1194 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO.

2, MARCH/APRIL 2018

A Review of Communication Failure Impacts on

Adaptive Microgrid Protection Schemes and the
Use of Energy Storage as a Contingency
Hany F. Habib , Christopher R. Lashway , Student Member, IEEE, and Osama A. Mohammed , Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—A main challenge in the practical implementation of supplies (UPS) are some of its main advantages [2], [3]. How-
a microgrid is the design of an adequate protection scheme in both ever, along with these benefits, microgrids introduce some major
grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. Microgrid pro- technical challenges in terms of protection schemes. Microgrids
tection requires a fast, reliable, and robust communication system
to adjust relay settings to the appropriate current level accord- are dynamic entities where distributed generation (DG), loads,
ing to the operation mode. Various approaches have been imple- and energy storage devices (ESDs) are constantly connected and
mented to deal with this problem, yet the most promising ones are disconnected [4], [5]. Operating conditions vary rapidly, since
the use of adaptive protection techniques abiding by the Interna- the inertia of the system is much less than that of conventional
tional Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 communication networks. Weather conditions, resource availability, and con-
standard. This paper presents a review of the technical challenges
for the use of classical protection techniques and the need for an sumption affect the operating conditions of the equipment. In
enhanced, adaptive, smart protection system. However, the risk order to ensure safe operation, all elements must be monitored
of communication link failures and cyber security threats still re- and necessary changes must be made to their settings as the op-
main a challenge in implementing a reliable adaptive protection erating conditions of the microgrid change. Since conventional
scheme. A contingency is essential in the event that a communica- protection schemes that rely on large inertia and long transient
tion failure prevents a relay from adjusting between grid-connected
and islanded mode. An adaptive protection scheme is proposed, periods are insufficient, new schemes are necessary [6].
which utilizes energy storage devices to enhance resiliency against Communication with relays is necessary in order to update
communication outages. The proposed solution does not incur ad- operating currents of the relays and detect the direction of fault
ditional costs to the network, as the energy storage devices are currents to properly isolate it. DGs, on the other hand, are mon-
already utilized for other purposes. A case study experimentally itored to follow their status and include or disregard their fault
verifies this contingency under a worst-case scenario, where a fault
occurs simultaneously with a pulsed load while operating in is- contribution if they are on or off [7], [8]. It is therefore evident
landed mode with a communication failure. that incorporation of communication technologies into micro-
grids has become inevitable to provide contemporary adaptive
Index Terms—Cyber-attacks, energy storage, hybrid energy
storage systems (HESS), microgrids, protection scheme.
protection schemes. However, the complex interdependencies
between the cyber and physical components of such systems
I. INTRODUCTION increase the difficulty of devising control algorithms for them.
The challenge is in the fact that in a closely interconnected
ISTRIBUTED energy resources (DERs) connected to a
D microgrid and their integration with the main grid are the
targets in achieving optimum operation of electric power sys-
cyber-physical system, such as in a microgrid with adaptive
protection, minor malfunctions in the cyber domain can have
catastrophic impacts in the physical domain [9]. In order to
tem networks [1]. Reducing greenhouse gases generated by con-
address this, extensive efforts have been placed to devise data
ventional energy resources while increasing the reliability and
communication standards for power transmission. Acknowledg-
power quality for consumers who require uninterruptible power
ing their criticality in power transmission, communication re-
quirements for protection algorithms are viewed in extensive
Manuscript received July 13, 2017; revised November 8, 2017; accepted detail in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
November 9, 2017. Date of publication November 21, 2017; date of current
version March 19, 2018. Paper 2017-PSPC-0776.R1, presented at the 2017 61850 international standard. The IEC 61850 standard was de-
IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, USA, veloped by the IEC Technical Committee Number 57 Working
Oct. 4–5, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY Group 10 and IEEE for Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)-based communi-
APPLICATIONS by the Power System Protection Committee of the IEEE Industry
Applications Society. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of cation in electrical substations and is currently being extended
Energy and the Office of Naval Research. (Corresponding author: Osama A. for use teleprotection (IEC 61850-90-1) [10]. IEC 61850 is
Mohammed.) also mentioned in recent literature for microgrid applications
The authors are with the Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Depart-
ment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International Univer- [11]. The IEC 61850 poses stringent restrictions on messages
sity, Miami, FL 33174 USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; that communicate fault-related signals, such as the 4 ms time
[email protected]). limitation imposed on sampled measured values (SMV) and
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2017.2776858 Consequently, designing control algorithms for a protection
0093-9994 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HABIB et al.: REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE MICROGRID PROTECTION SCHEMES 1195

to the lower setting and the relay is adjusted to trip at higher

setting. The capability of the islanded microgrid is insufficient
to reach to this setting. ESDs are then deployed to solve this
problem. ESDs can compensate for the difference between the
grid and islanded mode and will contribute to the fault current
raising it to a value that satisfies the higher relay setting to detect
and isolate the fault.
This paper aims to present different challenges in microgrid
protection schemes and the need for adaptive protection to deal
with these problems.
An analysis of various protection schemes, based on an adap-
Fig. 1. Configuration of microgrid during islanded mode of operation. tive protection technique deployed with communication links
between IEDs is presented. Different types of attacks that may
system is a delicate and complex procedure. This complexity impact the communication network are described followed by
is further leveraged when dealing with adaptive protection algo- a discussion over how various energy storage (ES) and hybrid
rithm design in which the collaboration between multiple agents, energy storage solutions (HESS) could be used as a secondary
namely intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), for detecting and measure to assist the system in filling the required fault current
isolating faults is time-critical. in the event of a communication failure. The proposed solution
Clearly, the robustness and availability of the communication does not intend to incur additional costs to the system studied,
infrastructure is an important prerequisite for the success of as the ESDs are already utilized for different applications in the
contemporary adaptive protection algorithms [12]. system, as it will be explained later.
Therefore, communication failures in such applications are The paper is organized as follows: Section II addresses pro-
a high priced risk with serious consequences. The goal of a tection issues in a microgrid. Section III reviews existing adap-
resilient adaptive protection algorithm is to ride through com- tive protection techniques. Section IV introduces the different
munication failures without causing serious damage to hardware types of attacks that could affect the communication network.
assets, financial reparations, or productivity costs. Considering Section V discusses how ES or HESS could be used to inject the
the above factors, in this paper, an adaptive protection scheme required fault current given a relay remains in the grid-connected
for ac microgrids, which is capable of surviving communication mode. Section VI presents the experimental verification and
failures by the aid of ESDs, is proposed. The microgrid oper- Section VII concludes the paper.
ates in grid-connected and islanded modes of operation (with
and without communication) while the protection scheme ad- II. MAIN PROTECTION CHALLENGES IN MICROGRIDS
justs the protection relay settings to detect and isolate faults in
There are several challenges that should be taken into consid-
all modes of operation as follows.
eration in designing a proper protection scheme for a microgrid.
The following sections discuss some of the major issues one may
A. Grid Connected face in the proper operation of a microgrid protection scheme.
When a fault occurs in any of the transmission lines within
the ac microgrid in this mode, high short-circuit currents are A. Selectivity and Sensitivity Issues
expected to flow in the place of the fault reaching values between Two main characteristics that should be found in microgrid
5 and 10 times of the rated current value. In this case, the relays system protection devices are selectivity and sensitivity features.
are adjusted to the higher setting. First, selectivity refers to the ability of the protection system to
locate and classify a fault correctly. Overcurrent (OC) relays
B. Islanded Mode With Communication should determine whether the fault is internal or external to its
The relay at the point of common coupling (PCC) senses zone. The protection algorithm should be able to distinguish
this shift and issues a control signal to all relays to shift to the between the main grid and local microgrid faults [13], [14].
lower setting. The setting of the relays is therefore adjusted to be During main grid faults, the microgrid needs to be capable of
between 1.2 and 1.5 times of the rated current at this mode. This islanding to protect equipment in the system [15], [16]. During
is due to the fact that the microgrid cannot feed the fault with microgrid faults, the function of the protection scheme becomes
the same capacity as the main grid. Reliable communication more complicated as it is required to disconnect the smallest
between the PCC and the relays is critical for shifting between part of the faulty section from the system [17], [18]. It should be
relay settings for proper isolation of the fault. noted that the importance of the selectivity feature of the relays
is to operate under various faults while isolating the faulty part.
Second, sensitivity refers to the fact that OC relays should
C. Islanded Mode With Loss of Communication be able to detect the fault conditions in the system. The fault
When the communication fails in the islanded mode of oper- should be cleared as quickly as possible to maximize safety
ation as shown in Fig. 1, the setting of the relay is not adjusted while minimizing system instability and damage to equipment

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1196 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2018

[19]. The OC relay should quickly arrive at a decision and circuit used. There may be some nonfault cases resulting in low voltage
breakers (CBs) must function rapidly [20]. The sensitivity of at the PCC such as voltage unbalances and nonfault open phases
the relays must be adjusted such that a high redundancy can be that are difficult to detect and may potentially create hazards for
achieved without affecting selectivity of the protection system sensitive loads, micro sources, etc. Therefore, some protection
[21]–[23]. mechanisms are needed to avoid such situations [34].

