Programming the 8051 Microcontroller

(Embedded System)

Dr. Basudeba Behera

Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
 Contents

• Addressing modes
• Instruction sets
• Interrupts
• Timer and Counter
• Serial Communication

2
 Addressing Modes

• Direct Addressing Mode

• Indirect Addressing Mode
• Register Addressing
• Immediate Mode
• Register Indexed Mode

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 Addressing Modes

Direct Mode
• The direct address of the operand is specified in the instruction itself.
• Lower 128 bytes of internal RAM and the SFRs used
• specify data by its 8-bit address
Usually for 30h-7Fh of RAM

Opcode Byte 8-bit Direct Address

Mov A, 70H ; copy contents of RAM at 70h to A

Mov R0,40H ; copy contents of RAM at 40h to R0
Mov 56H, A ; put contents of at A to 56H
Mov 0D0H, A ; put contents of A into PSW

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 Addressing Modes
Direct Mode
play with R0-R7 by direct address
MOV A,4  MOV A,R4
MOV A,7  MOV A,R7
MOV 7,2  MOV R7,R6

MOV R2, #5 ;Put 5 in R2

MOV R2, 5 ;Put content of RAM at 5 in R2

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 Addressing Modes
Register Indirect
• It uses any one of the registers R0-R7, of the register bank, as a pointer to the locations in the 256 bytes
of data memory block.
• It may point in the lower 128 bytes of the internal RAM, or the lower 256 bytes of the external data
memory.
• the address of the source or destination is specified in registers
Uses registers R0 or R1 for 8-bit address:
mov psw, #0 ; use register bank 0
mov r0, #0x3C
mov @r0, #3 ; memory at 3C gets #3 ; M[3C]  3
Uses DPTR register for 16-bit addresses:
mov dptr, #0x9000 ; dptr  9000h
movx a, @dptr ; a  M[9000]
Note that 9000 is an address in external memory
SFRs are not addressed by this mode.

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EXTERNAL ADDRESSING USING MOVX AND MOVC

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 Addressing Modes
Register Addressing
❑ Registers R0 through R7 from the selected register bank, accumulator, B-register, and
DPTR are used.
❑ Either source or destination is one of CPU register
❑ The LSB of the opcode indicates which register is used
MOV R0,A
MOV A,R7
ADD A,R4
ADD A,R7
MOV DPTR,#25F5H
MOV R5,DPL
MOV R,DPH
Note that MOV R4,R7 is incorrect

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 Addressing Modes

Immediate Mode
• It allows using immediate data as part of the instruction.
• specify data by its value
mov A, #0 ;put 0 in the accumulator
;A = 00000000
mov R4, #11h ;put 11hex in the R4 register
;R4 = 00010001
mov B, #11 ;put 11 decimal in b register
;B = 00001011
mov DPTR,#7521h ;put 7521 hex in DPTR
;DPTR = 0111010100100001

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 Addressing Modes
Base Register Plus Index Register Indirect Mode
• This mode allows a byte to be accessed from the program memory, whose address is calculated as the
sum of a base register (DPTR/ PC) and the index register (accumulator)
• MOVC A, @A+DPTR, it will fetch a byte from the program memory, whose address is calculated by
adding the original 8-bit unsigned contents of the accumulator and the 16-bit contents of the DPTR.
• Base address can be DPTR or PC
mov DPTR, #4000h
mov A, #5
movc A, @A + DPTR ;a  M[4005]
• Base address can be DPTR or PC
ORG 1000h
1000 mov a, #5
1002 movc a, @a + PC ;a  M[1008]
1003 Nop
• Table Lookup
• MOVC only can read internal code memory 10
 The 8051 Instruction Set
➢ The following are the Instruction set of 8051
• Data Transfer Instruction
• Arithmetic Instructions
• Logical Instructions
• Boolean Variable Manipulation Instructions
• Control Transfer Instructions.
➢ 8051 has 111 instructions.
➢ Instructions are classified as single byte, two-byte and three-byte.
✓ 45 single byte
✓ 45 two-byte
✓ 17 three byte

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 Data Transfer Instructions
• There are MOV, MOVX, MOVC, PUSH, POP, and exchange XCG, XCH instructions.
• Data transfer instructions do not affect any of the PSW flags.

