Renaissance

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 NORWAY

SWEDEN Renaissance
GREAT RUSSIA
BRITAIN DENMARK • Printing by Movable Types
DUTCH
• Led to the mass production of books
REP. POLAND • Contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE SWISS
CONF.
OTTOMAN
SAVOY EMPIRE

SPAIN PAPAL
PORTUGAL STATES

AFRICA

• Several Christian thinkers challenged and attacked the

beliefs, customs, power and wealth of the Catholic Church
• Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England
• Martin Luther and John Calvin
• Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had
PRE-HISTORIC
begun to crumble
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• Previous trade routes to the east had now been blocked
EARLY CHRISTIAN
by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople
BYZANTINE • 1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by
ROMANESQUE Spain and Portugal
GOTHIC • For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more lands
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
• Increased understanding of Science and the Arts
INDIAN • Medicine and Astronomy
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
FILIPINO
• Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values,
• Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder literary, artistic forms and architectural forms
• This brought about the need for a new building type • "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
 Renaissance
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROCOCO
• Style which is primarily French in origin
DESCRIPTION • Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
• The Renaissance movement created a break in the • Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
evolution of European church architecture • Light in color and weight
• Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
Roman “Orders of Architecture”
• Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession

PERIODS

EARLY RENAISSANCE IN SUMMARY:

• Period of learning
• Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of • Palladian Architecture was logical, staid and serene
Roman elements
• Proto-Baroque Architecture was vivid, virile and intense
HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE
• Renaissance became an individual style in its own right • Baroque Architecture was dramatic, rich, grand and alive
PRE-HISTORIC
• Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in
history of architecture

NEAR EAST high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio) • Rococo Architecture was a profusion and confusion of
EGYPTIAN • Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration
GREEK using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by
ROMAN Michelangelo)
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman
BYZANTINE precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings, or
ROMANESQUE entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way
GOTHIC • Mannerists used architectural elements in a free,
RENAISSANCE decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL precedent
20TH C MODERN
BAROQUE
ISLAMIC
• Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
INDIAN knowledge
CHINESE & JAPANESE • The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style
FILIPINO began to emerge
• Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the
minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified
whole
 Renaissance
FLORENCE ROME
• Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief powers • Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance and
of Italy Proto-baroque
• Medici family - founded by Giovanni de Medici, who was • Famous architect is Donato Bramante
a commercial and political power
• Vitality of social life at every level Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio
• Artists, who excelled in several arts, achieve high status • Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric
in society columns
• Craft guilds, with both religious and lay connotations, • 4.5 m internal diameter
directed activities of studios and workshops
• Renaissance had its birth in Florence

PALAZZI
• With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, taking the place of fortified castles
• Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval
cloister • Site where S. Peter was martyred
• Ground floor and piano nobile • Designed by Donato Bramante
• Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to • Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
use of rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins shell-headed niches
PRE-HISTORIC
• Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or

EGYPTIAN boldly protruding roof cornices
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN Palazzo Strozzi
CHINESE & JAPANESE • By Benedetto da Majano
FILIPINO • Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
• Open cortile and piano nobile
• Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
• Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection
 Renaissance
6. Antonio da Sangallo
• Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
• Died

7. Michelangelo
• Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding features to him
• Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
• Most important Renaissance building in Italy 8. Giacomo della Porta
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group 9. Domenico Fontana
• Completed dome in 1590
• 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope 10. Vignola
• Added sided cupolas
12 Architects:
11. Carlo Maderna
PRE-HISTORIC
1. Bramante • Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • His design was selected from several entries in a gigantic facade
EGYPTIAN competition
GREEK • He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to 12. Bernini
ROMAN the Pantheon in Rome • Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Foundation stone laid in 1506 colonnade
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE 2. Giuliano da Sangallo
GOTHIC • Upon death of Julius II in 1513
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 3. Fra Giocondo
20TH C MODERN
4. Raphael
ISLAMIC
• Proposed a Latin cross plan
INDIAN • Died
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO 5. Baldassare Peruzzi • Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of
• Reverted to Greek cross 183 m, width of 137 m
• Died • At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
• Largest church in the world
 Renaissance
FRANCE