B. Direction of Power Flow E. Faults in Islanded Mode

Distribution systems become active systems due to the inte- The high penetration of DERs based on power electronic in-
gration of DERs in the system [24]. The microgrid feeds local verters interfaced with the microgrid as shown in Fig. 2 has
loads and can also support power to the grid in the case of excess a great impact on the protection scheme. These systems limit
generation. This operation changes the flow of the power from the short-circuit current during islanded mode of operation, as
unidirectional to bidirectional. Bidirectional power flow has ef- they are equipped with a fault limited current that prevents high
fects on the amplitude and direction of the fault current thereby OC levels to flow during the fault period [25], [35], [36]. A
effecting coordination of the protective relays [25], [26]. In this significant difference exists in the amount of short-circuit cur-
case, the protection system in a typical distribution system is rent that occurs when in grid-connected and islanded modes of
designed accordingly to a time or current coordination princi- operation. In grid connected, fault currents of a much higher
ple, in which the relay closest to the fault operates first and in magnitude (5–10 times the full load current) are available to
the event of a failure, a backup protective relay operates after a help conventional OC relays to activate under abnormal opera-
delay time. tions. However, in islanded mode, the fault current reduces to
However, the effectiveness of this protection requires a radial only about three times the full load current [17]. Furthermore, a
grid connection, which is no longer the case when DGs are large integration of connected converter-based DERs further re-
connected to the network. This results in either changing or duces the fault current to only 1.2–1.5 times the full load current
completely losing coordination between protective devices [27], [37], [38]. Usually, conventional OC relays are set to operate at
[28]. The different adverse effects of DG connections on the 1.2–8 times full load current. Accordingly, the time-current co-
distribution network protection include false tripping of feeders, ordination of OC relays and OC devices with extremely inverse
blinding of protection, increase or decrease in the fault level with characteristics are disturbed.
the connection or disconnection of DERs affecting the reach of
the OC relay settings [29], [30]. III. EXISTING TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTIVE PROTECTION
One can conclude from the previous section that protection
C. Dynamic Changes in the Microgrid Architecture of microgrid is complex and desires a reliable, smart technique
Dynamic changes of the microgrid configuration should be to reduce impacts from the previous problems. Adaptive protec-
taken into consideration when designing the protection scheme. tion, with the aid of a communication link, can offer a solution
Some changes include the disconnection of generation units, for a protection scheme in the microgrid to handle its multiple
shutting down some loads during peak hours, or exporting of modes of operation.
power to the main grid during excess generation periods for Adaptive protection refers to an online process which modi-
optimum and economic operations [24]. Adaptive protection is fies the preferred protective responses and correlates them to a
required to change the relay settings according to the current change in system conditions or requirements in a timely manner
microgrid configuration. Prior knowledge of every state in the through control or signaling [13]. Adaptive protection consists
microgrid as well as online monitoring and calculation of the of a smart control unit that monitors the grid parameters in-
short-circuit fault current is needed for proper operation. As pre- cluding a smart fault diagnostic system to detect the fault, the
viously discussed, this requires the application of a fast, reliable, fault type, identify the faulted zone, and a smart relaying system
and robust communication system [31], [32]. which protects the system against faults. Adaptive protection of
the microgrid can be realized with the use of microprocessor-
based directional OC relays (DOCR). DOCR have the possibil-
D. Faults in Grid-Connected Mode ity to choose different tripping curves to suit a particular system.
For a fault on the main grid during normal operation, the An adaptive protection scheme can be implemented with cen-
response of the protection devices of individual DERs should not tralized or decentralized control approaches, but each requires
trip before the protection device at the PCC trips, while DERs a different communication architecture [39].
should continue operation during sensing and switching of the The centralized control architecture communicates with each
PCC device. To allow this, all DERs should have a fault ride IED and adjusts their settings accordance with the configuration
through capability [33]. For a fault within the microgrid during of the present microgrid as shown in Fig. 2. Centralized com-
normal operation, the response of line and feeder protection munication architecture is supported by various communication
must be to disconnect the faulty portion from the rest of system protocols including Modbus, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC
as quickly as possible and how it is done depends on the features 61850 and can be implemented with a serial/bus communication
and complexity of the microgrid and the protection strategy over a power-line carrier or via an Ethernet network [40].

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HABIB et al.: REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE MICROGRID PROTECTION SCHEMES 1197

Fig. 2. Configuration of a typical microgrid.

The decentralized control architecture depends on sending used numerical relays to detect the fault current under grid-
and receiving data between IEDs. Each IED can change its set- connected and islanded modes. Different trip characteristics
tings according to the data that it receives from other IEDs. settings were calculated in both modes and saved in the relays.
Presently, the industry is focused on the IEC 61850 standard as When the microgrid switched into the islanded mode, the re-
the protocol for decentralized communication [41], [42]. The lay automatically changed a group of settings that matched this
microgrid protection scheme requires an adaptive, smart, and mode.
upgradable protection algorithm. A survey of existing key adap- Previously, in [9], a supercapacitor (SC) with a dc–dc con-
tive protection schemes are presented in this section. verter was added to each DER with the same rated power that
In [21], a novel adaptive protection technique is proposed would add to the cost of the protection system, especially given
using extensive communication and digital relays. Settings of SCs were not originally used during normal operation. In [28],
the relays are changed according to the microgrid configuration. a technique is presented to protect the microgrid based on a
The technique is further extended by using numerical directional voltage measurement of the fault detection modules, but it may
relays with a directional interlock capability for selective oper- not be accurate to determine the faulty part of the system and
ation. Additional adaptive protection schemes were introduced may also require time. This would have direct impacts on se-
in [43] and [44] with advanced communication technologies lective protection of the microgrid. Sortomme et al. in [46]
for updating the relay settings in accordance with the micro- introduce communication failures as a critical issue which is
grid configuration. The authors proposed a central protection now being widely presented in the literature. The operation of
unit to be equipped with the microgrid to change the tripping the relay depends on the voltage drop during the fault that may
characteristics of the relays with every interruption call for the require many loads to disconnect from the system. Finally, in
connection and disconnection of DGs. Han et al. [22] stud- [47], different techniques that could be used to protect the mi-
ied the fault current of an inverter-based microgrid and pro- crogrid are reviewed. In [47], a direction relation to our work is
posed an adaptive protection algorithm for the fault current. identified as it highlights the importance of communication in
This technique depended on comparing the impedance of the protection schemes which cannot be carried out in a cyber-attack
grid and microgrid using the voltage and current fault compo- and identifies the need for a solution to solve the problems of
nents in a real-time manner. In this way, the relay updated its communication failures.
settings by observing the changing impedance of the utility and
microgrid. Mahat et al. [34] suggested a system with a high
penetration of DGs that loosened the coordination of the pro- IV. CYBER PHYSICAL ATTACKS
tective relays due to bidirectional power flow in the system. A This section describes the different types of physical at-
centralized control center communicated online with modern tacks that may impact the adaptive protection scheme and pre-
CBs in the system to send a trip signal under the fault con- vent communication networks from dealing with the dynamic
dition. Fault contribution from the sources was obtained online changes of microgrid. Security attacks in microgrid commu-
through a Thevenin equivalent impedance. Under abnormal con- nication networks are intended to interrupt messages that are
ditions, a change in the Thevenin impedance of the adjoining exchanged between IEDs. The attacks can be implemented
fault bus source was detected. Thus, the relay determined the using common network security attacks or by exploiting
fault and tripped the appropriate CBs. In [45], Khederzadeh GOOSE and SV messages as shown in Fig. 3.

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1198 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2018

communication protocol that converts an IP address into incor-

rect MAC address (i.e., the MAC address of the attacker), the
switch will end up forwarding all packets addressed to the at-
tacker and enables the attacker to capture those packets. The
second type is to cause content addressable memory (CAM)
table flooding. This is done by filling in the CAM table of the
switch with fake entries. When it is full, packets addressed to
a MAC address that are not in the CAM table will be broad-
casted to the whole network allowing attackers to capture them.
Finally, the third type is switch port stealing, where fake frames
are sent to the switch that contain the target host MAC address
causing the switch to modify the CAM table. This allows the
MAC address to connect to the interface that leads to the attacker
[52].

Fig. 3. Types of cyber attacks.