• Exchange instructions
XCH a, byte ;exchange accumulator and byte
XCHD a, byte ;exchange low nibbles of accumulator and byte

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 Data Transfer Instructions
• MOV dest, source ;dest  source
• Stack instructions
PUSH direct ;increment stack pointer, ;move direct byte on stack
POP direct ;move direct byte from stack, ;decrement stack pointer

pop
push

stack pointer

stack

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 STACKS
• Stack-oriented data transfer
– Only one operand (direct addressing)
– SP is other operand – register indirect - implied
• Direct addressing mode must be used in Push and Pop
mov sp, #0x40 ; Initialize SP
push 0x55 ; SP  SP+1, M[SP]  M[55]
; M[41]  M[55]
pop b ; b  M[55]

Note: can only specify RAM or SFRs (direct mode) to push or pop. Therefore, to push/pop the
accumulator, must use acc, not a

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15
 Logical Instructions
• Bitwise logical AND, OR, Exclusive-OR is possible in 8051.
• These instructions accept two 8-bit operands and the result is stored at the destination.
• No flags are affected by ANL,OR, and XOR.
• There are single instructions like CLR, SETB, and CPL
• Rotate instructions RR, RRC,RL,RLC
• RLC instruction moves bit-7 of the accumulator into CY position.
• Swap instructions SWAP.
• SWAP A instruction simply interchanges the lower and higher nibbles of the accumulator and no flags are
affected.

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Logical Instructions

17
Byte-level Logical Instructions

18
BYTE-LEVEL LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

19
BYTE-LEVEL LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

20
Byte level logical instructions

21
Bit Level Logical Instructions

22
Bit Level Logical Instructions

23
Bit addressable control registers

24
Bit addressable control registers

25
Bit addressable control registers

26
Bit addressable control registers

27
Bit addressable control registers

28
Rotate and swap operation

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Rotate and swap operation

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Rotate and swap operation

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 Arithmetic Instructions
• It is possible to carryout both signed
and unsigned addition by using the OV
flag.
• There are unsigned multiplication and
division operations directly supported
by the instructions

Instructions Affecting Flags

Incrementing and Decrementing

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Incrementing and Decrementing

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 ADDITION

ADDITION WITH CARRY

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 SUBTRACTION

MULTIPLE BYTE SUBTRACTION

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MULTIPLICATION

36
DIVISION

37
Decimal Arithmetic

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 Jump and Call Opcodes
▪ Jumps and calls are the decision codes that alter the flow of the program by examining the results of action
codes and changing the contents of the program counter.
▪ A jump permanently changes the contents of the program counter if certain program conditions exist.
▪ A call temporarily changes the program counter to allow another part of the program to run.
▪ A jump or call instruction can replace the contents of the program counter with a new program address
number that causes program execution to begin at the code located at the new address.
▪ Jump or call has 3 ranges
▪ Short jump (SJMP):
✓ A short jump trnasfers control within 256 byte range, from -128 to +127 bytew raltive to the first byte
of the following instruction.
▪ Absolute jump (AJMP):
✓ AJMP allows 11-bit address to be specified in the instruction. The destination must be within 2K block
of the program memory from the next instruction followed by AJMP instruction.
▪ Long Jump (LJMP):
✓ LJMP, a 16 bit address is specified in the instruction and a jump to anywhere within 64 K block of
program memory is possible that is 0000H to FFFFH.
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 Jump and Call Opcodes
Relative Jump:

 Jumps that replace the program counter content with a new address that is greater than
the address of the instruction following the jump by 127d or less than the address of the
instruction following the jump by 128d are called relative jump.

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41
42
 Program Flow Control
• Unconditional jumps (“go to”)
• Conditional jumps
• Call and return

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 Unconditional Jumps
• SJMP <rel addr> ; Short jump, relative address is 8-bit 2’s complement number, so jump can be
up to 127 locations forward, or 128 locations back.
• LJMP <address 16> ; Long jump
• AJMP <address 11> ; Absolute jump to anywhere within 2K block of program memory
• JMP @A + DPTR ; Long indexed jump

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Unconditional Jumps

45
Unconditional Jumps

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 Infinite Loops

Start: mov C, p3.7

mov p1.6, C
sjmp Start

Microcontroller application programs are almost always infinite loops!

