Transportation Engineering

Table of Contents

Transportation Engineering

Types of Transportation Engineering

A. Highway Engineering

B. Railway Engineering

C. Port and Harbour Engineering

D. Airport Engineering

E. Pipeline Transport

Pre-Construction Aspect of Transportation Engineering

A. Inventory or Data Base

B. Urban Planning

C. Technical Forecasting of Passengers

Post-Construction Aspect of Transportation Engineering

A. Pavement Maintenance

B. Drainage Maintenance

C. Snow and Ice Control

D. Traffic Services

Traffic Engineering

Duties and Tasks of Transportation Engineer

Transportation Engineering Requirements

A. Education Requirements

B. Work Experience and Licensing Requirements

Advancement Possibilities and Employment Outlook

Working Conditions

Salary of Transportation Engineer

References
OBJECTIVES:

• To determine the different types and functions of transportation engineering

• To determine the duties and tasks of transportation engineers

• To know the requirements, working conditions, and salary of transportation

engineer
 Transportation Engineering

Transportation Engineering, also known as Transport Engineering, is the

application of scientific principles with the aid of technologies to the planning, design,
analysis, operation, and management of transportation systems for a full range of
modes of transportation such as highway, railway, airport, port and harbor, in order to
provide for the movement of people and goods from one place to another in a safe and
efficient manner. As a sub-discipline of Civil Engineering, this specialization focuses on
providing for the society’s need of adequate and high quality transportation
infrastructure and management which requires which involves broad interaction with
other disciplines. It intends to meet travel and freight demands, while ensuring safety,
equity and sustainability, at minimal levels of congestion and cost through optimizing the
mobility of infrastructure networks.
Furthermore, Transportation Engineering has now developed into a
multidisciplinary field spanning economics, politics, sociology and psychology, in
addition to its core mathematical, engineering and computational principles. However, it
remains to be an indispensable civil engineering discipline impacting entire modes of
transportation and is still viewed as a key component to nation’s progress.

Types of Transportation Engineering

A. Highway Engineering

The general goal of this type of

Transportation Engineering is to use
civil engineering principles to improve
the transportation system with the
utilization of the three design controls
which are the drivers, the vehicles,
and the roadways themselves.
Engineers in this specialization
handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, and other
vehicular facilities as well as their related bicycle and pedestrian realms. They are
responsible in estimating the transportation needs of the public and then secure the
function for the project, and also in analyzing locations of high traffic volumes and high
collisions for safety and capacity.
A premium component of Highway Engineering is pavement construction. In Civil
Engineering, pavement is the structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed
materials above the natural soil sub-grade. It forms the basic supporting structure in
highway. Its primary function is to transmit loads to the sub-base and underlying soil.
The ultimate aim in its construction is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to
wheel load are sufficiently reduced to avoid exceeding the bearing capacity of the sub-
grade. Most commonly, pavements are classified into two (2) types based on their
structural performance – the rigid pavement and the flexible pavement.
Rigid pavements are constructed from cement concrete or reinforced concrete
slabs. They are designed to possess sufficient strength in order to withstand the loads
from traffic. Its structural strength is provided by the pavement slab itself by its beam
action. It distributes load over a wide area of subgrade because of its rigidity and high
modulus of elasticity. However, any excessive deformations occurring due to heavier
wheel loads are not recoverable.

Figure: Rigid Pavement

Cross-Section

Source:
http://theconstructor.org/t
ransportation/types-of-
pavement-flexible-an-
drigid-pavement/9570/

Flexible pavements consist a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous material and

aggregates placed on a bed of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in
layers over the subgrade. It consists of a series of layers with the highest quality
materials at or near the surface of pavement. It functions by a way of load distribution
through the component layers. This type of pavement has self-healing properties due to
heavier wheel loads are recoverable due to some extent. It reflects the deformation of
subgrade and subsequent layers on the surface.

Figure: Flexible Pavement Cross-

Section

Source:
http://theconstructor.org/transport
ation/types-of-pavement-flexible-
an-drigid-pavement/9570/

Figure Comparison between Flexible and Rigid Pavement

Another important feature of highway engineering is the geometric design of the

road. This branch of highway engineering is concerned with the alignment of the
physical elements of the roadway in accordance with engineering standards and
constraints. Its main objective is to optimize efficiency and safety but at the same time
minimizing the cost and environmental damage.
Examples of different geometric designs of roads are T-intersection, Y-
intersection, Cross-intersection, and five or more legs and not circular, Roundabout,
Midblock pedestrian crossing, Non-conventional intersection, and other circular
intersections.