COUNTRY HOUSES
• Country houses took the place of fortified castles

Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Maisons
Chateau de Blois • One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau • Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan
Chateau de Chenonceaux

PRE-HISTORIC
Palaise du Louvre, Paris
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Built from Francis I to Napoleon III

EGYPTIAN • Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the
GREEK most imposing palaces in Europe
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Chateau de Chambord
• Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
• Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district
 Renaissance
Petit Trianon, Versailles CHURCHES
• Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
• One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century

Church of the Val de Grace, Paris

• Projecting portal by Francois Mansart, dome by
Lemercier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN St. Gervais, Paris
EARLY CHRISTIAN • earliest wholly-classical church facade
BYZANTINE • by Salomon de Brosse
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

St. Etienne du Mont, Paris

 Renaissance
ENGLAND STUART BUILDINGS

PERIODS

ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)

• During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
• Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed
Tudor architecture Banqueting House, Whitehall, London
• Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance • Designed by Inigo Jones
detail

JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)

STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)

• 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian Queen's House
Renaissance • Influenced by Palladian architecture
• 2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by French
Renaissance

GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS

EGYPTIAN • Statesmen, merchants and gentry built mansions in the
GREEK countryside to suit their positions
ROMAN • E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
ROMANESQUE • Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand St. Paul's Cathedral, London
GOTHIC staircase, long gallery, withdrawing room or solar, towers, • Designed by Christopher Wren
RENAISSANCE gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and • Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central space under dome
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL bay windows for big congregations
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
• Most monumental mansion in England
• Example of central block with wings
 Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL

EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)

• Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms

In Spain:
• Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria
• Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, from the minuteness of detail

in Portugal:
• Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
• Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by
the voyages of discoverers

CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)

• Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art The Escorial, Madrid
• Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery,
BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD) college, church and palace with state apartments
PRE-HISTORIC
• Classical rules disregarded
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression,

EGYPTIAN by Jose de Churriguera, (1650 to 1723 AD)
GREEK
ROMAN ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Returned to ancient classical models
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The University, Salamanca
• The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
• Admirable craftsmanship
 Renaissance
GERMANY

Heidelberg Castle
• Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early
Renaissance on the castle
• Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
• Great watchtower and irregular court

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Monastery, Melk
• One of most striking Baroque monuments
 18th-19th C: Revival

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C:

PRE-HISTORIC Revival
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 18th-19th C: Revival
• Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit

Social and Political changes:

• Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic
institutions – American Declaration of Independence
(1776) and French Revolution (1789)
• Urbanization and rise in population
• Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
• Professionals and businessmen

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Technological innovations:
RENAISSANCE • Railways to easily transport people and goods
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY • Improved drainage and sanitation
20TH C MODERN • Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
• Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life • Lift or elevator
ISLAMIC
• Growth of communications
INDIAN • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new
CHINESE & JAPANESE • International exhibitions of science and industry
machines and innovative processes helped change
FILIPINO
nations from agricultural to industrial ones
• Spread to continental Europe and to North America
• Created a new type of worker – the wage laborer or
proletarian
 18th-19th C: Revival
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods in Britain:

• The need to create an imposing effect – research into old EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
styles HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, AFTERMATH (after World War I)
the Renaissance, the Baroque
• “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles

• “age of innovation” - use of newly available materials

• Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)

Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new

materials became available for building:
• structural iron and cast-iron
• iron and glass
• zinc The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
• steel • Designed by Isambard Brunel
• reinforced concrete – first used by Auguste Perret • Pylons of Egyptian character
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST New building types:

EGYPTIAN • Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
GREEK • Houses of Parliament
ROMAN • Railways and Transport Stations – spread all over
EARLY CHRISTIAN Europe
BYZANTINE • Museums – took the place of aristocratic private
ROMANESQUE collections of art
GOTHIC • Department Stores – in Paris, London, Brussels, other St. George's Hall, Liverpool
RENAISSANCE commercial areas • Designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations, • Most magnificent Neo-Classical monument in Britain
20TH C MODERN Exhibition Halls
ISLAMIC
New emerging style:
INDIAN • The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
FILIPINO • led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin
• furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc – decorated City Hall, Swansea
with repeating stylized floral patterns • Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
 18th-19th C: Revival

Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
• Designed by Sir Charles Barry • Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
• Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
• Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
• First major public building of Gothic revival

PRE-HISTORIC
St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Designed by Pugin Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EGYPTIAN • Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC The University Museum, Oxford
RENAISSANCE • Designed by Benjamin Woodward
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN Crystal Palace, London
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO • One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain – free of any traditional precedent
The Cathedral, Guilford • Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
• Designed by Sir Edward Maufe Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
 18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in Continental Europe:

1850 to 1870 AD
• Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
• Renaissance and Gothic revival
• Structural use of iron

1870 to 1914 AD
• Use of metals was intensified, especially in exhibitions
• Antique forms instead of Renaissance

ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)

• Derived from the “Arts and Crafts Movement” in Britain
• An art free of any historical style

The Votivkirche, Vienna

• Neo-Gothic by Heinrich von Ferstel
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE • Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
ROMANESQUE buildings and interiors, handmade objects and furniture
GOTHIC • Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
RENAISSANCE • Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Versions:
• France – Le Modern Style
ISLAMIC
• Germany – Jugendstil
INDIAN • Austria – Sezessione
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Italy – Stile Liberty
FILIPINO • Spain - Modernismo
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
• Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadie
 18th-19th C: Revival

The Schauspielhaus, Berlin

• Greek-revival style by KF von Schinkel

The Opera House, Paris

• Neo-Baroque by Charles Garnier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
GREEK • Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE • Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Others:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin – Paul Wallot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest – Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
ISLAMIC
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
INDIAN Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
CHINESE & JAPANESE The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
FILIPINO The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
• Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
 18th-19th C: Revival
Art Noveau Architects:
• Victor Horta in Brussels
• Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
• Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
• Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow

The Palau Guell, Barcelona

• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
PRE-HISTORIC
• Seems to presage Art Noveau in its forms
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Designed by Gustav Eiffel and maurice koechlin
BYZANTINE • Extensive use of iron, 300m high
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Casa Mila, Barcelona
• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
• By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect • Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
 18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in America: The White House, Washington DC
• President’s official residence
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) • Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
• Neo-Classic elements • English Palladian style

FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)

• Greek-revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian styles

SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)

1st Stream:
• Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
• Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
• HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright

2nd Stream:
• Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
Roman, late Gothic inspiration • Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
• Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes • Palladian style
PRE-HISTORIC
• Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
history of architecture

NEAR EAST construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators

EGYPTIAN • Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
GREEK contribution to architecture
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Robie House, Chicago
ISLAMIC
• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)
FILIPINO • First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright

Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin

• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 18th-19th C: Revival

Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
• by Frank Lloyd Wright • Designed by Thomas Jefferson
• First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
• Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
ISLAMIC
• First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
INDIAN lines
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO • Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
• One of the world's best known buildings • Designed by Henry Bacon
• Greek Doric style
 18th-19th C: Revival
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
• Designed by William Strickland
• Greek-revival

The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago,

Illinois
• Designed by HH Richardson

The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois

• Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
• Neo-Byzantine interior

The Reliance Building, Chicago

• Designed by Burnham and Root
The Monadnock Building, Chicago
• Designed by Daniel Burnham

The Second Leiter Building, Chicago

• Metal-framed building
PRE-HISTORIC
The Gace Building, Chicago
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Designed by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche

EGYPTIAN
GREEK The Schlesinger-Mayer Store
ROMAN • Designed by Louis Sullivan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Suggestion of Art Noveau style
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY
GOTHIC • Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Woolworth Building, NY
20TH C MODERN • Designed by Cass Gilbert
• Gothic style
ISLAMIC
INDIAN The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Adler and Sullivan
FILIPINO
Empire State Building
• Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
• 85 storeys
 20th C: Modern

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 20th C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS

Marcel Breuer
• Architect and designer
• Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
• Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
• Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art

UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN Eero Saarinen
GREEK Works include:
HISTORY
ROMAN - Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
EARLY CHRISTIAN
More innovations: - The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
BYZANTINE • Curtain wall
ROMANESQUE • Steel and plate-glass
GOTHIC • Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
RENAISSANCE • Flat slab by Robert Maillart
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Laminated timber
20TH C MODERN
• Functionalism in design
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
FILIPINO • Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
• Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving “gull
winged” shell
 20th C: Modern
Oscar Niemeyer Frank Lloyd Wright
• Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four Johnson Wax Co. Building
years
• Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
• Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace

Parliament Building, Brasilia

Falling Water, Pennsylvania

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Eric Mendelsohn
GREEK • Dynamic, sculptural quality
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Einstein Tower, Potsdam
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo – he played a decisive role in the
renewal of Japanese architecture
 20th C: Modern
le Corbusier Buckminster Fuller
• Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated • Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for
European scene for nearly half-a-century living” - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
• He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the plastics
program for building a house should be set out with the • Designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices
same precision as that for building a machine in the center of the building, with living spaces around it,
open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
2. Free-standing façade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house Walter Gropius
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the • Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
subdividing the space curtain wall
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises • First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
elevating the mass off the ground 1918
• Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the practical
PRE-HISTORIC
needs of modern life
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Villa Savoye at Poissy

• Realization of his 'five points‘ of new architecture
 20th C: Modern
Frei Otto FAMOUS WORKS
• The seminal figure in the development of tensile
architecture
• Veered away from the simple geometric solutions and
built organic free forms that could respond to complex
planning and structural requirements

Munich Stadium for 1972 Olympic Games

Palazzetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics

• Designed by Pierre Luigi Nervi and Vitellozzi

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Other Personalities:
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Otto Wagner, Austria
BYZANTINE • Richard Neutra, Austria
ROMANESQUE • Rudolf Schindler, Austria
GOTHIC • Peter Behrens, Germany
RENAISSANCE • August Perret, France
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
20TH C MODERN • JJP Oud, The Netherlands
• Victor Horta, Belgium
ISLAMIC
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
INDIAN • CFA Voysey, UK
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Louis Sullivan, USA
FILIPINO • Adolf Meyer Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
• Tony Garnier • Designed by Kenzo Tange
• Max Berg
• Mies van der Rohe
 20th C: Modern

Sydney Opera House

• Designed by Jorn Utzon of Denmark
• He won the project in a competition for the design of a
performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia

World Trade Center

PRE-HISTORIC
• Originally designed by Minoru Yamasaki
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Structural steel framing

EGYPTIAN • Destroyed by the September 11 terrorist attacks
GREEK • Redesigned by Daniel Libeskind - 541 m tall
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Chrysler Building, NY
• Designed by William van Alen
• Art Deco style
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
 Islamic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Islamic
• Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
• Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread
Islam
• North into Central Asia
• Westward to Africa
• Along trade routes into India
• Among the Turks and Mongols

• Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and

racial movements
• Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with
annual pilgrimage to Mecca

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• The religion of Islam began in Arabia
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel SOCIETY
BYZANTINE • Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and • Tribal groups
ROMANESQUE to accept the will of god “Islam” • Public life was reserved for men (women had a
GOTHIC • Arabs of Mecca rejected this message secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
RENAISSANCE • Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and the freedom of worship and self-government
20TH C MODERN converted the people into Islam
• Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military • Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
ISLAMIC
organization tasked with spreading the faith was learning
INDIAN • Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
established
CHINESE & JAPANESE from Greek, Persian and Indian
• Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all
FILIPINO • Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
its idols and converted it to Islam
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science
 Islamic
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
• Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION
• One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet • Countries already rich in building tradition
• Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation • Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people with no architectural tradition
• Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life • Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
• Personal humility different circumstances
• Abhorrence of image worship
Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:
• No essential difference in techniques between religious
and non-religious buildings
• Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
on buildings having a direct social or community purpose
• Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a
uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element
• Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
established forms
• Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
PRE-HISTORIC
creation)
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Centered upon God

EGYPTIAN • Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards
GREEK Mecca
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Koran
RENAISSANCE • Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL him messages from Allah
20TH C MODERN • After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy
book
ISLAMIC
• Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to DECORATION
INDIAN praise him • in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
CHINESE & JAPANESE geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric
FILIPINO • 5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting, interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas
Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork,
• Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay,
spread the faith and defend it from attack Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble
 Islamic
EXAMPLES PARTS OF A MOSQUE

