4.

RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 SOLUTION PROPOSED

i) Solution for problem of the community needs/issues. - Introduction of

the 5 applications of sensor (instrument/ machine etc.) (DP3)

1. Automotive
Here are some of the automotive applications of sensors
given below:

 Braking and Traction control: Antilock Braking System

(ABS) Sensors connected to the wheel, measures the
speed of the wheel and braking pressure and keeps
sending them to ABS controlling When the driver applies
the sudden brake, ABS system, with breaking pressure
and speed data received from the sensors, releases the
braking pressure to avoid skidding/locking of wheels. It is
one of the critical safety aspects of vehicles.
 Air Bags – Anti Cushion Restraint System
(ACRS): Crush sensors and accelerometers placed in
the vehicle measures the force and sends it to During
accidents on sensing the force exceeds the limit, ACRS
will activate the Airbag and save the life of passengers.
 Avoiding Collisions: Proximity sensors in the front,
back, and sides of the vehicle forewarn the driver of a
possible Infrared, Video assistance, Ultrasonic
technologies assist drivers while parking their vehicles.
 Comfort and Convenience: Many sensors provide
inputs and warnings to drivers on Vehicle Speed, Engine
Speed, Fuel level, Tire pressure, Door/deck, light bulbs
for driving comfort and convenience.
 Engine Data: Sensors provide so much data on Engine
performance, such as Ignition, b. Combustion, c. Exhaust
gas oxygen, d. Fuel mix, e. Exhaust gas recycling, f.
Transmission control etc.,
  Other Applications

2. Manufacturing
Here are some of the manufacturing applications of sensors
given below:

 Predictive maintenance of the machinery, Assembly

equipment using the data collected from sensors in
the machines.
 Optimal utilization of Machines by continuously
monitoring the performances and effectively rejigging the
operations with the data collected from sensors.
 Fine-tuning the Quality systems and enhance the quality
standards using the data collected from sensors. Design
notifications and alerts in case of a deterioration of
quality and process standards.
 Agility in reacting to market demands.

3. Aviation
Sensors deployed in the aviation industry measures the data
during navigation of aircraft, monitoring various systems, and
controlling instruments. These data are utilized inefficient
flight operations, improve aircraft performance and design
improvements. Some of the instrumentation sensors are
tachometers, gauges to measure engine pressure and oil&
fuel quantity, Altimeters, airspeed meters, etc. Sensors help
measure the testing of the ground conditions, vibration and
environment factors and provide useful inputs to the pilot to
manage the general operation and emergency conditions.
4. Medical & Healthcare

Signals generated by Sensors in Medical equipment, surgical instruments and

devices are used for diagnosis, treatment and control functions by Doctors.

Some of the applications are:

1. Blood pressure monitoring (self).

2. Continuous glucose monitoring by Individuals.
3. Automatic measurement of vitals of the patient and sending it to the patient’s
doctor.
4. More home care facilities and ambulatory treatments.
5. Automatic detection of visitors spreading the disease to patients in hospitals.
6. Decentralized laboratories.
7. Robotics in Operation Theater.

5. Marine
Sensors in ship measures fuel tank levels, liquid cargo levels, tank
pressure/temperature. Pitch, roll, speed and other vessel moments are also
measured and monitored with sensors’ help. There are a lot of sensors in
Engines measuring typical attributes of internal combustion parameters.

ii) Principles / Operation of application (DP1-DK3)

The refractometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure

the refractive index of a liquid or solid sample. Refractometers are
used by a number of different industries, including it's use by
researchers in the food and beverage industries and by
gemmologists in the jewellery industry. Those whose hobbies include
home-brewing or caring for a saltwater aquarium may also find the
use of a refractometer handy.

Definition

A refractometer is a scientific machine that measures the amount that

light is bent (or refracted) when it moves from the air into a sample.
Refractometers are typically used to determine the refractive index of
a liquid sample.
Types of Refractometers

There are three main types of refractometers. One type is a portable

hand-held machine, used to make measurements in the field. There
are two types of bench refractometers that are typically used in
laboratory or industrial settings. Abbe refractometers, named for the
instrument's inventor, are optical-mechanical machines based on
Abbe's original design. Automatic digital refractometers are electronic
machines that incorporate the use of modern software into their
measurements.

Refractive Index

Refractive index, or index of refraction, is the measurement of the

speed of light through a substance. The refractive index (n) is
calculated by dividing the speed of light in a vacuum by the speed of
light in a substance. The resulting value is a unit-less number
between 1.3000 and 1.7000. The value is typically reported to the
ten-thousandths place.

Sample Analysis

A refractometer is most often used to determine the characteristics of

a liquid sample. By calculating the refractive index, a researcher may
be able to identify a liquid sample, assess the sample's purity, and
determine the concentration of solute (that is, dissolved materials) in
a liquid solution. A secondary scale used in refractometry is the Brix
scale--this scale relates the concentration of sucrose in water at a
certain temperature to the refractive index of the solution.

Uses

Refractometers are commonly used for quality control purposes in

industrial settings, particularly in the food and beverage industries.
Refractometers are also used by gemologists to identify gemstones.
In addition, home-brewers may use a refractometer to determine the
specific gravity of their beer, and home aquarium hobbyists may use
a refractometer to determine the salinity and/or specific gravity of the
water in their fish tanks
iii) Introduction sensor (including brand) used in application (DP1-DK3)

Refractometers are used in a variety of applications: From the determination

of the purity and concentration of ingredients of medications to the
measurement of the sugar content of food and beverages and the analysis of
petroleum oil. The dilution of sunflower oil with cheap oils can also be
detected with this device.
iv) Architecture of sensor & principles / Operation of sensor (DP1-DK3)
v) Tips of instrument/machine care and handling

Instrument Using

Installation

Installation location In your workplace, install the RMK-700 Refractometer

in a flat place without direct sunlight and adjust it to appropriate height. The

operating environment temperature is between + 5 ° C and + 40 ° C and the

relative humidity is between 30% and 75%.

