Chapter 2

DIGITAL TELEPHONY Assignments with

STUDENT’S WORKBOOK One Switching Centre (58-002-USB)

2.3 Digital Switch Operation Assignment

The Assignment shows how the Data Memory can produce Digital Switching, and how it is
controlled by the Connection Memory.

2.3.1 Objectives

On completion of this assignment you will have:

• Determined the relationship between information held within the control memory
and the actual switching operation.
• Established the procedure to connect tones to calling lines.

Additionally, you will be:

• Familiar with the use of the connection memory in a digital switching system.

2.3.2 Prior Knowledge

Before commencing this assignment you should:

• Understand the operation of a Time Division Multiplex System.

• Understand the basic operation of the RAM in the structure of a digital computer
system.

2.3.3 Practicals

Practical exercises are provided as follows:

• Practical 1: Control of Time Switch

• Practical 2: Connection of Tones

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2.3.4 Preliminary Procedure

Check the Workstation set up as follows:

• One Digital Switch Centre If there is only one Digital Switch Centre and
Telephone Tray (58-122 and 58-123) connected to the system controller 58-121,
make sure the Switching Centre Type Switch is set to 'A' (green LED on).

• Two Digital Switch Centres If there are two Digital Switch Centres and Telephone
Trays (58-122 and 58-123), one Switching Centre Type Switch should be set to ‘A’
(green LED on) and the other to ‘B’ (yellow LED on). A ‘curly’ trunk cable should
interconnect the ‘Trunks’ connectors. Use Switch Centre 'A' for the Practicals.

• Two Digital Switch Centres plus a Trunk Networks Board With two Digital
Switch Centres and Telephone Trays (58-122 and 58-123) and a Trunk Networks
Board, 58-140 included in the set-up, one Switching Centre Type Switch should be
set to ‘A’ (green LED on) and the other to ‘B’ (yellow LED on). ‘Curly’ trunk cables
should interconnect the ‘Trunks’ connectors. Use Switching Centre 'A' for the
Practicals.

Run Assignment 1, Practical 2 to check on the current settings of the tone generator.

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2.3.5 Theory

2.3.5.1 Digital Switch Architecture

The Switch has an Inlet Buffer (Serial In and Parallel Out), and an Outlet Buffer (Parallel
In and Serial Out) for each Serial Bus connected.

The Buffers and the Data Memory are connected internally by a parallel bus, which can
operate much faster than the serial busses.

The Connection Memory is used to control the time at which the contents of each timeslot
are sent to the Outlet Buffer.

2.3.5.2 Switch Operation

The incoming serial data along one Inlet Bus enters the Inlet Buffer. The data in each
timeslot is read into a location in the Data Memory in sequence as it arrives. Thus the
position in the Data Memory indicates which timeslot was connected.

To achieve Time Switching, the data from each location in the Data Memory must be read
at the correct time, and sent to the Outlet Buffer.

Each location in the Connection Memory is used for the same timeslot as the
corresponding location in the Data Memory. However each Connection Memory location
contains an address, not data. The address is that of the Data Memory location which
should be read and the data sent to the Outlet Buffer for each timeslot.

Thus by writing data into the Data Memory sequentially, but reading it when required,
Time Switching is obtained.

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Combined Time and Space switching is obtained using the same principle. More Inlet and
Outlet Buffers are used for the additional busses, all connected by the parallel bus to the
Data Memory, which is more extensive.

A limit on switch capacity is reached when the internal bus cannot reach the speed
required for transfer of all the data. In that case combinations of switches are used.

2.3.6 Practical 1: Control of Time Switch

2.3.6.1 Switching using RAM

The method used for Time Switching is to write the 8 bits of data in each Timeslot into a
location in a random access memory (RAM). Then at the correct time the data is read
from the RAM and transmitted through the Switch Outlet.

To do this the Digital Switch writes the data from each Timeslot in the Inlet serial Bus into
the Data memory. Each location in the Data Memory corresponds to a particular Timeslot
in the Inlet Serial Bus.

The data is read out from the Data Memory and sent to the Outlet Serial Bus in the
correct sequence for the particular connection required.