B. Attacks on GOOSE and SV Messages
There are two multicast message protocols used in IEC 61850
A. Network Security Attacks
which include GOOSE and SMV messages. The main function
This attack is performed through the communication network of the GOOSE message is to send a trip signal to the CB to isolate
to damage, change, or access user data without permission [48]. the faulty part from the system. SV messages are used to send
The following are several types of network security attacks. voltage and current values from merging units to the protective
1) Denial of Service: Denial of service (DoS) is the pro- devices. Both messages use a switched Ethernet network for
cess of preventing the authorized user of a service to access that communication purposes. These messages must be transmitted
service [48]. Main types of DoS that may affect the communica- within 4 ms. The following section discusses several attacks that
tion between protective devices include SYN (synchronization) exploit GOOSE and SMV messages.
floods and buffer overflow. For the first type, the attacker sends 1) GOOSE and SV Modification Attacks: In this type, the
a continuously spoofed SYN request to the target IED to distort attacker changes the message that is exchanged between the
the connection between the authorized user and IEDs [49]. This protective devices without allowing the publisher (the sender
type of attack can be orchestrated by running several protocol of GOOSE messages) or subscriber (the receiver of GOOSE
services like FTP, HTTP, and Telnet on the IED at the same time messages) to notice. Two types can be found in this attack. For
[50], [51]. For the second type, the attacker may transmit mali- the first type, the attacker captures the GOOSE message and
cious code to an IED and write oversized data to cause a buffer modifies it with another message that enables the attacker to
overflow. This attack is possible as a result of the vulnerability control a CB. For a SV packet, an attacker sends a fabricated
of IEDs and the unavailability of security measures for IEDs to analog value to a control center in the system that leads to gain
detect the malicious code [49]. control of IEDs and cause a power outage [52]. The second type
2) Password Cracking Attempts: This type of attack is de- of attack is performed using a malware script [53]. The malware
fined as an attempt to gain access to an IED, another device, can capture the message that is exchanged between IEDs altering
or a system by guessing the password [52]. Attackers who are and reinjecting GOOSE message packets into the IEC 61850
able to access an IED can send a false tripping signal to the network. In order to enable the malware to perform its job, it
CB that can cause it to disconnect a healthy part in the system. must be installed on a computer inside the network. Attackers
This can be accomplished in two ways: a brute force attack and exploit the weakness in GOOSE where encryption and digital
a dictionary attack. A brute force is performed by arranging signatures cannot be applied due an IEC 61850 requirement
all possible combinations of passwords and trying these com- that any operation which is communicated using a GOOSE
binations one-by-one to achieve the correct password but may message must take effect within 4 ms. Without encryption and
take a long time. In a dictionary attack, the password is simply digital signatures, a transmitted packet can be easily captured,
guessed. modified, and retransmitted into the network.
This type may take less time than the latter. In [50] and [51], 2) GOOSE and SV DoS Attacks: These attacks prevent IEDs
hackers were able to utilize FTP, HTTP, and Telnet services to respond to legitimate messages made by other IEDs. This can
already running on the IED to crack the password. be done by sending a large number of messages to the target
3) Eavesdropping Attacks: Eavesdropping attack is an at- IED, where it becomes overwhelmed and is unable to respond to
tempt to steal packets that are being transmitted through the a legitimate request. GOOSE poisoning attacks are another way
system. This type of attack is launched from within the lo- to perform DoS as shown in Fig. 4. The aim of these attacks is
cal area network and can target FTP, HTTP, and Telnet ser- to get the subscriber to accept GOOSE messages with a higher
vices because messages for these protocols are not encrypted sequence number than those sent by the publisher. As a result, all
[50]. There are three types of this attack. The first is known as GOOSE messages from the publisher will be considered invalid
address resolution protocol (ARP) cache poisoning. ARP is a by the subscribers leaving the subscribers to only accept GOOSE

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HABIB et al.: REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE MICROGRID PROTECTION SCHEMES 1199

Fig. 4. GOOSE poisoning attack.

messages from the attacker. There are three variables of GOOSE

poisoning attacks including high status number attacks, high
rate flooding attacks, and semantic attacks. For the high status
number attack, the attacker sends a single spoofed GOOSE
frame with a very high status number to a GOOSE subscriber by Fig. 5. Energy storage and hybrid energy storage performance snapshot.
the attacker. Second, in a high rate flooding attack, the attacker
multicasts a range of spoofed GOOSE messages with higher
status numbers. The spoofed GOOSE frames employ a status
number higher than the expected status number of a GOOSE can serve on the network is presented. Finally, some potential
subscriber. In a semantic attack, the attacker will fix the status single ES and HESS solutions are proposed to aid in supplying
number in the GOOSE message and determine the rate of status the fault current as well as considerations and tradeoffs in de-
change. Then, the attacker will spoof GOOSE messages that are ploying them in the system. In this case, it is assumed that the
higher than the detected rate of status change [54]. microgrid under study already has one or multiple ES devices
3) GOOSE and SV Replay Attacks: In this attack, GOOSE connected to the network due to their strength in filling one of
messages are captured and kept by the attacker. Then, the at- the previous applications, hence no cost is intended to be added
tacker sends a message to trip the CB under normal operation to the system. Their participation in supporting the required fault
which may result in an undesirable action. For an SV message current would be classified as another capability.
replay attack, the attacker can also capture an SV packet contain-
ing certain values of power and current and send it to another
A. Common Grid ES Types
protective device in the substation several times. SV packets
with the same power and voltage values circulating inside the The following sections will review the operation of four com-
system can lead to an unplanned outage [55]. mon grid ES types devices: Lead acid (LA) batteries; lithium
ion (LI) batteries; SC; and flywheel (FW) ES. Table I depicts a
comparison of each ES type as well as the categories considered,
V. ES AS A CONTINGENCY while Fig. 5 provides a six-point performance snapshot for each.
The previous section revealed many communication vulner- The operation of each type, their strengths and weaknesses, and
abilities that can be exploited by hackers. However, clearly not examples of previous grid applications are discussed.
all communication outages are related to cyber-attacks. The loss 1) LA Batteries: The LA battery has maintained a strong
of adequate communication to a relay can be catastrophic to a hold in the market as a result of its simplicity in design and
microgrid protection scheme, where the most difficult aspect is inexpensive materials [56]. Despite the fact that emerging elec-
handling a dramatically increased fault current magnitude when tric vehicles (EV) have moved onto LI types, the LA market
moving from grid to islanded mode. In the event of a cyber- remains strong as it is still the most common starter battery
physical attack or loss of communication, a protection scheme and battery in UPS [57]. Furthermore, some of the drawbacks
would be paralyzed, where relays would no longer be capable in deploying them in EVs are relieved when placing them in a
in adjusting OC limits. stationary grid application. While real estate may still remain
Assuming a cyber-physical attack or communication loss has a premium, concerns with weight can be alleviated. The LA
taken place, relays will now require 5–10 times the full load battery has been demonstrated as a dependable resource in sta-
current to trip in islanded mode. In this case, ESDs already tionary grid applications to smoothen the energy harvested by
present in the system for other purposes could now also be renewables, but has been more universally accepted in restoring
tasked in assisting to increase the fault current magnitude. system frequency and voltage following an outage [58]–[60].
First, four types of common grid ESDs are reviewed, com- This is covered in more detail later. Despite its strengths in reli-
pared, and discussed for their suitability to inject the required ability and low cost, LA has a relatively low energy and power
fault current as well as the concept of the HESS. Next, a sum- density and suffers from a number of drawbacks. LA are not
mary of grid applications and capabilities that installed ESDs ideal in sourcing high-frequency pulsed loads as a result of their

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1200 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2018

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF FOUR PROMINENT ENERGY STORAGE RESOURCES

Energy Storage Energy Density Power Density Energy Cost Response Self-Discharge Lifespan

Type (Wh/L) (W/kg) ($/kWh) Time Rate

Max. Cycles Service (years)

Lead Acid Battery 85 180 8.50 Slow 3%–20%/mo 1500 3–12

Lithium Ion Battery 463 295 250.00 Medium 6%–8%/mo 4200 5–20
Supercapacitor 10 3500 1000.00 Very Fast 1%–2%/day 1 000 000 10–35
Flywheel 8 5000 500.00 Fast 3%–40%/hr 10 000 000 20–35