In order to avoid damaging the refractometer, it is forbidden to place it on the

following places:

● where particularly hot and particularly cold;

● where the humidity changes tremendously;

● where there is a lot of dust;

● Near electromagnetic equipment of Strong interference.

Installation

● Put it softly on the table;

● Connect the power cord to the socket;

● Ground the earthing terminal in the socket reliably.

Note: The Operation desk should be placed on a flat place during installation and

can be configured by the actual situation.

2.2 Calibration

● Pull the handle, the host should be able to move on the base smoothly and

flexibly;

● Turn on the power switch, and the power indicator light is brightened, then

the screen starts displaying.

● Place the standard model eye on the head rest and fix it with the dowel pin.

● Adjust the height lifting knob so that the standard eye height is roughly

same as the measuring window.

● Pull and turn the joystick to make sure the internal collimation point is at

the center of the corneal ring.

● adjust the joystick front and back to keep the corneal ring focus clearest,

meanwhile internal alignment ring is locked in the internal collimation point.

● Press the measurement key, for a moment the measurement results will be

displayed on the screen. The results should be consistent with the standard

eye.
● Press the print key, the measurement result should be printed out.

● If the above measurement results are consistent with the standard eye

(±0.25m-1 deviation is still normal), and each function key is working

properly, which indicates that the instrument can be measured normally.

4.2 COMPANY / AGENCY /INSTITUTIONS

I) Select ONE (1) company/agency /institutions that produces/sells the

sensor or equipment application that contains the chosen sensor.

Shanghai SUPORE Instruments. Co. Ltd.

ii) Briefly elaborate the background of the company.

Company Profile

Shanghai Xiongbo Precision Instrument Co., Ltd. has ten wholly-

owned subsidiaries in Beijing, Jinan, Zhengzhou, Xi'an,
Danyang, Shanghai, Wuhan, Chengdu, Yingtan and Guangzhou, and has
a complete domestic sales network. The Group's business mainly
includes: optometry equipment, ophthalmic medical equipment; main
products are: computer optometry, power meter, comprehensive
optometry, vision projector, optometry combination table, automatic edger,
slit lamp and so on. The company has established a comprehensive
domestic and international sales and service network.

In 2006, the company set up a research institute, built a research

and development building of more than 2,000 square meters, and has a
research and development team consisting of doctors and masters. It has
obtained dozens of invention patents, utility model patents and design
patents. In 2012, the “Free-form Lens Power Measurement Instrument”
project won the second prize of Science and Technology Progress Award
of China Light Industry Federation (Ministry of Ministers). The 2013
“Cornerometry with Corneal Curvature Measurement Function” project
won the China Light Industry Federation (Ministry of Ministers). Science
and Technology Excellence Award.
 The company is a high-tech enterprise in Shanghai, a famous
trademark enterprise in Shanghai, a “specialized and special” enterprise in
Shanghai, an enterprise technology center in Baoshan District, a patent
implementation enterprise in Baoshan District, and a demonstration base
for production, education and research in Baoshan District. In 2013, the
company undertook the development task of the national key scientific
instrument special "phase modulation interferometer key components and
instrument development and application".

Corporate culture concept system:

 Corporate mission: to serve visual health and improve the quality

of life.
 Corporate vision: Determined to become a provider of
ophthalmology, optometry equipment and integrated solutions.
 Core values: self-confidence, integrity, intention, innovation,
competition, harmony

ii) Briefly elaborate of the product/ equipment / application that contain

the chosen sensor sold by company.

Auto Ref/Keratometer RMK-700 is the precise instrument to measure

objectively the parameter of diopter and corneal curvature, suitable for
patient measurement of Spherical, Cylindrical, Axis, PD and Corneal
Radius of Curvature .

Main Features

1. More accurate Measurement. The RMK-700 foggy method of the

eye fixation target (15mm*15mm) locked inside makes examinee's
eye more comfortable and measurement data more accurate.

2. Classification of product: 2nd Grade Medical Instrument

Resistance against electric shock: Class I (earthed) Protection
class against electric: Type B 3 、 Type (1) Resistance against
electric shock: Class I (2) Degree of Resistance against electric
shock: Type B Applied Part; (3) NOT Type AP equipment, NOT
type APG equipment (4) Mode of operation : Continuous (5) Not
suitable for use in the presence of a flammable anesthetics
mixture with air or with oxygen or with nitrous oxide.
6 – REFERENCES
 https://eyexan.com/keratometry/

 https://lambdageeks.com/keratometer-2-important-types-steps-to-use/
#:~:text=This%20diagnosing%20instrument%20helps%20in
%20evaluating%20the%20degree,curvature%20of%20the%20anterior
%20surface%20of%20the%20cornea.

 https://www.neutechmedical.com/what-is-keratometry/#:~:text=A
%20keratometer%20provides%20the%20following%20information%3A
%201%20The,The%20occurrence%20of%20any%20form%20of
%20corneal%20deformity.

 https://www.slideshare.net/KaranBhatia25/keratometry-55540991

 https://www.neutechmedical.com/what-is-keratometry/#:~:text=A
%20keratometer%20provides%20the%20following%20information%3A
%201%20The,The%20occurrence%20of%20any%20form%20of
%20corneal%20deformity.

 https://www.educba.com/applications-of-sensors/

 https://www.kruess.com/en/campus/refractometry/refractometer-
applications/

 https://www.kem.kyoto/en/genri/refract/