2.3.6.2 Switch Control

The output sequence is controlled by the Connection Memory. Each location in the
Connection Memory also corresponds to a Timeslot in the Outlet Serial Bus.

The Connection Memory contains the addresses of the Data Memory from which each
Timeslot data can be read. The addresses are inserted when the connection is set up.

At the time for the data to be transferred to the Outlet, the address is read in the
corresponding location in the Connection Memory, and used to find the data in the Data
Memory.

The data is held for a complete Frame; ie, 125 µs, in the Data Memory before being
written over by the data from the next corresponding Timeslot. This is indicated by the
display not flashing as quickly as the serial data.

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2.3.6.3 Procedure

Control of connections between 4 telephones, all connected to one serial bus. Make a
connection between any two telephones. (Single digit dialling, numbers 1 to 4)

Observe the addresses written into the Connection Memory.

These tell the system where in the Data Memory to find the data for the output timeslot.

Answer the questions for this practical.

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2.3.6.4 Questions

1. How many locations in the Connection Memory need to be written for one speech
connection?

2. How long does each sample of data remain in the Data Memory?

3. What is the sequence of actions to find the correct data for the Outlet during a
particular timeslot?

4. What entries are made in which locations in the Connection Memory for a connection
between lines L2 and L4?

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2.3.7 Practical 2: Connection of Tones

The Digital Switch is used to connect each of the 4 tones used for signalling to the
telephone user. The tones are Dial tone (DT), Ringing tone (RT), Busy tone, and Number
Unobtainable (NU tone).

The tones are continuously available in particular timeslots, and are connected to each
line as required. Each tone can be connected to as many telephones as necessary
simultaneously.

Each tone can be programmed (see the Local Signalling Assignment). Whether it is the
programmed or preset tones that are used, they are available in the same timeslots.

2.3.7.1 Procedure

The 4 tones for signalling to the telephone are available in specified timeslots, in one
serial bus. They are connected as required to the telephone timeslots, again under the
control of the connection memory.

Pick up one telephone and listen to the dial tone. Dial another telephone, see that dial
tone stops, and then ring tone starts. Answer the telephone.

Then try to connect a third telephone to one of the first two. Finally try to connect to an
invalid number.

Answer the questions for this practical.

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2.3.7.2 Questions

1. What address is entered into which location of the Connection Memory to apply Dial
tone to Line L3?

2. Why?

3. Is there any limit to the number of lines which can receive the same tone from one
source at the same time?

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2.4 Line Scan Assignment

The input of data about the state of each telephone is demonstrated.

2.4.1 Objectives

On completion of this assignment you will have:

• Determined the acquisition procedure for on/off hook and DTMF.

• Investigated the concept of scanning line circuits to receive local signals.
• Evaluated the associated minimum sampling rates.

Additionally, you will:

• Appreciate the organisation required to receive and store local signals.

• Be familiar with the use of switch hook and state maps.

2.4.2 Prior Knowledge

Before commencing this assignment you should be familiar with:

• Basic Time Division Multiplex Principles.

• Characteristics of local signals.
• Maximum signalling rate of DTMF signals.

2.4.3 Practicals

Practical exercises are provided as follows:

• Practical 1: Switch Hook

• Practical 2: DTMF Receivers

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2.4.4 Preliminary Procedure

Check the Workstation set up as follows:

• One Digital Switch Centre If there is only one Digital Switch Centre and
Telephone Tray (58-122 and 58-123) connected to the system controller 58-121,
make sure the Switching Centre Type Switch is set to 'A' (green LED on).
• Two Digital Switch Centres If there are two Digital Switch Centres and Telephone
Trays (58-122 and 58-123), one Switching Centre Type Switch should be set to ‘A’
(green LED on) and the other to ‘B’ (yellow LED on). A ‘curly’ trunk cable should
interconnect the ‘Trunks’ connectors. Use Switch Centre 'A' for the Practicals.
• Two Digital Switch Centres plus a Trunk Networks Board With two Digital
Switch Centres and Telephone Trays (58-122 and 58-123) and a Trunk Networks
Board, 58-140, included in the set-up, one Switching Centre Type Switch should be
set to ‘A’ (green LED on) and the other to ‘B’ (yellow LED on). ‘Curly’ trunk cables
should interconnect the ‘Trunks’ connectors. Use Switching Centre 'A' for the
Practicals.
Perform the Local Signalling Assignment, Practical 2 to check on the current settings of
the tone generator.