large double-layer capacitance, a weakness which would also traditional capacitor as a result of an increased surface area [71].
reduce their suitability to solely supply a fault current [61]. Their usage has been studied in mobile shipboard applications,
Pulsed loads are defined as a load that requires a high instan- where weight is a concern, but also in some grid applications
taneous power demand for a relatively short period of time and with multiple renewable energy resources, where they provide
are discussed in detail in the following section. Its operation short-term storage to supply the deficiency power [72], [73].
utilizes a sulfuric acid electrolyte as a fuel primarily governed Unfortunately, their low energy density can require an enormous
by changes in the concentration, an inefficient process that leads capacitance, which may not prove to be practical as a sole ES
to a number of lifespan concerns. First, their operational current device. Although their response time in feeding the required
is severely limited, as an increase from a conservative 20-h dis- power would be superb, sourcing the total energy to fill a fault
charge rate (C/20) would result in reduced usable capacity and current would come at a massive cost [74]. Its energy density
increased aging. Ergo, in order to fill a fault current, the size of is only around 10% of that of the LA battery and 2% of an LI
the LA array should be sufficiently large to limit the peak array battery while their self-discharge rate is relatively high.
current. Finally, their shelf and cycle life are highly limited. 4) Flywheel Energy Storage: Like the LA battery, FW ES
2) LI Batteries: LI battery usage has surged in recent years has been synonymous with industrial UPS systems, but for a very
not only in portable electronics, but also in large-scale EVs different purpose. FW ES provides some of the highest power
and even grid storage [62]. Advanced LI battery management density in our study and are primarily purposed to support to
systems have been demonstrated in microgrid applications for pulsed loads which would initially make them appear to be a
both islanded and grid-connected modes to provide voltage and great candidate to inject a fault current [75]. Analogous to an
frequency support [63], [64]. Since LI battery management is electromechanical battery, the FW stores kinetic energy in a
more complex than that of LA, studies have looked at the best high inertia rotating mass, where an electric machine operates
method to control these schemes [65], [66]. simultaneously as a motor during charging and generator during
LI operation is significantly different from that of LA, where discharging. The power output is a function of a square of the
energy is stored inside its electrodes utilizing the electrolyte speed, allowing them to provide extremely high power density.
as simply a transfer layer [67]. This combined with a smaller This has made them an excellent solution for maintaining power
cell construction allow them to respond faster to a pulsed load quality [76], [77]. They have also been tested for their usage in
that in turn would also make them suitable in feeding a fault both wind and solar applications as a mechanism to quickly
current [68]. LI batteries offer a significant improvement in their store and expend energy [78]. FW also carry a unique capability
capability to source high current without the same tradeoffs in unlike other ES: the ability to supply inertia to the system [79].
lifespan as seen with the LA battery. Their lifespans are much Unfortunately, the FW has a very high self-discharge rate as
longer, but similar to the LA battery, are still limited by excessive a result of friction losses and like the SC, have a very low
operational currents and particularly temperature [69]. Battery energy density [80]. Although their cost is half that of the SC,
management system cost for LI batteries is increased as a result their response time is still very fast, limited only by the initial
of required crucial cell balancing and thermal control for safety. inertia required to start moving the rotating mass. However,
Finally, a number of companies have been working to reduce their energy density is very low, some 20% below the SC, which
the cost of grid-scale LI battery arrays, as their cost is still at a would further reduce their capability in solely injecting the fault
premium as compared to LA. current.
3) Supercapacitors: The SC provides a significant increase 5) Hybrid Energy Storage Systems: Although some ES de-
in the speed of response versus any electrochemical battery. vices, such as the LI or LA battery, can provide a rather balanced
Although their construction is chemical in nature, no reaction contribution of energy versus power density, cost, and lifetime
takes place. This enables them to respond extremely fast to aspects could jeopardize their sole integration with the grid.
a demand, while even under heavy current, their lifetime is Similarly, the integration of an SC or FW alone could provide
virtually unaffected [70]. Composed of two porous electrodes excellent voltage and frequency support for a small outage, but
divided by a separator soaked in a solvent electrolyte, their would fail to fill energy demands over longer periods with-
construction enables a much higher charge density versus the out a huge array. For this reason, HESS could provide a more

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HABIB et al.: REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE MICROGRID PROTECTION SCHEMES 1201

Fig. 6. Importance level (changing from level (1) less important to level (5) very important) of the energy storage characteristics for various applications.
(a) Network Applications. (b) Critical load. (c) Pulsed load.

balanced solution in terms of not only power and energy density, the case of the LI battery, although it has a relatively low cost
but also cost, lifespan, and self-discharge. HESS have emerged per unit energy and long discharge capability, its high cost per
in an effort to utilize the strengths of multiple ES devices in unit power is its main limitation for high-power grid services.
a way that is not only more efficient, but potentially cost and 1) Network Applications: Utility grid network applications
lifetime effective. are commonly broken into three categories: frequency regula-
Recent HESS for microgrid applications have focused on the tion, voltage control, and voltage ride-through.
collaboration of batteries with SCs, evaluating their combina- a) Frequency regulation: As a result of their faster response
tion with both LA and LI [81], [82]. Minimizing losses while time versus DGs, ESDs are considered a suitable technique to
ensuring an optimum power split between the two sources has improve frequency regulation in the system. Gyuk et al. [86]
spawned research in this topic [83]. A great deal of work has show commercial uses of ESDs to sustain frequency regulation
focused specifically on pulsed load management through the de- on the grid. Some other studies were performed, with a particular
ployment of HESS systems [84], [85]. Unfortunately, reaching focus on the FW in conjunction with the assistance of power
the required level of power and filling the energy demand over monitoring software, to demonstrate its effectiveness [87]–[89].
such a short period of time can be challenging. Examples can In addition, some research has demonstrated that most batteries
be found in a number of Naval weapons platforms, the starter and SCs are suitable for frequency control applications as well
current for a vehicle, and the case addressed in this paper: a fault [90]–[95].
current. b) Voltage control: ESDs can be utilized to maintain the volt-
age level of the transmission system within an acceptable range
B. Grid Applications for ESDs [96]–[101]. Bidirectional converters are connected with ESDs
to inject or reject reactive power for voltage stability purpose.
ESDs can be utilized for a variety of major applications on Batteries beside other ESDs technologies are a suitable alter-
the utility grid. In this section, these purposes are categorized native, as they can respond instantaneously to changes in the
into network applications, supplying critical loads, and feeding voltage [102], [103].
pulsed loads. The importance level of these storage devices to c) Voltage ride through: The voltage level decreases during
improve the performance of these different applications is shown major faults in the ac grid at the PCC between the plant and the
in Fig. 6. According to different characteristics including but grid [104]. Thus, the power that can be transferred from the dc
not limited to power density, energy density, cycle life, cost and to the ac side is reduced. As a result, trapped energy on the dc
self-discharge, an optimal selection of ESDs can be identified side can cause severe overvoltage on the converter. ESDs, such
to increase the efficiency for each application. as the FW and SC, can be used to maintain the voltage level at
Fig. 6(a) shows the main requirements of the ESDs for net- the dc-link and ride through the fault by injecting reactive power
work services and the overall importance of each requirement. to grid [105]–[111].
As can be seen, since there are less space and weight limita- 2) Critical Loads: Short-duration ESDs can be utilized to
tions for an ESD plant, a low cost per unit power and energy provide a bridge to start up and synchronize standby generators.
plays a more important role for the selection of the storage The main requirements of ESDs for critical loads with a short-
technology. Having a long lifespan and life cycle as well as high time failure are depicted in Fig. 6(b). The overall importance
efficiency are other important factors that need to be considered. of the storage requirements and the characteristics of FW ES
Thus, based on the characteristics of the storage technologies showed that they can be effectively used for an immediate power
discussed before and presented in Table I, the FW and SC can availability to a critical load during a power disturbance, such
be more optimally used for the high-power grid services. More- as power outage dips, or surges in the voltage and/or current.
over, the capability of this technology to provide very high- Compared to batteries, FW are excellent to deliver short-time,
power makes them distinctive for power grid applications. In high-power to UPS, offering a lower cost per unit power with

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1202 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2018

only by the initial inertia required to start moving the rotating

mass.
The SC has the best response time of the ES types and their
construction is chemical in nature, no reaction takes place. This
helps to respond extremely fast to a demand heavy current [119].
2) Multiple Source Solutions: With the inclusion of a sec-
ondary ES source, a basic HESS can be designed. In this case, a
combination of an ES type with high energy density and battery
ES can help to provide a more balanced system. This leaves the
selection of either the SC or FW and a battery. The FW features
Fig. 7. Controlled hybrid energy storage to feed the fault. the highest power density in our study while at the same time, the
lowest energy density. As a result of this deficit, the LI battery
lower operating cost due to lower maintenance and replacement would find itself most suitable for an FW HESS combination.
costs. Also, the SC has a high-power density and low cost per Though the cost would be exceedingly higher for the LI array,
unit power. As a result, it is well-suited for a system that suffers the cost of the FW is half of that of the SC providing a strong
from short-time failures. Typical SC UPS sizes can range from balance for the FW-LI HESS. Its performance distribution is
milliwatts to tens of kilowatts with modular solution systems. depicted in Fig. 5, revealing only weaknesses in terms of cost
In addition to being very compact, SC UPS also offers very low and response time.
maintenance and standby power costs [112]–[115]. 3) Availability of all ESDs: In the event that all resources
3) Pulsed Loads: Fig. 6(c) shows the requirements of ESDs in Table I are available on the network, a combination of the
for pulsed load applications and the overall importance of each strengths from all ES devices could be used to feed the fault
requirement. The high instantaneous power demand of a pulsed current in a dynamically switched SC-FW-LI-LA HESS. Fig. 7
load can produce power disturbances and thermal issues in the breaks down the initial concept, which involves contribution
system [116], [117]. Using an SC or FW as a power density from each ES to the surge pulse broken into four switching
storage device with a low cost per unit power would improve steps. An ES type is first connected at the start of the fault
the performance of the system. In this case, the system will (t0 ), where each of the remaining three devices are sequentially
have several advantages, including less weight and volume as added in parallel until the final required fault current level has
well as mitigation of thermal issues, frequency disturbances, been reached at t4 , tripping the breaker (tf ).
and voltage variations [118]. The proposed sequence begins with the deployment of the
SC at t0 as it responds quickest to the demand initially injecting
high power until reaching t1 , where the FW assists in increasing
C. Potential Solutions to Source the Fault Current the power even faster to get within the range of the fault cur-
As previously discussed, each ES device has its own respec- rent level, while concurrently contributing inertia to the system.
tive strengths and weaknesses and few would be suitable to Since the SC and FW have a low susceptibility to lifespan issues,
solely source a fault current. A general example of a fault cur- the selection of t1 would primarily rely upon the availability of
rent is shown in Fig. 7, where a high in-rush current is needed each to provide the energy to reach t2 . Since the energy stored
for approximately 80 ms to reach 5 to 10 times the base load in both is relatively small, the LI battery would be added at
current Ipu. A multitude of solutions could assist in injecting t2 to assist in maintaining the energy required to fill the pulse.
the required fault current, however, they are limited by both the Since the LI battery provides a good balance of both power and
available infrastructure as well as the proximity of each ES de- energy, it can assist in feeding the required energy, while simul-
vice from the CB. A multitude of solutions can assist in injecting taneously increasing the power until the LA battery is added at
the required fault current, however, are limited by the available t4 to reach the fault current level. A tradeoff can once again be
infrastructure. For this reason, in Section 3, scenarios are pre- made between the availability of LA and LI capacities, but now
sented representing microgrids with the capability to select: a involving lifespan as well. The cost of an LI array may force
single ES element, an HESS with two devices, or the availability the operator to require more support from LA, shifting the loca-
of all sources in Table I. tion of t3 . However, the severe consequences in overusing LA
1) Single Source Solutions: For a microgrid with only one should be considered, as their lifespans would take the highest
type of ES, tasking it to assist in feeding the fault is more toll.
complicated. First, a system which only contains an LA or LI
would be limited to their lifespans. In addition, these batteries
are limited by excessive operational currents and particularly VI. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
temperature. The two most suitable devices, if adequately sized, This section presents a case study where the most challenging
are the SC and FW, as they provide the greatest balance which mode of operation during islanded mode is selected in conjunc-
can be visualized in Fig. 5. The FW ES provides the highest tion with feeding both a fault and pulsed load demand at the
power density in our study and are used to feed the pulsed loads, same instant, and there would not be enough resources to feed
but has a very high self-discharge rate as a result of friction losses them. This represents a worst-case scenario, where a single ESD
and low energy density. The response time is very fast, limited device is dispatched to fill the required demand. The case study