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 Re-locatable Code
Memory specific NOT Re-locatable (machine code)
org 8000h
Start: mov C, p1.6
mov p3.7, C
ljmp Start
end
Re-locatable (machine code)
org 8000h
Start: mov C, p1.6
mov p3.7, C
sjmp Start
end

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 Jump table
Mov dptr,#jump_table
Mov a,#index_number
Rl a
Jmp @a+dptr
...
Jump_table: ajmp case0
ajmp case1
ajmp case2
ajmp case3

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 Conditional Jumps
• These instructions cause a jump to occur only if a condition is true. Otherwise, program
execution continues with the next instruction.

loop: mov a, P1
Jz loop ; if a=0, goto loop, ; else goto next instruction
mov b, a
• There is no zero flag (z)
• Content of A checked for zero on time

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Bit Jumps

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Byte Jumps

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Byte Jumps

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 Conditional Jumps

Mnemonic Description
JZ <rel addr> Jump if a = 0
JNZ <rel addr> Jump if a != 0
JC <rel addr> Jump if C = 1
JNC <rel addr> Jump if C != 1
JB <bit>, <rel addr> Jump if bit = 1
JNB <bit>,<rel addr> Jump if bit != 1
JBC <bir>, <rel addr> Jump if bit =1, &clear bit

CJNE A, direct, <rel addr> Compare A and memory, jump if not equal
 Conditional Jumps

Mnemonic Description
CJNE A, #data <rel addr> Compare A and data, jump if not equal

CJNE Rn, #data <rel addr> Compare Rn and data, jump if not equal

CJNE @Rn, #data <rel addr> Compare Rn and memory, jump if not equal

DJNZ Rn, <rel addr> Decrement Rn and then jump if not zero

DJNZ direct, <rel addr> Decrement memory and then jump if not zero
 Call and Return

• Call is similar to a jump, but

– Call pushes PC on stack before branching
acall <address ll> ; stack  PC ; PC  address 11 bit
lcall <address 16> ; stack  PC ; PC  address 16 bit

• Return is also similar to a jump, but

– Return instruction pops PC from stack to get address to jump to
Ret ; PC  stack

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Calls and Returns

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 Subroutines

call to the subroutine

Main: ...
acall sublabel
...
...
sublabel: ...
...
the subroutine
ret

• Subroutines allow us to have "structured" assembly language programs.

• This is useful for breaking a large design into manageable parts.
• It saves code space when subroutines can be called many times in the same program.
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 Calls and Stack

• SP is initialized to 07 after reset.(Same address as R7)

• With each push operation 1st , pc is increased
• When using subroutines, the stack will be used to store
the PC, so it is very important to initialize the stack
pointer. Location 2Fh is often used.
mov SP, #2Fh

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 Subroutine –example
; Program to compute square root of value on Port 3
; (bits 3-0) and output on Port 1.
org 0
ljmp Main
reset service
Main: mov P3, #0xFF ; Port 3 is an input
loop: mov a, P3
anl a, #0x0F ; Clear bits 7..4 of A
lcall sqrt
mov P1, a
sjmp loop main program
sqrt: inc a
movc a, @a + PC
ret

Sqrs: db 0,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3 subroutine

end

data
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Interrupts and Returns

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Problem

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Applications of Microcontrollers
Simple Interfacing Examples
Seven segment Interfacing
Traffic light controller
Closed loop control system-Temperature control example
Recent Wonders
Recent Wonders contd ........
Recent Wonders contd ........
 Books that have helped me to understand the
Microcontrollers & embedded systems

1) Barr, Michael, Programming embedded sytems in C and C++ - OReilly Publ.

2) Raj Kamal, Embedded systems, TMG
3) Mazidi and Mazidi, The 8051 microcontroller and embedded sytems - Pearson education.
4) Peatman,J.B. Design with microcontrollers and microcomputers, McGraw Hil
5) Sewart. J.W. The 8051 Microcontroller Hardware, Software and Interfacing – Prentice Hall
6) Ayala Kenneth, The 8051 Microntroller – Architecture, Programming and Applications – Delmar Publ.
7) Ajay Deshmukh, Microcontrollers – TATA McGraw Hill
8) Rajkamal, Microcontrollers - Architecture, Programming – Pearson Publ.
9) Myke Predko, Programming the 8051 Microcontroller – McGraw Hill
10) Michael J. Pont, Embedded C - Addison Wesely Publ.
Useful websites
 Useful websites contd…

1. http://www.eg3.com
2. http://www.ARM.MCU.com
3. http://www.mcjournal.com
4. http://www.iar.com
5. http://http://www.embedded.com
6. http://www.powersoftsystems.com
Thank You

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