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2.4.5 Theory

2.4.5.1 Line Scan

There are four telephones connected to each Switching Centre Workboard. Each is
connected to a Subscribers Line Interface Circuit (SLIC), which provides the services
demonstrated on the two Telephony Workboards Telephone and Interface and TDM/PCM
Principles.

The SLIC circuits are on 20-pin single in-line packages, which are visible just behind the
telephone sockets on the Switching Centre Workboard.

The 2 outgoing signalling circuits in each telephone are the Switch Hook and the Keypad

2.4.5.2 Switch Hook Detection

A Subscriber's Line Interface Circuit (SLIC) detects the state of the Switch Hook in each
telephone. There are 3 conditions in which the state of the Switch Hook can be
determined.

1. If the telephone is On Hook, and not in use, or

2. if 2 telephones are connected:

then a Call Detect circuit determines the state of the Switch Hook.
3. However, if the telephone is receiving a Ringing signal, then the normal speech
circuit is disconnected and an Answer Detect circuit is used to perform the Ring
Trip function.

The SLIC used on the Workboard performs both functions, and only produces one Switch
Hook signal. However, it may be possible to detect a difference in response time when the
Ringing is audible.

2.4.5.3 DTMF Detection

DTMF Receiver circuits recognise the output from each keypad.

The control processor obtains information about the all the lines by scanning the Interface
Circuits to receive any input signals.

Each valid detection is signalled by an output pin going positive for at least 40 ms. To
ensure that no valid inputs are missed the scan is repeated every 20 ms. That is 50 times
every second.

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2.4.6 Practical 1: Switch Hook

2.4.6.1 Switch Hook

The control microprocessor in the Switching Centre needs to know the state of the switch
hook in each telephone. Is it On Hook or Off Hook?

The Subscriber's Line Interface Circuit (SLIC) on each Line, tests the state of the Switch
Hook continuously. The processor scans all 4 SLICs in one 4 bit input.

The scan is repeated at a standard 20 ms interval.

The processor only needs to respond if there has been a change of state. For example, if
a telephone was On Hook previously and is still On Hook, then no action is expected.

2.4.6.2 Ring Trip

The SLIC normally uses a Call Detect Circuit to test the Switch Hook.

However, if the telephone is receiving a Ringing signal then an Answer Detect circuit is
used. That function is known as ring trip.

Ring trip takes a little time to operate, as the change in dc current has to be recognised in
the presence of a large ac current. A typical response time for Ring Trip is 200 ms, which
may be just detectable.

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2.4.6.3 Procedure

Each telephone may go Off Hook while either idle or while being alerted.

One Switch Hook signal is operated in either case.

Pick up any telephone and observe the change of state.

Replace the telephone and see the response.

Use one telephone to alert another. (Single digit dialling, 1 to 4). Pick up the telephone
which is ringing. Replace the calling telephone.

Answer the questions for this practical.

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2.4.6.4 Questions

1. Can you detect a difference in speed of response to the Switch Hook when the
telephone is starting a call (Call Detect), or answering in the silent period, or when it is
ringing (Answer Detect)?

2. Why is there a difference?

3. Consider a call which has been established from Line L3 to Line L4. What action is
expected by the control if:

(i) Bit 3 changes from 1 to 0;

(ii) Bit 2 changes from 1 to 0.

(i)

(ii)

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2.4.7 Practical 2: DTMF Receivers

The keypad sends Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals to the Switching Centre.
Each line circuit has its own DTMF receiver circuit in a dedicated IC.

The DTMF receiver responds only to valid DTMF tones. When it recognises a valid tone,
it sets an output pin to a binary 1. This output is interpreted by the microprocessor as a
DTMF Valid (DV) signal.