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HABIB et al.: REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE MICROGRID PROTECTION SCHEMES 1203

Fig. 8. General view of the experimental test setup.

TABLE II A 2.9-F SC bank was implemented to supply a pulsed and

SYSTEM COMPONENT PARAMETERS
steady-state load. The SC bank contributes to the fault current,
while there are not enough resources to feed it, which is in the
Component Parameter Specification case of islanded mode of operation. This SC bank is composed of
Supercapacitor bank Number of cells 20 20 Maxwell 16-V modules based upon 350-F cells. In addition,
Rated voltage 320 analog hysteresis protection is designed to ensure that uneven
Rated capacity 2.9 F
Surge voltage 340
charge distribution, particularly during very fast charges, does
Leakage current 5.2 mA not cause the SC to exceed its maximum voltage limit. In the
G1, G2 Apparent Power 13.8, 10 KVA studied dc microgrid, the SC bank was initially at full charge
Nominal Voltage 208, 208 V
Stator Leakage Reactance (X L ) 0.09 0.09 p.u.
and serves to maintain the bus voltage within the accepted limits
d-axis Synchronous Reactance (X d ) 2.21, 2.248 p.u. (±5% of the rated voltage) [121].
q-axis Synchronous Reactance (X q ) 1.1, 1.117 p.u. Detailed parameters of the SC and the bidirectional converter
d-axis Transient Time Constant (T d ) 0.014, 0.012 s
Transmission Line r1 0.0015 Ω/km
are summarized in [120]. For dynamic operation and a fault
r0 0.03 Ω/km study, the detailed model of the microgrid shown in Fig. 8 is
l1 0.03 mH/km implemented in our virtual testbed platform using the MAT-
l0 0.1 mH/km
c1 3 nF/km
LAB/Simulink software and executed with the dSPACE 1104
c0 2nF/km real-time interface to control and adjust the pulsed and steady-
Filter LA F 12 mH state loads.
Fault Resistance Rf 18 Ω
Loads 1,2 L1 L2 300 Ω, 900 Ω
Pulsed Load PL 1.66 kW
Constant Load CL 550 W
Inverter Rs 100 kΩ B. Experimental Test Results
Ro n 1 mΩ
Switching frequency 5 KHz To validate the proposed protection scheme, the performance
of the microgrid under study was operated in islanded mode as
shown in Fig. 9.
It can be seen that the SC was discharged between t = 0.94 s
assumed a communication failure between the relays. Thus, the
and t = 2.97 s, and the frequency and dc voltage changed to
relays settings are always adjusted to the high setting.
59.81 Hz and 311 V as shown in Fig. 9(a) and (b), respectively.
The system frequency was stable at 60 Hz and the dc voltage
A. Hardware Setup Description
at 320 V, respectively, during the period of t = 2.98 s and t =
To illustrate the capability of the proposed algorithm, an ex- 5.05 s when the SC was charging.
perimental study has been performed in a microgrid setup at the A 3Ø-to-ground fault (F) scenario was realistically demon-
Florida International University Smart Grid testbed as shown in strated. The fault was created by applying an 18 Ω high fault
Fig. 8. The basic structure of the hybrid ac/dc microgrid consists impedance at t = 6 s.
of two generators that supply loads with different characteristics The frequency dropped to 59.32 Hz, while the current of the
on the ac side as shown in Table II. More details about the ac SC increased from 5.21 A to 9.86 A, indicating the fault current
grid testbed configuration and its control can be found in [120]. contribution from the SC was 4.65 A as shown in Fig. 9(c).

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1204 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2018

scheme. Adaptive protection is required to protect a microgrid

in both grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. Most
adaptive protection methods depend on exchanging information
amongst IEDs by way of a communication link. Therefore, pro-
tection against cyber-attacks is crucial to ensure a safe message
exchange. Different types of cyber-attacks were introduced that
may impact the communication network, keeping in mind these
as well as a total loss of communication could be catastrophic to
a microgrid protection scheme. In the event of a communication
failure, ES or HESSs could be deployed as a contingency to
meet the required fault current to trip a relay that cannot ad-
just out of grid-connected mode. A brief analysis for each type
was proposed to investigate the ability of LA and LI batteries,
SCs, FW ES, or an HESS to feed the fault current. This pa-
per suggested guidelines in the selection of energy storage and
hybrid energy storage concluding with an experimental case
study that presented a worst-case scenario, where both a heavy
pulsed load and fault occurred on the network concurrently. In
this scenario, a supercapacitor already present in the system
was able to successfully increase the fault current to activate the
relay.

REFERENCES
[1] M. A. Haj-ahmed and M. S. Illindala, “Investigation of protection
schemes for flexible distribution of energy and storage resources in an
industrial microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 2071–
2080, May/Jun. 2015.
[2] O. V. Gnana Swathika and S. Hemamalini, “Prims-aided dijkstra algo-
rithm for adaptive protection in microgrids,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics
Power Electron., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1279–1286, Dec. 2016.
[3] H. F. Habib, T. Yossef, M. Cintuglu, and O. Mohammed, “A multi-
agent based technique for fault location, isolation, and service restora-
Fig. 9. Experimental test results during fault at islanded mode of operation tion,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1841–1851, May/Jun.
without optimized supercapacitor size (a) frequency, (b) supercapacitor dc volt- 2017.
age, (c) supercapacitor current, (d) pulsed load current, (e) steady state load [4] K. O. Oureilidis and C. S. Demoulias, “A fault clearing method in
current, (f) root mean square current in the faulted transmission line 2. converter-dominated microgrids with conventional protection means,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 4628–4640, Jun. 2016.
It can be shown from Fig. 9(d) and (e) that the pulsed and [5] M. A. Haj-ahmed and M. S. Illindala, “The influence of inverter-based
DGs and their controllers on distribution network protection,” IEEE
steady-state load currents remained stable throughout the exper- Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 2928–2937, Jul./Aug. 2014.
iment. [6] T. S. Ustun et al., “A microgrid protection system with central protection
The authors assume that the high current setting of the relay unit and extensive communication,” in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Environ.
Elect. Eng., 2011, pp. 1–4.
was adjusted to be only three times the rated current (2.4 A) [7] H. Wan, K. K. Li, and K. P. Wong, “An adaptive multiagent approach
during the islanded mode of operation when the SC contributed to protection relay coordination with distributed generators in indus-
to the fault current. trial power distribution system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 46, no. 5,
pp. 2118–2124, Sep./Oct. 2010.
It should be noted that the current values in the hardware [8] H. F. Habib, T. Youssef, M. H. Cintuglu, and O. Mohammed, “A multi-
experimentation were scaled down in order to test within safe agent based technique for fault location, isolation and service restora-
experimental limits in a laboratory environment. tion,” in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, Portland, OR, USA,
2016, pp. 1–8.
Fig. 9(f) shows that the total current at TL2 for this case in- [9] R. Akella, H. Tang, and M. M. Bruce, “Analysis of information flow secu-
creased, reaching 7.2 A and tripped by CB3 to isolate the fault rity in cyber-physical system,” Int. J. Critical Infrastructure Protection,
from the system. In addition, it can be found that the system vol. 3, pp. 157–173, 2010.
[10] J. Hoyos, M. Dehus, and T. X. Brown, “Exploiting the GOOSE protocol:
parameters (frequency, ac voltage and dc voltage) maintained A practical attack on cyber-infrastructure,” in Proc. IEEE Globecom
stable over the experiment. The frequency maintained within Workshops, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2012, pp. 1508–1513.
acceptable limits (59.7 and 60.2 Hz) and dc voltage only fluc- [11] M. H. Cintuglu, T. Ma, and O. A. Mohammed, “Protection of autonomous
microgrids using agent-based distributed communication,” IEEE Trans.
tuated between 311 and 320 V, that is less than 5% of the rated Power Del., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 351–360, Feb. 2017.
value. [12] H. F. Habib, A. A. S. Mohamed, M. E. Hariri, and O. A. Mohammed,
“Utilizing supercapacitors for resiliency enhancements and adaptive mi-
crogrid protection against communication failures,” Elect. Power Syst.
VII. CONCLUSION Res., vol. 145, pp. 223–233, Apr. 2017.
[13] W. E. Feero, D. C. Dawson, and J. Stevens, “Protection issues of the
This paper presented technical issues that should be taken into microgrid concept,” Consortium Elect. Rel. Technol. Sol., White Paper,
consideration in the design of an adequate microgrid protection USA, Mar. 2002.