Source: https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tools/data_tools/mirereport/126.cfm

B. Railway Engineering

Railway Engineering is a
specialized field in Transportation and Civil
Engineering. Railways are incredibly
complex and expensive systems which are
exclusively designed for the efficient
passage of trains to transport people,
freight and equipment.
Depending on the role sought within
the Railway Engineering discipline, an
Engineer could be expected to be involved
in the design, construction, maintenance and operation of trains and rail systems
(monitoring and controlling the rail network and the trains).
Railway Engineers possess mechanical design skills and knowledge of
propulsion systems that allows them to design train vessels. Railway Engineers are
frequently on site, either supervising the rail system or in a ‘hands on’ capacity.

C. Port and Harbor Engineering

Port and Harbor Engineers

handle the design, construction, and
operation of ports, harbors, canals, and
other maritime facilities. This is not to be
confused with marine engineering. Port
engineers, also known as harbor
engineers, design commercial waterways similar to the way that highway engineers
design roadways. Actually working on the water is essential for this type of
transportation engineer, as they need to be able to take measurements, assess port,
harbor and canal structures, and perform maintenance.
In addition, ports are classified into four general classifications which include sea
ports, inland ports, and cargo ports. Sea ports are ports that are built in sea locations
and enable the accommodation of both small and large vessels and are used for
commercial shipping activities. This classification of port is considered to be the most
common around the world. Inland ports, on the other hand, are those that are built on
comparatively smaller bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers, which can be either for
cargo purpose or for passenger, or for both. Some of these inland ports can have
access to the sea with the help of a canal system. Some of the inland ports can also be
specifically made for recreational purpose allowing only a small sized vessels or can be
just for ferrying people and fishing activities. Inland ports are known for their quality to
function in a smooth manner, unlike the clogged sea ports. Another port classification is
the Cargo Port. This type of port functions according to the cargo it manages and the
amenities available differ from one port to the other. These ports are also known as bulk
ports. The cargo ports involve many mechanical techniques to load or unload the
shipment. A cargo may be designed to deal with single, as well as multiple types of
products.

D. Airport Engineering

Airport Engineering involves the

design and construction of facilities for
the landing, take off, movement of
aircraft on the ground, parking of
airplanes on loading aprons,
maintenance and repairs of areas,
access roads from the city side to
airport, and handling of passengers,
baggage and freight.
Airport engineers must account
for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These
engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway
orientation, determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip
clearance for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire airport.

E. Pipeline Transport

Pipeline transport is the long-

distance transportation of a liquid or gas
through a system of pipes—a pipeline—
typically to a market area for
consumption. Liquids and gases are
transported in pipelines and any
chemically stable substance can be sent
through a pipeline. Pipelines exist for the
transport of crude and refined petroleum,
fuels – such as oil, natural gas and
biofuels – and other fluids including
sewage, slurry, water, beer, hot water or steam for shorter distances. Pipelines are
useful for transporting water for drinking or irrigation over long distances when it needs
to move over hills, or where canals or channels are poor choices due to considerations
of evaporation, pollution, or environmental impact.
Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes which are usually buried. The
oil is moved through the pipelines by pump stations along the pipeline. Natural gas (and
similar gaseous fuels) are lightly pressurized into liquids known as Natural Gas Liquids
(NGLs). Natural gas pipelines are constructed of carbon steel. Hydrogen pipeline
transport is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe. Pipelines conveying
flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil, pose special safety
concerns and there have been various accidents. Pipelines can be the target of theft,
vandalism, sabotage, or even terrorist attacks. In war, pipelines are often the target of
military attacks.
In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on purpose.
The first category is the gathering pipelines which are a group of smaller interconnected
pipelines forming complex networks with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas
from several nearby wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group,
pipelines are usually short - a couple hundred meters - and with small diameters. Sub-
sea pipelines for collecting product from deep water production platforms are also
considered gathering systems. The second category is the transportation pipelines
which are mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving products (oil, gas, refined
products) between cities, countries and even continents. These transportation networks
include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multi-
products pipelines. Third is the distribution pipelines which are composed of several
interconnected pipelines with small diameters, used to take the products to the final
consumer. Feeder lines to distribute gas to homes and businesses downstream.
Pipelines at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are
included in this groups.

Pre-Construction Aspects of Transportation Engineering

A. Inventory or Database

Before any planning occurs the Engineer must take what is known as an
inventory of the area or if it is appropriate, the previous system in place. This inventory
or database must include information on population, land use, economic, transportation
facilities and services, travel patterns and volumes, laws and ordinances, regional
financial resources, community values and expectations. These inventories help the
engineer create business models to complete accurate forecasts of the future conditions
of the system review.

B. Urban Planning

Urban planning is a technical and

political process concerned with the
development and design of land use and
the built environment, including air, water,
and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation,
communications, and distribution networks and the provision of municipal services to
residents and visitors. Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements.
The primary concern is the public welfare which includes considerations of efficiency,
sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as effects on social and
economic activities. Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes
social, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design
and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban
areas. Urban planners work with the cognate fields of architecture, landscape
architecture, civil engineering, and public administration to achieve strategic, policy and
sustainability goals. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields.
Today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline
is the broader category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning,
zoning, economic development, environmental planning, and transportation planning.