The DTMF receiver only holds the DV output for about 40 ms. It cannot be longer
because another DTMF tone may be transmitted within about 80 ms.

The processor scans all 4 DV outputs at once in its regular line scan. The repetition rate
of the scan is set at 20 ms, in order to ensure the reliable response to the DTMF tones.

The 4 bit DTMF codes are appear continuously on the output pins of the DTMF receiver,
but of course are only significant when the DV signal has appeared. The DTMF Receivers
are connected permanently, so that they can be used during a telephone conversation.
Their response can be seen at any stage of a call.

It is necessary to input one digit for each time a button is pressed. Thus if DV stays at 1,
without interruption, it is still only one digit. Hence the control only responds to a positive
change, that is when the DV signal changes from 0 to 1. After the button is released, the
DV returns to 0.

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2.4.7.1 Procedure

Each line has its own DTMF Receiver for tone dialling.

When a receiver has recognised a valid tone, the DV (DTMF Valid) bit is set; and the digit
can be read from the 4 bit code.

Use the keypad on different telephones. Observe the response of the DV and digit codes.

Answer the questions for this practical.

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2.4.7.2 Questions

1. Under what condition should the microprocessor control use the DTMF code for any
particular line?

2. Why does the Line Scan occur every 20 ms?

3. How does the control determine whether a keypad button has been pressed more than
once?

4. What advantage is there in keeping the DTMF receivers connected continuously?

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2.5 Call Records Assignment

This assignment shows the stored information needed to control each telephone call.

2.5.1 Objectives

On completion of this assignment you will have:

• Investigated the sequence of establishing a call connection with reference to the

state transition under the control of input signals generated at the telephone
terminal.
• Recognised the use of calling and required line identities and established the
means of storing the associated information.
• Established methods of timing call processes to allow efficient system utilisation.

Additionally, you will:

• Appreciate the use of the Call State Transition Diagram.

• Be familiar with the memory structure associated with the call set-up process.
• Recognise of the importance of the facility to time processes to achieve high
system utilisation.

2.5.2 Prior Knowledge

Before commencing this assignment you should have:

• Basic understanding of sequential logic.

• Knowledge of the local signals required to establish a call.
• Understanding of the use of memory in stored programme controlled systems.

2.5.3 Practicals

Practical exercises are provided as follows:

• Practical 1: Call State

• Practical 2: Line Identities
• Practical 3: Timing

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2.5.4 Preliminary Procedure

Check the Workstation set up as follows:

• One Digital Switch Centre If there is only one Digital Switch Centre and
Telephone Tray (58-122 and 58-123) connected to the system controller 58-121,
make sure the Switching Centre Type Switch is set to 'A' (green LED on).

• Two Digital Switch Centres If there are two Digital Switch Centres and Telephone
Trays (58-122 and 58-123), one Switching Centre Type Switch should be set to ‘A’
(green LED on) and the other to ‘B’ (yellow LED on). A ‘curly’ trunk cable should
interconnect the ‘Trunks’ connectors. Use Switch Centre 'A' for the Practicals.

• Two Digital Switch Centres plus a Trunk Networks Board With two Digital
Switch Centres and Telephone Trays (58-122 and 58-123) and a Trunk Networks
Board, 58-140, included in the set-up, one Switching Centre Type Switch should be
set to ‘A’ (green LED on) and the other to ‘B’ (yellow LED on). ‘Curly’ trunk cables
should interconnect the ‘Trunks’ connectors. Use Switching Centre 'A' for the
Practicals.

Perform the Local Signalling Assignment, Practical 2 to check on the current settings of
the tone generator.

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2.5.5 Theory

2.5.5.1 Call Records

A Call Record is an area of memory in which the essential data for any call is held. Each
time a telephone goes off hook in order to start a call, a new Call Record is opened.

The essential items are:

1. The call state, which indicates the position which a call has reached in the
sequence of events.

2. The identity of the calling line.

3. The identity of the required line

4. The duration of the call.

5. The timing of the Ring Count.

These items, together with the Line Scan inputs, are the total requirements for the Control
microprocessor to handle the call.