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HABIB et al.: REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE MICROGRID PROTECTION SCHEMES 1205

[14] G. Buigues, A. Dysko, V. Valverde, I. Zamora, and E. Fernandez, “Micro- [37] T. Loix, T. Wijnhoven, and G. Deconinck, “Protection of microgrids
grid protection: Technical challenges and existing techniques,” in Proc. with a high penetration of inverter-coupled energy sources,” in Proc. CI-
Int. Conf. Renew. Energies Power Quality, Bilbao, Spain, Mar. 2013, pp. GRE/IEEE PES Joint Symp. Integr. Wide-Scale Renew. Resources Power
222–227. Del. Syst., Calgary, AB, Canada, 2009, pp. 1–6.
[15] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, and B. Bak-Jensen, “Review on islanding operation [38] D. Klapp and H. T. Vollkommer, “Application of an intelligent static
of distribution system with distributed generation,” in Proc. IEEE Power switch to the point of common coupling to satisfy IEEE 1547 compli-
Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 2011, pp. 1–8. ance,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA,
[16] N. Schaefer, T. Degner, A. Shustov, T. Keil, and J. Jaeger, “Adaptive 2007, pp. 1–4.
protection system for distribution networks with distributed energy re- [39] M. A. Zamani, T. S. Sidhu, and A. Yazdani, “A protection strategy and
sources,” in Proc. 10th IET Int. Conf. Develop. Power Syst. Protection, microprocessor-based relay for low-voltage microgrids,” IEEE Trans.
2010, pp. 1–5. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1873–1883, Jul. 2011.
[17] S. Chowdhury, S. P. Chowdhury, and P. Crossley, Microgrids and Active [40] N. Hatziargyriou, Microgrids: Architectures and Control. West Sussex,
Distribution Networks (IET Renewable Energy Series 6). London, U.K.: U.K.: Wiley, 2013.
Inst. Eng. Technol., 2009. [41] I. Almutairy, “A review of coordination strategies and techniques for
[18] R. Lasseter et al., “Integration of Distributed Energy Resources. The overcoming challenges to microgrid protection,” in Proc. Saudi Arabia
CERTS Microgrid Concept. Berkeley, CA, USA: Lawrence Berkeley Smart Grid, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2016, pp. 1–4.
Nat. Lab, 2002. [42] H. J. Laaksonen, “Protection principles for future microgrids,” IEEE
[19] H. Laaksonen, K. Kauhaniemi, and S. Voima, “Protection system for Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2910–2918, Dec. 2010.
future LV microgrids,” in Proc. CIRED 21st Int. Conf. Elect. Distrib., [43] T. S. Ustun, C. Ozansoy, and A. Zayegh, “Fault current coefficient and
Frankfurt, Germany, Jun. 2011, pp. 1–4. time delay assignment for microgrid protection system with central pro-
[20] J. Tang, Y. Gong, N. Schulz, M. Steurer, and P. G. McLaren, “Implemen- tection unit,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 598–606,
tation of a ship-wide area differential protection scheme,” IEEE Trans. May 2013.
Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1864–1871, Nov./Dec. 2008. [44] T. S. Ustun and R. H. Khan, “Multi-terminal hybrid protection of micro-
[21] A. Oudalav and A. Fidigatti, “Adaptive network protection in micro- grids over wireless communications network,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
grids,” Int. J. Distrib. Energy Resources, vol. 5, pp. 201–225, 2009. vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2493–2500, Sep. 2015.
[22] Y. Han, X. Hu, and D. Zhang, “Study of adaptive fault current algorithm [45] M. Khederzadeh, “Adaptive setting of protective relays in micro-
for microgrid dominated by inverter based distributed generators,” in grids in grid-connected and autonomous operation,” in Proc. 11th IET
Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Power Electron. Distrib. Gener. Syst., Hefei, China, Int. Conf. Develop. Power Syst. Protection, Birmingham, U.K., 2012,
2010, pp. 852–854. pp. 1–4.
[23] M. Dewadasa, A. Ghosh, and G. Ledwich, “Protection of microgrids [46] E. Sortomme, S. S. Venkata, and J. Mitra, “Microgrid protection using
using differential relays,” in Proc. 21st Australasian Univ. Power Eng. communication-assisted digital relays,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25,
Conf., Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 2011, pp. 1–6. no. 4, pp. 2789–2796, Oct. 2010.
[24] H. F. Habib and O. Mohammed, “Decentralized multi-agent system for [47] S. Mirsaeidi, D. M. Said, M. W. Mustafa, M. H. Habibuddin, and Kimia
protection and the power restoration process in microgrids,” in Proc. 9th Ghaffari, “An analytical literature review of the available techniques for
Annu. IEEE Green Technol. Conf., Denver, CO, USA, 2017, pp. 358–364. the protection of micro-grids,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 58,
[25] A. Kole, “A review and study on advanced control and automation func- pp. 300–306, Jun. 2014.
tions and future control for a modern combined cycle power plant,” in [48] Understanding Denial-of-Service Attacks | US-CERT, Feb. 06, 2013.
Proc. Int. Conf. Intell. Control Power Instrum., Kolkata, India, 2016, [Online]. Available: https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/tips/ST04-015. Ac-
pp. 215–220. cessed on: Mar. 8, 2017.
[26] N. K. Choudhary, S. R. Mohanty, and R. K. Singh, “A review on Mi- [49] K. Choi, X. Chen, S. Li, M. Kim, K. Chae, and J. C. Na, “Intrusion
crogrid protection,” in Proc. Int. Elect. Eng. Congr., Chonburi, Thailand, detection of NSM based DoS attacks using data mining in smart grid,”
2014, pp. 1–4. Energies, vol. 5, pp. 4091–4109, Oct. 2012.
[27] A. A. Kalage and N. D. Ghawghawe, “A protection scheme for optimum [50] U.-K. Premaratne, J. Samarabandu, T.-S. Sidhu, R. Beresh, and J.-C. Tan,
coordination of directional overcurrent relays in presence of distributed “An intrusion detection system for IEC61850 automated substations,”
generation,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Elect. Electron. Signals Commun. Optim., IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2376–2383, Oct. 2010.
Visakhapatnam, India, 2015, pp. 1–5. [51] Microsoft TechNet Library, “Common types of network attacks.” [On-
[28] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, “Development of adaptive protection line]. Available: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc959354.
scheme for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed gen- aspx. Accessed on: Sep. 20, 2014.
eration,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 56–63, Jan. 2004. [52] Brute-Force Password Cracker, [Online]. Available: http://www.oxid.it/
[29] A. K. Tiwari, S. R. Mohanty, and R. K. Singh, “Review on protection ca_um/topics/brute-force_password_cracker.htm. Accessed on: Mar. 8,
issues with penetration of distributed generation in distribution system,” 2017].
in Proc. Int. Elect. Eng. Congr., Chonburi, Thailand, 2014, pp. 1–4. [53] M. T. A. Rashid, S. Yussof, Y. Yusoff, and R. Ismail, “A review of
[30] M. Baran and I. El-Markabi, “Adaptive over current protection for dis- security attacks on IEC61850 substation automation system network,” in
tribution feeders with distributed generators,” in Proc. IEEE PES Power Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Inf. Technol. Multimedia, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 2014,
Syst. Conf. Expo., 2004, vol. 2, pp. 715–719. pp. 5–10.
[31] S. J. Lee, B. W. Min, K. H. Chung, M. S. Choi, S. H. Hyun, and S. H. [54] N. Kush, E. Ahmed, M. Branagan, and E. Foo, “Poisoned GOOSE:
Kang, “An adaptive optimal protection of a distribution system using a Exploiting the GOOSE protocol,” in Proc. 12th Australasian Inf. Secur.
multi-agent system,” in Proc. 8th IEE Int. Conf. Develop. Power Syst. Conf., 2014, vol. 149, pp. 17–22.
Protection, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 611–614. [55] S. Malladi, J. Alves-Foss, and R. B. Heckendorn, “On preventing replay
[32] H. F. Habib, C. R. Lashway, and O. A. Mohammed, “On the adaptive attacks on security protocols,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Secur. Manage., CSREA
protection of microgrids: A review on how to mitigate cyber attacks and Press, 2002, pp. 77–83.
communication failures,” in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, [56] D. Linden and T. B. Reddy, “Lead acid batteries,” in Handbook of Bat-
Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2017, pp. 1–8. teries, 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2002, ch, 23.
[33] S. Voima, K. Kauhaniemi, and H. Laaksonen, “Novel protection approach [57] A. Cooper and P. Moseley, “Progress in the development of lead-acid
for MV Microgrid,” in Proc. CIRED 21st Int. Conf. Elect. Distrib., Frank- batteries for hybrid electric vehicles,” in Proc. IEEE Veh. Power Prop.
furt, Germany, Jun. 2011, pp. 1–4. Conf., 2006, pp. 1–6.
[34] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. Bak-Jensen, and C. L. Bak, “A simple adaptive [58] M. Koller, T. Borsche, A. Ulbig, and G. Andersson, “Review of grid
overcurrent protection of distribution systems with distributed genera- applications with the Zurich 1 MW battery energy storage system,” in
tion,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 428–437, Sep. 2011. Proc. Elect. Power Syst. Res., 2015, pp. 128–135.
[35] C. A. Plet, M. Graovac, T. C. Green, and R. Iravani, “Fault response of [59] M. Singh, L. A. C. Lopes, and N. A. Ninad, “Grid forming battery energy
grid-connected inverter dominated networks,” in Proc. IEEE PES Gen. storage system (BESS) for a highly unbalanced hybrid mini-grid,” in
Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2010, pp. 1–8. Proc. Elect. Power Syst. Res., 2015, pp. 126–133.
[36] H. Laaksonen and K. Kauhaniemi, “Fault type and location detection in [60] P. Denholm, E. Ela, B. Kirby, and M. Milligan, “The role of en-
islanded Microgrid with different control methods based converters%,” in ergy storage with renewable electricity generation,” Nat. Renewable
Proc. CIRED 19th Int. Conf. Elect. Distrib., Vienna, Austria, May 2007, Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, NREL/TP-6A2-47187, Jan.
pp. 1–4. 2010.