C. Technical Forecasting of Passengers

Technical forecasting of passengers usually involves an urban transportation

planning model, requiring the estimation of trip generation (how many trips for what
purpose), trip distribution (destination choice, where is the traveler going), mode choice
(what mode is being taken), and route assignment (which streets or routes are being
used).
Passenger trips are the focus of transportation engineering because they often
represent the peak of demand of any transportation system.

Post-Construction Aspect of Transportation Engineering

Preserving and keeping the quality structure condition of each type of

transportation system as nearly as possible in its original condition as constructed or as
subsequently improved and the operation of the transportation facilities and services to
provide satisfactory and safe transportation is the primary objective of the post-
construction aspect of transportation engineering. This feature includes surface
maintenance, drainage maintenance, snow and ice control, and traffic services.

A. Pavement Maintenance

Pavement maintenance and rehabilitation programs restore and maintain the

structural integrity of the pavement over its full design of life. In Highways, pavement
maintenance is closely related to the quality of construction of original road. Insufficient
pavement or base thickness or improper construction of these elements soon results in
expensive patching or surface repair.
 B. Drainage Maintenance

Drainage maintenance is the maintenance of drainage system by keeping ditch,

culvert and other drainage structure, clean and ready to carry next flow water as well as
removing sediments deposited during period of heavy flow. This help to ensure the
roadway achieves its designed service life. Drainage systems that remove storm water
run-off from streets and highways are an integral feature of a safe system. Water that
remains on the roadway surface can contribute to vehicle hydroplaning. In winter,
standing water can freeze and cause skidding.

C. Snow and Ice Control

Ice forming on the roadways or runways reduces coefficient of friction between

the tires and surface, which makes vehicle control almost impossible. Suitable materials
that can be used are clean and sharp sand, cinders and washed stone screening.

D. Traffic Services

Traffic services is the planning, monitoring and control or influencing of traffic. It

aims to maximize the effectiveness of the use of existing infrastructure, ensure reliable
and safe operation of transport, address environmental goals, and ensure fair allocation
of infrastructure space (road space, rail slots, etc.) among competing users. It includes
stripping, sign repair and maintenance particularly repairs needed after stormy weather.

Traffic Engineering

Complex intersections with

multiple vehicle lanes, bike lanes,
and crosswalks are common
examples of traffic engineering
projects
Traffic engineering is a
branch of civil engineering that uses
engineering techniques to achieve
the safe and efficient movement of
people and goods on roadways. It
focuses mainly on research for safe
and efficient traffic flow, such as
road geometry, sidewalks and crosswalks, cycling infrastructure, traffic signs, road
surface markings and traffic lights. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of
transportation system, except the infrastructures provided.
Traffic engineering is closely
associated with other disciplines such as
Transportation Engineering and Urban
Planning.
Typical traffic engineering projects
involve designing traffic control device
installations and modifications, including
traffic signals, signs, and pavement markings. However, traffic engineers also consider
traffic safety by investigating locations with high crash rates and developing
countermeasures to reduce crashes. Traffic flow management can be short-term
(preparing construction traffic control plans, including detour plans for pedestrian and
vehicular traffic) or long-term (estimating the impacts of proposed
commercial/residential developments on traffic patterns). Increasingly, traffic problems
are being addressed by developing systems for intelligent transportation systems, often
in conjunction with other engineering disciplines, such as computer engineering and
electrical engineering.

Duties and Tasks of Transportation Engineer

Transportation engineers have various duties based on specific job levels. Engineers
must be able to evaluate plans and proposals drafted by other engineers and make
changes if necessary. The major focus of transportation engineers includes main
thoroughfares and highways due to their overt use. Highway engineering, infrastructure
design and the materials that make up local and national highways comprise important
aspects of a transportation engineer's job. Though roads often require the most
attention of engineers in this field, they may also work on railways, airports, seaports
and canals. Other common duties include:
• Prepare project budgets, schedules, or specifications for labor or materials.
• Supervise the maintenance or repair of transportation systems or system
components.
• Participate in contract bidding, negotiation, or administration.
• Evaluate construction project materials for compliance with environmental
standards.
• Investigate traffic problems and recommend methods to improve traffic flow or
safety.
• Direct the surveying, staking, or laying-out of construction projects.
• Estimate transportation project costs.
• Analyze environmental impact statements for transportation projects.
• Inspect completed transportation projects to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations.
• Review development plans to determine potential traffic impact.
• Present data, maps, or other information at construction-related public hearings
or meetings.
• Prepare administrative, technical, or statistical reports on traffic-operation
matters, such as accidents, safety measures, or pedestrian volume or practices.
• Evaluate transportation systems or traffic control devices or lighting systems to
determine need for modification or expansion.
• Evaluate traffic control devices or lighting systems to determine need for
modification or expansion.
• Develop or assist in the development of transportation-related computer software
or computer processes.
• Prepare final project layout drawings that include details such as stress
calculations.
• Plan alteration or modification of existing transportation structures to improve
safety or function.
• Model transportation scenarios to evaluate the impacts of activities such as new
development or to identify possible solutions to transportation problems.
• Investigate or test specific construction project materials to determine compliance
to specifications or standards.
 • Inspect completed transportation projects to ensure safety or compliance with
applicable standards or regulations.