The Call Records are numbered R1 to R4. For a very small system it is possible for all
telephones to be Off Hook together, and so there has to be a Call Record for each one.
However, you will probably notice as you work with the system that it is unusual for all 4 to
be needed.

In large systems an assumption is made that most telephones are not in use most of the
time, and so only a small proportion of possible connections are ever made.

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2.5.5.2 Call States and Transitions

The first Practical uses this diagram to illustrate the progress of a Call through various
Call States.

The diagram is the basis of a 'Process' diagram as defined in the ITU-T Specification and
Description Language (SDL). It serves as an introduction to the SDL concepts.

The concept is expanded in later Assignments into a full Call State Transition Diagram.
The full diagram requires more components, particularly Inputs, Outputs and Tasks.

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2.5.6 Practical 1: Call State

2.5.6.1 Call State

The concept of Call State is the method for organising the control of the telephone
system.

The Call States in this system are numbered S0 (Idle) to S7 (Speech). The progress of a
call is monitored by reference to its State.

Most of the time of the Control in the Switching Centre is spent waiting for the next input
from a user. When the Line Scan detects a change of Input from the Hook Switch, or from
the DTMF Receivers, it refers to the Call State, if any, for that Line to determine the
significance of the Input.

2.5.6.2 Dialling

In this and later Assignments, 2 digit dialling is used. This is more realistic, and enables
the Call Processing to be more clearly observed.

The preset numbers for the 4 Lines are 21, 22, 31 and 32, respectively.

However, in the Line Records Assignment it is possible to change the numbers. If this is
done the new numbers remain in use!

2.5.6.2.1 State S3
Note that local calls, in the single Switch used for this Assignment, do not need to dwell in
State S3 - Find Line. This is because the processor can determine immediately whether
the required line is free, busy or unobtainable, and is an internal transition. A short pause
at State S3 is imposed, but would not normally be used. State S3 is examined more
closely in other Assignments.

2.5.6.2.2 Example
As an example, consider the system starting in State S0, Idle.

When the Line Scan shows an unused handset off-hook, it responds with dial tone. A
Transition is made to State S1 - Call Request. As the call progresses more Transitions
occur.

At any point, if the call is released, then the system reverts to State S0 - Idle. The Call
State is recorded at each stage in the Call Record.

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2.5.6.3 Use of Call State Transition Diagram

The advantages of the Call State Transition Diagram include:

1. It provides an exact specification of the operation of the system and at the same
time it enforces a discipline on the system designer.

2. The control software is designed and tested by considering the possible States.
The complexity of a large system is thus reduced to a number of simple steps.

For design if a system is in a particular State, only certain Transitions are possible, and
only those need to be provided. For testing, from any State it is only required to ensure
that the required Transitions, and only those, occur.

3. Customer literature can be written, explaining the operation confidently, by

reference to the Call State Transition Diagram.

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2.5.6.4 Procedure

The Call State is used by the control to determine the progress of any call. The active Call
State Transition Diagram shows the possible Transitions between States.

2-digit dialling is now needed to demonstrate reasonable call progress. The lines L1 to L4
have preset numbers 21, 22, 31, 32. These can be changed in the Line Records,
Numbering Practical.

Lift just one telephone and go through the stages of a call.

The Call State table shows which State each Call Record has reached. The related Call
State Transition Diagram (CSTD) shows the progress of any call. If necessary use the
Select Record button to find the current CSTD.

Make two calls simultaneously and follow their progress on the 2 CSTDs. Try to connect
to a telephone already in use; and to a nonexistent directory number.

Answer the questions for this practical.

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2.5.6.5 Questions

1. Establish a call step by step between two telephones. Record the sequence of States
used, including the name and code for each State.

2. What circumstances cause the system to reach States S5 or S6?

3. This small system can only provide 2 connections at one time. Why are 4 Call
Records provided?

4. Does a large public telephone network need a Call Record for every telephone
connected?

5. What are the advantages of the Call State Diagram?

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2.5.7 Practical 2: Line Identity

2.5.7.1 Line Identity

For the Call Record the lines are identified by their Equipment Numbers, which
correspond to the Telephone Line numbers L1 to L4 on the Workboard. The use of
alternative numbers is discussed in the Line Records Assignment.