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2018

[61] C. Pillot, “Micro hybrid, HEV, P-HEV and EV market 2012 #x2013;2025 [83] P. J. Kollmeyer, L. W. Juang, and T. M. Jahns, “Loss optimization and
impact on the battery business,” in Proc. Elect. Veh. Symp. Exhib., 2013, ultracapacitor pack sizing for vehicles with battery/ultracapacitor hybrid
pp. 1–6. energy storage,” in Proc. IEEE Transp. Electrif. Conf. Expo, 2014, pp. 1–
[62] E. Wesoff, “Energy storage at grid scale: A123 gets li-ion to mar- 8.
ket,” Jun. 8, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.greentechmedia. [84] B. M. Huhman, J. M. Neri, and D. A. Wetz, “Design of a battery inter-
com/articles/read/Energy-Storage-at-Grid-Scale-A123-Gets-Li-Ion-to- mediate storage system for rep-rated pulsed power loads,” in Proc. IEEE
Market. Accessed on: Feb. 10, 2017. Elect. Ship Technol. Symp., 2013, pp. 1–5.
[63] G. Diaz, C. Gonzalez-Moran, J. Gomez-Aleixandre, and A. Diez, [85] G. L. Kusic, J. M. Heinzel, and D. J. Hoffman, “Monitoring pulsed power
“Scheduling of droop coefficients for frequency and voltage regulation on ship electrical systems,” in Proc. IEEE Elect. Ship Technol. Symp.,
in isolated microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, pp. 489–496, 2013, pp. 13–20.
Feb. 2010. [86] I. Gyuk et al., “Grid energy storage,” U.S. Dept. Energy, Washington, DC,
[64] Z. Miao, L. Xu, V. R. Disfani, and L. Fan, “An SOC-based battery USA, Tech. Rep., 2013, Dec. 2013. [Online] Available: http://energy.gov/
management system for microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/Grid%20Energy%20Storage%20December
no. 2, pp. 966–973, Mar. 2014. %202013.pdf
[65] J.-Y. Kim et al., “Cooperative control strategy of energy storage system [87] F. Zhang, M. Tokombayev, Y. Song, and G. Gross, “Effective flywheel
and microsources for stabilizing the microgrid during islanded opera- energy storage (FES) offer strategies for frequency regulation service
tion,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3037–3048, provision,” in Proc. Power Syst. Comput. Conf., Wroclaw, Poland, 2014,
Dec. 2010. pp. 1–7.
[66] H. Karimi, H. Nikkhajoei, and R. Iravani, “Control of an electronically- [88] H. Vasconcelos, C. Moreira, A. Madureira, J. P. Lopes, and V. Miranda,
coupled distributed resource unit subsequent to an islanding event,” IEEE “Advanced control solutions for operating isolated power systems: Ex-
Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 493–501, Jan. 2008. amining the portuguese Islands,” IEEE Electrif. Mag., vol. 3, no. 1,
[67] M. Doyle, J. Newman, A. S. Gozdz, C. N. Schmutz, and J.-M. Tarascon, pp. 25–35, Mar. 2015.
“Comparison of modeling predictions with experimental data from plas- [89] I. Gyuk et al., EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Trans-
tic lithium ion cells,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 143, no. 6, pp. 1890–1903, mission and Distribution Applications. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
Jun. 1996. 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/
[68] H. F. Habib, A. O. Hariri, A. ElSayed, and O. A. Mohammed, “Deploy- ESHB%201001834%20reduced%20size.pdf
ment of electric vehicles in an adaptive protection technique for riding [90] M. H. Ali, B. Wu, and R. A. Dougal, “An overview of SMES applications
through cyber attack threats in microgrids,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Env. in power and energy systems,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 1, no. 1,
Elect. Eng. 2017 IEEE Ind. Comm. Power Syst. Eur., Milan, Italy, 2017, pp. 38–47, Apr. 2010.
pp. 1–6. [91] A. Oudalov, D. Chartouni, and C. Ohler, “Optimizing a battery energy
[69] B. Sood, M. Osterman, and M. Pecht, “Health monitoring of lithium-ion storage system for primary frequency control,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
batteries,” in Proc. IEEE Symp. Product Compliance Eng., 2013, pp. 1–6. vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1259–1266, Aug. 2007.
[70] “Supercapacitor Information – Battery University.” [Online]. Avail- [92] C. R. Vergara, “Parametric interface for battery energy storage systems
able: http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/whats_the_role_of_the_ providing ancillary services,” in Proc. 3rd IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid
supercapacitor. Accessed on: Feb. 10, 2017. Technol. Eur., Berlin, Germany, 2012, pp. 1–7.
[71] F. Béguin, E. Frackowiak,
˛ and A. Burke, “Testing of electrochemical ca- [93] P. F. Frack, M. Martinez, M. G. Molina, and P. E. Mercado, “Emulation
pacitors,” in Supercapacitors. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2013, pp. 437– of synchronous generator for frequency control of smart microgrids,”
471. IEEE Latin Amer. Trans., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 486–491, Feb. 2013.
[72] J. P. Kelley, D. A. Wetz, J. A. Reed, I. J. Cohen, G. K. Turner, and [94] Y. Cho, J. W. Shim, S. J. Kim, S. W. Min, and K. Hur, “Enhanced fre-
W. Lee, “The impact of power quality when high power pulsed DC quency regulation service using Hybrid Energy Storage System against
and continuous AC loads are simultaneously operated on a MicroGrid increasing power-load variability,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc.
testbed,” in Proc. IEEE Elect. Ship Technol. Symp. (ESTS), Arlington, Gen. Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2013, pp. 1–5.
VA, USA, 2013, pp. 6–12. [95] L. Zhang and Y. Liu, “Bulk power system low frequency oscillation
[73] P. Thounthong, A. Luksanasakul, P. Koseeyaporn, and B. Davat, “Intel- suppression by FACTS/ESS,” in Proc. IEEE PES Power Syst. Conf.
ligent model-based control of a standalone photovoltaic/fuel cell power Expo., 2004, vol. 1, pp. 219–226.
plant with supercapacitor energy storage,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, [96] M. Heidari-Kapourchali and V. Aravinthan, “Loss allocation control in
vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 240–249, Jan. 2013. power distribution system reconfiguration in the presence of distributed
[74] B. Vural and C. S. Edrington, “Ultra-capacitor based pulse power man- generators,” in Proc. IEEE PES Gen. Meeting Conf. Expo., National
agement in electrical ships,” in Proc. IEEE Transp. Electrif. Conf. Expo, Harbor, MD, USA, 2014, pp. 1–5.
2012, pp. 1–5. [97] G. Cimuca, S. Breban, M. M. Radulescu, C. Saudemont, and B. Robyns,
[75] J. McGroarty, J. Schmeller, R. Hockney, and M. Polimeno, “Flywheel “Design and control strategies of an induction-machine-based flywheel
energy storage systems for electric start and an all-electric ship,” in Proc. energy storage system associated to a variable-speed wind generator,”
IEEE Elect. Ship Technol. Symp., 2005, pp. 400–406. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 526–534, Jun. 2010.
[76] L. Zhang, L. Li, W. Cui, and S. Li, “Study on improvement of micro- [98] G. Graditi, M. G. Ippolito, E. Telaretti, and G. Zizzo, “An innovative
grid’s power quality based on APF and FESS,” in Proc. IEEE Innov. conversion device to the grid interface of combined RES-based genera-
Smart Grid Technol. - Asia, 2012, pp. 1–6. tors and electric storage systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62,
[77] C. Xie and C. Zhang, “Research on the ship electric propulsion system no. 4, pp. 2540–2550, Apr. 2015.
network power quality with flywheel energy storage,” in Proc. Power [99] M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, “Review of the impact of vehicle-to-grid
Energy Eng. Conf., 2010, pp. 1–3. technologies on distribution systems and utility interfaces,” IEEE Trans.
[78] G. O. Suvire and P. E. Mercado, “Improvement of power quality in wind Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 5673–5689, Dec. 2013.
energy applications using a DSTATCOM coupled with a flywheel energy [100] K. Christakou, D. C. Tomozei, M. Bahramipanah, J. Y. Le Boudec, and
storage system,” in Proc. Power Electron. Conf., 2009, pp. 58–64. M. Paolone, “Primary voltage control in active distribution networks via
[79] S. Samineni, B. K. Johnson, H. L. Hess, and J. D. Law, “Modeling and broadcast signals: The case of distributed storage,” in IEEE Trans. Smart
analysis of a flywheel energy storage system for Voltage sag correction,” Grid, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 2314–2325, Sep. 2014.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 42–52, Jan. 2006. [101] M. Khaterchi, J. Belhadj, and M. Elleuch, “DPC for three-phase inverter
[80] M. Subkhan and M. Komori, “New concept for flywheel energy storage to improve the integration of wind turbine associated to Flywheel Energy
system using SMB and PMB,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 21, Storage System into the grid,” in Proc. 6th Int. Multi-Conf. Syst., Signals
no. 3, pp. 1485–1488, Jun. 2011. Devices, Djerba, Tunisia, 2009, pp. 1–6.
[81] I. Lahbib, A. Lahyani, A. Sari, and P. Venet, “Performance analysis of a [102] J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, and P. Rodrı́guez, “Control of power
lead-acid battery/supercapacitors hybrid and a battery stand-alone under converters in AC microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27,
pulsed loads,” in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Green Energy, 2014, pp. 273–278. no. 11, pp. 4734–4749, Nov. 2012.
[82] M. Ibrahim, S. Jemei, G. Wimmer, and D. Hissel, “Nonlinear autoregres- [103] G. Graditi, M. G. Ippolito, E. Telaretti, and G. Zizzo, “An innovative
sive neural network in an energy management strategy for battery/ultra- conversion device to the grid interface of combined RES-based genera-
capacitor hybrid electrical vehicles,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 136, tors and electric storage systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62,
pp. 262–269, Jul. 2016. no. 4, pp. 2540–2550, Apr. 2015.