MOSQUE
• The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread

• Principal place of worship

• Building used for Friday prayer

• Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer

• Could also be used as a school, place for transactions,
storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices
• Masjid - small prayer house
PRE-HISTORIC
• Madrassah - religious college and mosque
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental

EGYPTIAN • Inward-looking building feature
GREEK • Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer • Fawwara - fountain
ROMAN chambers and porches • Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
EARLY CHRISTIAN • No positive object of attention or adoration • Dikka - reading desk
BYZANTINE • Conceived around an axis towards Mecca • Maqsura - screen
ROMANESQUE • In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut • Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements
GOTHIC into it, showing the direction of Mecca • Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
RENAISSANCE • Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca
20TH C MODERN
Personalities:
ISLAMIC
• Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer
INDIAN • Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or
FILIPINO spiritual leader of Islam
• Sufi - holy man
 Islamic

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)

• 688 to 692 AD
• Most important Islamic structure
• Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah
(from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride
to heaven)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST The Great Mosque, Damascus

EGYPTIAN • Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD
GREEK • Stood in a walled temenos
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba
• 876 to 879 AD • 785 AD
 Islamic
SARAY or SERAI TOMBS
• Palace with courtyard

The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

• Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal
PRE-HISTORIC
• Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work on it
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing

EGYPTIAN colors of the sun
GREEK • Sits in a well-landscaped garden
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
• Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
• One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
palaces • 1565 AD
 Indian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
• 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
• Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Mauryan Empire • Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
under King Ashoka other kingdoms
• Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King
Ashoka

Links:
• Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
• Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
• Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan)

• Successive military and economic incursions brought art

and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman,
Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, English

RELIGION

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST Hinduism

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Main religion of India
GREEK • Along with Judaism, the worlds oldest surviving religion
HISTORY
ROMAN • From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders
• Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile river valley
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and • Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
BYZANTINE Northwest India • Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a
ROMANESQUE • Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa different body
GOTHIC • Each city was ruled by priest-kings, citadels atop the city • Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and
RENAISSANCE • Lasted only 800 years traders, laborers and servants, untouchables
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Buddhism
• Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided
ISLAMIC
people into castes
INDIAN • Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 BC, gave up his princely
CHINESE & JAPANESE life to search for wisdom
FILIPINO • After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment
through a deep thinking process called meditation
• Overcome human weakness including greed and anger
• Salvation or nirvana
 Indian
MANDIRA
• Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana
• Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower – sikhara
• Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music

STAMBHAS or LATHS
• Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function
• Circular or octagonal shafts
• Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
STUPAS
• Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot
• Regarded as symbols of the universe
• Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus

• Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform

• With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning
umbrella called a chattri

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK VIHARAS
ROMAN • Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
BYZANTINE verandah
ROMANESQUE • Small sleeping cells on the sides
GOTHIC • In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CHAITYAS
• Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
• Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
 Chinese

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC

• 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became

the first emperor of China
• Ruled with armies and officials
• Organized huge number of laborers to work for him
• Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern enemies
• Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and
chariots was buried with the emperor
• Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was replaced
by Han and western Jin dynasties

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST SOCIETY

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Foreign trade by land and sea
GREEK • Theorists, schools of philosophy Confucius, Lao-Tzu
HISTORY
ROMAN • Writing, calendar and money
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE RELIGION
GOTHIC Religious and ethical influences:
RENAISSANCE • Confucianism, code of social conduct and philosophy of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL life, family and ancestor worship
20TH C MODERN • Taoism, universal love as solution to social disorder
• Only ancient civilization that has continued to this day • Buddhism
ISLAMIC
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
• Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of the
states
FILIPINO world
• 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of
the Yellow River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty • Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains
• Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller and deserts, excellent harbors
kingdoms • Metals, trees, bamboo, clay
 Chinese
EXAMPLES PAI-LOUS
• Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
PAGODAS structure in Chinese architecture
• Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of • Erected as memorials to eminent persons
religious significance • Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
• Later gained a secular nature: monuments to victory or a • Related to the Indian torana and Japanese torii
memorial to hold relics
• Based on the Indian stupa and stambha • Trabeated form, in stone or wood
• Bold projecting roofs
• Octagonal in plan • 1, 3 or 5 openings
• Odd number of stories, 9 or 13
• Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, turned up
eaves
• Slopes inwards to the top