There are 2 Line Identities used in the Call Record. The Calling Line Identity CLI is
entered when the Call Record is opened. The Required Line Identity RLI is entered when
it is identified by the dialled numbers.

2.5.7.2 Call Progress

The basic information required by the Control to process a call comprises the Call State
CS and the Line Identities CLI and RLI.

1. With that information, incoming signals from the telephone are correctly
interpreted.

2. All switching whether of Tones or Ringing or final Connection can be performed.

3. Release of a call may happen at any State of the call. Hence correct disconnection
also requires all the 3 items, CS, CLI and RLI.

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2.5.7.3 Procedure

There are 2 Line Identities required for the Call Record.

The Calling Line Identity CLI is entered into the Call Record when a new Record is
started.

The Dialled Number is stored as the digits are dialled. When it is complete, if the
required line is not Busy or Unobtainable, the Required Line Identity RLI is entered into
the Call Record.

Use the telephones to make various connections (2 digit dialling). Observe when the
Identities are entered and removed from the Call Records.

Answer the questions for this practical.

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2.5.7.4 Questions

1. When is a new Call Record started?

2. When is a Call Record cleared?

3. If a Call is made from Line L1 to Line L2, at what stage of the Call is the Required Line
Identity entered into the Call Record? What is the Call State when it appears?(If you
are not sure, change to the Call State Practical)

4. Consider a Call at State S4 with CLI = L2 and RLI = L3.

What is happening?
Now consider the following signals:
(i) Line L3 goes Off Hook.
(ii) Line L1 goes Off Hook.
(iii) Line L2 goes On Hook.
(a) For each case what Switching is required?
(b) For each case what changes are made to the Call Record??

Signal (i):
(a)
(b)
Signal (ii):
(a)
(b)
Signal (iii):
(a)
(b)

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5. What is the essential information required in the Call Record for the control of a call?

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2.5.8 Practical 3: Timing

2.5.8.1 Call Duration CD

The duration of any telephone call is important to a telephone company for various
reasons. The main reason is for charging the user for the call. When the call is
completed, the details of the call are recorded and used for calculating the bill.

Also it is useful to keep some statistics on the system performance. For example, the time
required to set up a call, for which the company is not paid, affects the amount of
computing equipment needed by the system.

Finally, if calls are not completely established, eg, a phone is left off-hook without dialling,
after a certain period it may be disconnected or an alarm message may be sent.

2.5.8.2 Ring Count

According to the ITU-T recommendation, Ring Tone and the Ringing signal should
commence as soon as the connection is made.

To achieve this without distorting the normal Ring cadence, the Tone period must start
immediately. Hence the cadences for each line are not synchronous, and must be
counted independently.

The unit of time for the Ring Count is 0.1 second.

It is convenient to provide a location for the count with the Call Record. However, no
further use is made of the data.

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DIGITAL TELEPHONY Assignments with
STUDENT’S WORKBOOK One Switching Centre (58-002-USB)

2.5.8.3 Procedure

The duration of each call, in seconds, is maintained in each Call Record. Timing starts as
soon as the Call Record is opened.

When a connection is made, the Set Up duration is recorded for the Traffic statistics. The
Call Duration is then restarted.

The control of Ringing also needs a location for counting the course of the Ringing
cadence. The Ring Count is counted in units of 0.1 second.

Make some connections (2 digit dialling), and observe the timing.

Answer the questions for this practical.

2-50 58-Digital WB (USB)

 Chapter 2
DIGITAL TELEPHONY Assignments with
STUDENT’S WORKBOOK One Switching Centre (58-002-USB)

2.5.8.4 Questions

1. Why is the duration of a call measured?

2. Why is the set up time measured?

3. Would a telephone company welcome automatic attempts to make a connection to a

busy line?

4. Does your local telephone company disconnect calls if dialling is not completed? How
long do they wait?

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