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HABIB et al.: REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE IMPACTS ON ADAPTIVE MICROGRID PROTECTION SCHEMES 1207

[104] W. T. Liu, Y. K. Wu, C. Y. Lee, and C. R. Chen, “Effect of low-voltage- Hany F. Habib received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
ride-through technologies on the first taiwan offshore wind farm plan- in electrical engineering from Helwan University,
ning,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 78–86, Jan. 2011. Cairo, Egypt, in 2007 and 2014, respectively. He is
[105] C. Abbey and G. Joos, “Supercapacitor energy storage for wind en- currently working toward the Ph.D. degree with the
ergy applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 769–776, Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Electrical and
May/Jun. 2007. Computer Engineering Department, College of En-
[106] S. I. Gkavanoudis and C. S. Demoulias, “A new fault ride-through control gineering and Computing, Florida International Uni-
method for full-converter wind turbines employing supercapacitor energy versity, Miami, FL, USA.
storage system,” in Proc. 47th Int. Univ. Power Eng. Conf., London, U.K., His current research interests include power sys-
2012, pp. 1–6. tem protection, multiagent systems, cyber physi-
[107] I. A. Gowaid, A. A. Elserougi, A. S. Abdel-Khalik, A. M. Massoud, cal systems for active distribution networks, and
and S. Ahmed, “A series flywheel architecture for power levelling and microgrids.
mitigation of DC voltage transients in multi-terminal HVDC grids,” IET
Gener. Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1951–1959, Dec. 2014.
[108] R. Arghandeh, M. Pipattanasomporn, and S. Rahman, “Flywheel energy
storage systems for ride-through applications in a facility microgrid,”
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1955–1962, Dec. 2012.
[109] M. I. Daoud, A. Massoud, S. Ahmed, A. S. Abdel-Khalik, and
A. Elserougi, “Ride-through capability enhancement of VSC-HVDC
based wind farms using low speed flywheel energy storage system,” Christopher R. Lashway (S’07) received the B.S.
in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo., Fort Worth, TX, USA, degree in electrical engineering technology from the
2014, pp. 2706–2712. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA, in
[110] N. S. Gayathri and N. Senroy, “Wind turbine with flywheel for improved 2008, and the M.Eng. degree in electrical engineer-
power smoothening and LVRT,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. ing from Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg,
Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2013, pp. 1–5. Middletown, PA, USA, in 2010. He is a currently
[111] M. Ahsanul Alam, A. H. M. A. Rahim, and M. A. Abido, “Supercapacitor working toward the Ph.D. degree with the Energy
based energy storage system for effective fault ride through of wind Systems Research Laboratory, Florida International
generation system,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electron., Bari, Italy, University, Miami, FL.
2010, pp. 2481–2486. He was an Engineer for the Naval Surface War-
[112] A. Lahyani, P. Venet, A. Guermazi, and A. Troudi, “Bat- fare Center, Dahlgren, VA, USA, working on a wide
tery/supercapacitors combination in uninterruptible power supply range of Marine Corps and Naval projects focusing on mobile power and energy
(UPS),” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1509–1522, solutions.
Apr. 2013.
[113] J. Jia, Y. Wang, S. Li, and G. Wang, “A dynamic discharge structure for
ultracapacitor application in the fuel cell UPS,” in Proc. 10th Int. Conf.
Control, Autom. Robot. Vis., Hanoi, Vietnam, 2008, pp. 2102–2107.
[114] B. Roberts and J. McDowall, “Commercial successes in power storage,”
IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 24–30, Mar./Apr. 2005.
[115] P. J. Binduhewa, “Uninterruptible power supply for short-time power Osama A. Mohammed (F’94) received the master’s
back-up using ultracapacitors,” in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Ind. Inf. Syst., and doctoral degrees in electrical engineering from
Kandy, Sri Lanka, 2011, pp. 551–556. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, in 1981 and
[116] J. M. Crider and S. D. Sudhoff, “Reducing impact of pulsed power loads 1983, respectively.
on microgrid power systems,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 3, He is a Professor of electrical engineering and
pp. 270–277, Dec. 2010. the Director of the Energy Systems Research Labo-
[117] M. Falahi, K. L. Butler-Purry, and M. Ehsani, “Reactive power coordi- ratory with Florida International University, Miami,
nation of shipboard power systems in presence of pulsed loads,” IEEE FL, USA. He has performed research on various top-
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 3675–3682, Nov. 2013. ics in power and energy systems in addition to design
[118] L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, and S. Liu, “Power enhancement of an actively optimization and physics passed modeling in electric
controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., drive systems and other low-frequency environments.
vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 236–243, Jan. 2005. He is a world renowned leader in electrical energy systems. He has performed
[119] H. F. Habib, M. E. Hariri, A. Elsayed, and O. Mohammed, “Utilization of research in the areas of electromagnetic signature, wideband gap devices and
supercapacitors in adaptive protection applications for resiliency against switching, and ship power systems modeling and analysis. He has current ac-
communication failures: A size and cost optimization case study,” in tive research projects for several federal agencies dealing with power system
Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2017, analysis and operation, smart grid distributed control and interoperability, cyber
pp. 1–8. physical systems, and codesign of cyber and physical components for future
[120] V. Salehi, A. Mohamed, A. Mazloomzadeh, and O. A. Mohammed, energy systems applications. He has published more than 450 articles in refer-
“Laboratory-based smart power system, Part I: Design and system de- eed journals and other IEEE refereed international conference records. He also
velopment,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1394–1404, authored a book and several book chapters.
Sep. 2012. Dr. Mohammed is an elected fellow of the Applied Computational Electro-
[121] M. Farhadi and O. A. Mohammed, “Event-based protection scheme for a magnetic Society. He received the prestigious IEEE Power and Energy Society
multiterminal hybrid DC power system,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, Cyril Veinott Electromechanical Energy Conversion Award and the 2012 Out-
no. 4, pp. 1658–1669, Jul. 2015. standing Research Award from Florida International University.

Authorized licensed use limited to: PES University Bengaluru. Downloaded on January 14,2023 at 10:21:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.