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS

The Great Wall of China

• Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
• by Shi Huangdi

PRE-HISTORIC
• Chief feature was the roof
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Supported on timber uprights and independent of walls • 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert
EGYPTIAN • A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other
GREEK • Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments • Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever
ROMAN materials were available in the locality
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each • 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
BYZANTINE • Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, • Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
ROMANESQUE refectories, sleeping cells for priests • Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
GOTHIC • 25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
RENAISSANCE PALACES & HOUSES apart)
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Imperial places and official residences
20TH C MODERN • Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples
ISLAMIC
• Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions
INDIAN and number of columns
CHINESE & JAPANESE • emperor - 9 bays
FILIPINO • prince - 7
• mandarin - 5
• ordinary citizen - 3
 Japanese
• In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Extent of Chinese Empire Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
in 1760 AD • The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Japan Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world until 19th century
• Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence

RELIGION
• Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
• Buddhism

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

• Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland
• Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north and
south
• Earthquakes & volcanoes
• Hilly and forested country
• Stone, timber, bamboo

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
EARLY CHRISTIAN
present emperor
BYZANTINE • 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler
ROMANESQUE • Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles,
GOTHIC military, people
RENAISSANCE • More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fighting with each other
20TH C MODERN
• In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan
ISLAMIC
was united and brought to peace
INDIAN
• The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Japanese
EXAMPLES PAGODAS

TEMPLES

• Derived from the Chinese pagoda

• Square plan
• Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height
• Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable
PRE-HISTORIC
against earthquake shocks)
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved

EGYPTIAN • Shinto temples and Buddhist temples
GREEK DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES
ROMAN • No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic
EARLY CHRISTIAN qualities of wood
BYZANTINE • Unpainted wood without any surface treatment
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Typical 1-storey rectangular plan:
RENAISSANCE • Vestibule
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Veranda, engawa
20TH C MODERN • Living and dining
• Guest rooms
ISLAMIC
Featured the torii gateways • Recess for flowers and art
INDIAN • Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine • Rooms for host and hostess
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Derived from the Chinese pai-lou • No distinction between living and sleeping apartments
FILIPINO • Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more
horizontal beams, usually curving upward • Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ½ ken
• Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be (1.8 x 0.9 m)
effective
 Filipino
Route of Magellan’s Voyage
In 1519
The Philippines

• Indians in 4th and 5th century BC

• Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
• Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD
• Trade center of the Orient – Sulu was frequented by
ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Spanish Rule:
ROMANESQUE HISTORY • 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
GOTHIC • 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
RENAISSANCE Pre-Colonial: • Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years the country
20TH C MODERN ago, and later, sea-vessels • Introduced European institution and thought
• Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters • Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of
ISLAMIC
• 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade
INDIAN
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
• laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and
FILIPINO attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
behavior
• elaborate animistic religion • Spanish colony until 1900's
• Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
by Aguinaldo
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION

Building Capability:
• Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no
American Rule: need for large megalithic structures, etc
• Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of • Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
Spanish war with USA prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
• Continued fighting
• Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government Settlements
called the Commonwealth Era • big villages along key trade centers
• near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams – for
Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
• December 1941
• Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture:
• Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 •shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
• Independence in 1946 around it
• two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following
• 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2)
PRE-HISTORIC
• Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia chance or “playing it by ear”, allowing minor modifications
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN
GREEK RELIGION • Tropical architecture
ROMAN • Islam • Light
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Roman Catholicism • Open and transparent
BYZANTINE • Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
RENAISSANCE • Archipelago of 7100 islands – mountainous and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented
20TH C MODERN • 3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
• Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the
ISLAMIC
path of Far East trade
INDIAN • major earthquake and volcanic belt
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO
CLIMATE
• Dry and wet season
• Typhoons and tropical storms
 Filipino
EXAMPLES • usually with steep thatch roof
• varies across regional and ethnic lines
CAVE DWELLINGS
• earliest human habitation Cordillera Region
• Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
• caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs

TREE HOUSES
• perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
ISNEG
• prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA
• by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
• Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
• Moros of Lake Lanao KANKANAI

