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Force Method: Structural Theory

This document discusses the force method for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. It defines indeterminate structures as those where the number of unknown reactions exceeds the number of equilibrium equations. The force method involves removing redundant supports one at a time, applying the support reaction as a load, and setting up compatibility equations between the resulting deflections or slopes. Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal displacements and examples applying the force method are also presented.

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66 views

Force Method: Structural Theory

This document discusses the force method for analyzing statically indeterminate structures. It defines indeterminate structures as those where the number of unknown reactions exceeds the number of equilibrium equations. The force method involves removing redundant supports one at a time, applying the support reaction as a load, and setting up compatibility equations between the resulting deflections or slopes. Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal displacements and examples applying the force method are also presented.

Uploaded by

Orland Son Factor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 70

STRUCTURAL THEORY

FORCE METHOD
Clar Don Evangelio, MEqEng
Indeterminate Structures
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Definition
Any structure is classified as statically indeterminate
when the number of unknown reactions exceeds the
number of equilibrium equations available for analysis.
Because of this, the analysis of indeterminate structures
are usually difficult than for their determinate
counterpart. However, many of our structures are
indeterminate. An example of this is a reinforced
concrete frame building where the columns and the
beams are constructed monolithically through the joints
and the supports.

Monolithic Joint
Construction
Rigid Supports
[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).
Indeterminate Structures
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Advantages
Although the analysis is harder, statically
determinate structures have certain
advantages over the determinate ones.
First, indeterminate structures have lesser
stress and deflection which results in
slender and less expensive elements
when constructed.

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Indeterminate Structures
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Advantages
Second advantage is in the context of redundancy. Indeterminate structures has excess
restraints (supports) that provides redundancy to the structure. When one of the elements
failed due to overloading or faulty design, the redundant supports will provide some safety to
the structure. For statically determinate structure, failure of one of its components
immediately result to structural failure or collapse.

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Indeterminate Structures
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Disadvantages
Often times, indeterminate structures
require large and strong supports and
joints that may exceed the construction
savings from using slender elements.

Another disadvantage of indeterminate


structures is differential (ground)
settlement inducing additional stresses to
other elements, which must be prevented.

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Difference of Force Method and
Displacement Method
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Procedure (Deflection)
Remove the redundant support (𝐵𝑦 ) that you want to compute.
Determine the deflection at that point (∆𝐵 ) using the real (actual)
load (𝑃).

Remove the actual loads (𝑃). Apply the reaction of the removed
support (𝐵𝑦 ) and compute the deflection due to the reaction
(∆′𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑓𝐵𝐵 ).

−∆𝐵 + ∆′𝐵𝐵 = 0 Compatibility

The flexibility coefficient (𝑓𝐵𝐵 ) can be computed as the deflection


on the point where the support was removed using a unit load
(1).
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Procedure (Deflection)
The reaction of the removed support is then

−∆𝐵 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 0

∆𝐵
𝐵𝑦 =
𝑓𝐵𝐵
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Procedure (Slope)
Remove the redundant support (𝑀𝐴 ) that you want to compute.
Determine the rotation at that point (𝜃𝐴 ) using the real (actual)
load (𝑃).

Remove the actual loads (𝑃). Apply the reaction of the removed
support (𝑀𝐴 ) and compute the rotation due to the reaction
(𝜃′𝐴𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴 𝛼𝐴𝐴 ).

𝜃𝐴 + 𝑀𝐴 𝛼𝐴𝐴 = 0 Compatibility

The flexibility coefficient (𝛼𝐴𝐴 ) can be computed as the rotation


on the point where the support was removed using a unit couple
(1).
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Procedure (Slope)
The reaction of the removed support is then

𝜃𝐴 + 𝑀𝐴 𝛼𝐴𝐴 = 0

−𝜃𝐴
𝑀𝐴 =
𝛼𝐴𝐴

The negative sign means that the moment acts on the opposite
direction.
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Procedure (Deflection)
Remove the redundant supports (𝐵𝑦 & 𝐶𝑦 ) that you want to
compute. Determine the deflection at those points
(∆𝐵 & ∆𝐶 ) using the real (actual) load (𝑃).

Remove the actual loads (𝑃). Apply the reaction of the


removed support (𝐵𝑦 ) and compute the deflection due to
the reaction (∆′𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑓𝐵𝐵 ). Also, compute the deflection at
the other support (∆′𝐶𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑓𝐶𝐵 ) due to 𝐵𝑦 .

Remove the actual loads (𝑃). Apply the reaction of the


removed support (𝐶𝑦 ) and compute the deflection due to
the reaction (∆′𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝑦 𝑓𝐶𝐶 ). Also, compute the deflection at
the other support (∆′𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝑦 𝑓𝐵𝐶 ) due to 𝐶𝑦 .
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Procedure (Deflection)
The flexibility coefficients (𝑓𝐵𝐵 & 𝑓𝐶𝐵 ) can be computed as
the deflection on the points B and C, when the unit load is
at point B.

The flexibility coefficients (𝑓𝐶𝐶 & 𝑓𝐵𝐶 ) can be computed as


the deflection on the points C and B, when the unit load is
at point C.
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Procedure (Deflection)
The compatibility equations are

∆𝐵 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑓𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝑦 𝑓𝐵𝐶 = 0

∆𝐶 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑓𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑦 𝑓𝐶𝐶 = 0

The reaction of the removed supports can then be


computed by solving the two linear equations.
Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements


The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a unit load acting at point A is equal to the
displacement of point A when the unit load is at point B.

𝑓𝐵𝐴 = 𝑓𝐴𝐵

The rotation at a point B on a structure due to a unit couple acting at point A is equal to the
rotation at a point A when the unit couple is at point B.

𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Example 78 – Force Method


Determine the reaction at the fixed support at A and the roller at B. Assume EI is constant.

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Example 79 – Force Method


Determine the reactions at the pin support at A and the roller at B and C. Take 𝐸 =
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 300 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 .

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Example 80 – Force Method


Determine the deflection at the end B of a rectangular strip. The spring has a stiffness of
𝑘 = 2𝑁/𝑚𝑚. The strip is made of steel 5mm wide and 10mm high.

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Example 81 – Force Method


Determine the reactions at the supports. Assume EI is constant.

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).


Force Method
Structural Theory: CD Evangelio

Example 81 – Force Method


Determine the reactions at the supports Assume A and D are pins. EI is constant.

[1] Hibbeler, R.C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th Edition).

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