011 and
same trend was observed in the year 2012
The net monetary returns (Rs/ha) of each also. Similar result was reported by Verma
treatment were worked out by deducting the (2008) for productivity of soybean in
mean cost of cultivation of each treatment Vertisols. He reported that ridge and furrow
from the gross monetary returns gained from sowing and broad bed and furrow sowing
the respective treatments. produced significantly higher growth
parameters, yield and yield attributes and root
Benefit: Cost ratio parameters as well. He found higher seed and
straw yield under modified land
The benefit: cost ratio of each treatment was configurations as compared to the traditional
calculated by dividing the gross monetary planting system. Jat and Singh (2003) reported
returns by the mean cost of cultivation higher biological yield from land
configuration treatment as compared to
Results and Discussion conventional system. Ram et al., (2011) also
concluded that ridge and furrow sowing of
The results obtained from the present soybean should be advocated over flatbed
investigation as well as relevant discussion sowing mainly due to their ability to save
have been summarized under following heads: irrigation water. Kumari and Rao (2005)
reported that the crop growth rate and net
Growth and yield attributing assimilation rate were higher when crops are
characteristics of soybean planted on ridge and furrow or bed planting
system for mustard. Jadav et al., (2012) and
Growth and yield attributing characteristics of Dhakad et al., (2014 and 2015) found higher
soybean are presented in Table 1. Table growth parameters, yield and yield attributes
revealed that the plant growth and yield parameters in ridge and furrow system over
parameters were found better in ridge and flat sowing system in soybean. Similar trends
furrow system as compared to normal flatbed reported by Bhargav et al., (2013).
sowing. Its due to proper drainage of excess
rainfall through furrows. Similar results were Economics analysis
reported by Ralli and Dhingra (2003) and he
found that the higher nodule count under ridge Economic analysis of soybean is presented in
sowing when compared with flat sowing for Table 2. It reveals that higher net return of Rs
soybean crop. 32920 per ha with B: C ratio of 3.35 is
recorded in ridge and furrow system whereas,
The plant population/m2 ranged 17-18 % the lowest net return of Rs 24660 per ha with
higher on planting soybean using ridge and and B: C ratio of 2.82 was recorded under
furrow seed cum fertilizer drill machine as normal flatbed sowing for year 2011 and same
compared to planting on flat land with normal trends observed during year 2012. Similar
seed drill. The lowest number of root nodules results reported by Jain and Dubey (1998); Jat
per plant was recorded under flatbed sowing; and Singh (2003); Verma (2008), Bhargav et
however, highest number of root nodules per al., (2013) and Dhakad et al., (2014 & 2015).
plant was produced under ridge and furrow They concluded that the higher gross as well
system. The highest productivity of 1564 as net monetary returns were recorded under
kg/ha observed in the ridge and furrow system ridge and furrow planting as compared
where as it was found lowest under normal conventional system.

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Table.1 Growth character and field attributes of soybean

Parameters Ridge and Normal flatbed % change % change

furrow system sowing over over
Kharif Kharif Kharif Kharif control in control in
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
Plant population (No./m2) 46.4 48.2 39.4 40.6 17.77 18.72
Plant height (cm) at harvest 68.4 70.2 61.4 60.8 11.40 15.46
Root length (cm) at 60 DAS 24.8 25.6 19.2 20.2 29.17 26.73
Number of root nodules per 30.8 31.2 25.2 26.6 22.22 17.29
plant at 60 DAS
Number of pods per plant 49.43 50.22 36.1 37.38 36.93 34.35
Seed yield weight per plant (g) 5.84 5.86 4.85 4.99 20.41 17.43
Seed yield (kg/ha) 1564 1510 1271 1395 23.05 8.24
Straw yield (kg/ha) 1821 1705 1490 1596 22.21 6.83
Harvest index (%) 46.20 45.81 46.03 46.64 0.37 0.70

Table.2 Economics analysis of soybean production

Parameters Ridge and Normal flatbed % change % change

furrow system sowing over over
Kharif Kharif Kharif Kharif control in control in
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
Net returns (Rs/ha) 32920 31300 24660 24000 33.50 30.42
Benefit: cost ratio 3.35 3.23 2.82 2.77 18.79 16.61

On the basis of this study, the better results of seeds: A water management approach
two consecutive years were found in ridge for increased soybean production in
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How to cite this article:

Basediya, A.L., Sunita Mishra, Rajesh Gupta, P. Kumar and Basediya, S.S. 2018. Performance
of Ridge and Furrow System on the Growth and Yield Attribution of Soybean in Barwani
District of M.P. India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(08): 499-505.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.055

505