LEAN-TOS
• winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building IFUGAO
• served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering BONTOC
journey
PRE-HISTORIC
• made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to Mindanao & Sulu Region
history of architecture

NEAR EAST withstand a strom

EGYPTIAN • Negritos of Zambales
GREEK • Agtas of Palanan, Isabela
ROMAN BADJAO SAMAL
EARLY CHRISTIAN BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
BYZANTINE • “balai” and spanish “cubo” or cube – cube-shaped house,
ROMANESQUE from its boxy appearance
GOTHIC • primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200
RENAISSANCE BC, with the coming of iron tools
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • well- adapted to tropical climate
YAKAN MARANAO
20TH C MODERN • of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and
nipa
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong Panay Region
CHINESE & JAPANESE • protection from the moist ground and flood Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
FILIPINO • protection from vermin and other animals
• enclosed area as sleeping quarters
• silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal
enclosures, or burial ground
 Filipino
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO FIRST FLOOR:
• Zaguan, for caroza
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house • Quadra, horse stable
• Steep, hip roof • Bodega, storeroom
• Post and lintel construction
• Elevated living quarters SECOND FLOOR:
• Economy of materials • Stairway
• Space flowing from one room to next • Caida, ante-sala from stairs
• Light and airy structure • Sala, living room
• Comedor, dining room
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence: • Cocina, kitchen
• grandeur and solidity • Dispensa, pantry
• Ornamentation • Letrina or Comun, toilet
• Baño, bath
Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses • Azotea, open terrace
• Aljibe, water cistern
• Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
• Entresuelo, vault
• Balcon, balcony
• Patio, courtyard
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas
• by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Calasiao, Pangasinan • biggest church
• 2nd best bell tower
• by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Sta. Ana Church, Manila
• by Fr. Vicente Ingles
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte • restored by Juan Nakpil
• by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
• sinking belltower Sto. Domingo Church, QC
• by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Pinas Church
• by Fr. Diego Cera Sto. Nino, Cebu
• by Diego de Herrera
Loboc, Bohol
• biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
• San Agustin, Intramuros
Manila Cathedral • Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
• by Bishop Domingo Salazar • San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
• Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
PRE-HISTORIC
• by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Morong Church, Rizal
GREEK • exquisite Spanish Baroque style
ROMAN • by Fr. Blas dela Madre
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Panay Church
ROMANESQUE • largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
GOTHIC townspeople
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Quiapo Church
20TH C MODERN • restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa
ISLAMIC
San Agustin Church
INDIAN • by Fr. Juan Macias
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO San Sebastian
• one of first steel buildings
• steel from Belgium by Eiffel
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

SCHOOLS

Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila

• 1890
• taught maestros de obras

Liceo de Manila
• MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”
• MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”

Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura

• Closed after one year

Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)

• 1st school of Architecture

Adamson University
• 2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST UST College of Architecture (1930)

EGYPTIAN • 3rd school of architecture
GREEK
ROMAN ORGANIZATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Philippine Architects Society
BYZANTINE • Philippine Institute of Architects
ROMANESQUE • League of Philippine Architects
GOTHIC • Association of Phil. Government Architects
RENAISSANCE • In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Philippines
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD

Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio

William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo Manila Hotel
Carlos Barredo • 1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator
• Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in
Masonic Temple, Escolta 1975
• 1st concrete building in Escolta

Philippine Normal School

• Phil. Normal University

University of the Philippines

• Padre Faura

National Museum Philippine General Hospital

PRE-HISTORIC
• 1st was the Legislative Building • by William Parsons
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Intendencia Building
GREEK • adjacent to Manila Cathedral
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Luneta Hotel
BYZANTINE • 2nd hotel in Asia
ROMANESQUE • French Baroque style
GOTHIC UST Main Building
RENAISSANCE Army and Navy Club • by Roque Rueno
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • rest and recreation for American soldiers
20TH C MODERN
De La Salle College
ISLAMIC
• by Tomas Mapua
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Rizal Monument
FILIPINO • obelisk

Sta. Isabel College Post Office Building

• by Juan Arellano
 Filipino
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch.

Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch.
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Barreto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Building
Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch. • by Pablo Antonio

Agriculture & Finance Building

Crystal Arcade, Escolta

Quezon Institute
• By Juan Nakpil

Lyric Theater, Escolta Metropolitan Theater

• By Juan Nakpil • by Juan Arellano
PRE-HISTORIC
Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • by Pablo Antonio

EGYPTIAN
GREEK Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001
ROMAN • Art Deco, streamline style
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Ambassador Hotel
ROMANESQUE • by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys) College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman
GOTHIC • by Cesar Concio
RENAISSANCE Syquia Apartments, Malate
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • by Pablo Antonio
20TH C MODERN
Natividad Building, Escolta
ISLAMIC
• by Andres Luna y San Pedro
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Regina Building, Escolta
FILIPINO • by Andres Luna y San Pedro

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio

 Filipino

The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals

• by Carlos Santos Viola

The Quezon Monument

• by Federico Ilustre

The Meralco Building

• by Jose Zaragoza

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Central Bank of the Philippines
ROMANESQUE Philippine Heart Center • by Gabriel Formoso
GOTHIC • by Jorge Ramos
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Quiapo Mosque Asian Institute of Management

• by Jorge Ramos • by Gabriel Formoso
 Filipino
by Leandro Locsin:

The New Istana, Brunei

SM Megamall
• by Antonio Sindiong

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST The Cultural Center of the Philippines

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Robinson’s Galleria
• by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5.
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. 1.
3.
4. Types of Domes 2.
5. 1.
2.
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Types of Crosses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. Periods of Renaissance
1. Types of roofs
Gateways 2. 1.
1. Egyptian – 3. 2.
2. Greek – 4. 3.
3. Indian – 4.
4. Chinese – 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5.
history of architecture

5. Japanese – 1. 6.
2. 7.
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3.
1. 4. 5 Points of New Architecture
5. 1.
2. 6.
7. 2.
3. 8. 3.
9. 4.
10. 5.
11.
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12.
Art Noveau Styles
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France –
1st Phase - 2. Germany –
2nd Phase - 3. Austria –
4. Italy –
5. Spain -
 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault
2. Wagon with Intersecting Vault
1. Pyramids at Giza
2. The Acropolis, Athens
1. St. Peter’s, Rome
2. Seville Cathedral
3. Cross Vault 3. Pisa Cathedral 3. Milan Cathedral
4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola 4. St. Peter’s, Rome 4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Paul’s, London
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Doric Belfry - attached to church Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. Ionic Campanile - detached from church 1. Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese
3. Corinthian - square
4. Tuscan Types of Domes 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
5. Composite 1. Simple Japanese - 5 storeys
2. Compound
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Types of Crosses
1. Clerestory shape 1. Latin cross
2. Skylight 2. Greek cross
3. Temple door Periods of Renaissance
1. Early Renaissance Types of roofs
Gateways 2. High Renaissance 1. Gable
1. Egyptian - Pylon 3. Baroque 2. Hip
2. Greek - Propylaeum 4. Rococo 3. Hipped gable
3. Indian - Torana 4. Mansart
4. Chinese - Pai-lou 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5. Gambrel
history of architecture

5. Japanese – Torii 1. Donato Bramante 6. Butterfly

2. Giuliano da Sangallo 7. Rainbow
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3. Fra Giocondo
1. Pyramids have sloping faces; 4. Raphael 5 Points of New Architecture
ziggurats have diminishing faces 5. Baldassare Peruzzi 1. Framework structurally independent
2. Pyramids used stone as building 6. Antonio da Sangallo of walls
material, ziggurats used mud-bricks 7. Michelangelo 2. Free-standing façade
3. Pyramids have sides facing the 8. Giacomo della Porta 3. Roof garden
cardinal points, ziggurats have 9. Domenico Fontana 4. Open planning
corners facing the cardinal points 10. Vignola 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or
11. Carlo Maderna columns
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12. Bernini
Hellenic - religious architecture Art Noveau Styles
Hellenistic - civic architecture Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France – Le Modern Style
1st Phase - Inigo Jones 2. Germany – Jugendstil
2nd Phase - Christopher Wren 3. Austria – Sezessione
4. Italy – Stile Liberty
5. Spain - Modernismo