• Confer with contractors, utility companies, or government agencies to discuss

plans, specifications, or work schedules.
• Check construction plans, design calculations, or cost estimations to ensure
completeness, accuracy, or conformity to engineering standards or practices.
• Design or prepare plans for new transportation systems or parts of systems, such
as airports, commuter trains, highways, streets, bridges, drainage structures, or
roadway lighting.
• Design or engineer drainage, erosion, or sedimentation control systems for
transportation projects.
• Design transportation systems or structures using sustainable materials or
products, such as porous pavement or bio-retention structures.
• Develop Pre-plans to deconstruct damaged or obsolete roadways or other
transportation structures in a manner that is environmentally sound or prepares
the land for sustainable development.

Transportation Engineering Requirements

➢ Education Requirements

Most entry-level jobs in transportation engineering require a bachelor's degree in

civil engineering. Some schools offer transportation engineering as an undergraduate
degree focus or concentration. An accredited bachelor's degree program in civil or
transportation engineering may last 4-6 years. Coursework often includes calculus,
physics, chemistry, solid-fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, as well as professional
studies in traffic control, optimization and environmental issues. Courses in computer-
aided design are also helpful. College courses in English and the natural and social
sciences, including political science, can be as important as specialized courses in
surveying, specifications writing, traffic control, and the mechanics of fluids and
materials.

Some engineers get graduate degrees in business administration to improve

their chances for advancement. Transportation engineers continue their education by
reading technical publications and attending seminars and conferences. Advancement
in the transportation engineering workplace may require a candidate to get a master's or
doctorate degree. Unlike most undergraduate programs, graduate-level studies may
offer a specific focus on transportation engineering. Professional courses may include
pavement design, municipal infrastructure design or travel demand forecasting. Some
schools offer specialized concentrations in highway engineering, traffic safety or urban
development.

➢ Work Experience and Licensing Requirements

Work experience varies according to employer and job level. In some instances,
organizations or agencies may provide entry-level job training for new engineering
graduates. Though specific requirements vary by state, all public transportation
engineers require licensure, which consists of a 2-part proficiency test. Graduation from
an accredited program qualifies workers to begin the licensing process, though several
years' experience must be completed to earn full, professional licensure.
 Advancement Possibilities and Employment Outlook

With experience and ability transportation engineers can advance to a number of

positions, such as construction supervisor, project engineer, or designer of
transportation systems. In addition, they may become supervisors of engineering
departments, chief engineers for construction firms, or consulting engineers.

Employment of transportation engineers is expected to grow as fast as the

average for all occupations through 2014. Many new roads need to be built and existing
roads need to be redesigned. Demand should also be strong over the next decade for
engineers who can design better public transportation systems.

Working Conditions

Transportation engineers work in offices or at construction sites in all kinds of

weather. They generally work forty hours per week, although overtime may be
necessary if construction deadlines must be met.

Because their work affects public behavior and policy, transportation engineers
must be able to communicate effectively with diverse groups of people—from
government officials to machine operators to the general public. They must be willing to
make and advocate unpopular decisions.

Salary of Transportation Engineer

According to Salary Experts, the average transportation engineer salary in

Philippines is ₱547,555 or an equivalent hourly rate of ₱263. In addition, they earn an
average bonus of ₱18,781. This alary estimate was based on salary survey data
collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Philippines. An entry
level transportation engineer (1-3 years of experience) earns an average salary of
₱388,227. On the other end, a senior level transportation engineer (8+ years of
experience) earns an average salary of ₱685,437.
However, these numbers may widely vary depending on one’s academic
achievements, exposures or experiences, specializations and other aspects.
Key Concepts:
• Transportation Engineering, also known as Transport Engineering, is the
application of scientific principles with the aid of technologies to the
planning, design, analysis, operation, and management of transportation
systems for a full range of modes of transportation.
• Transportation engineering is divided into 4 sub-disciplines which are
highway engineering, railway engineering, airport engineering, and port
and harbor engineering.
• Pre-construction aspects of transportation engineering includes
inventory or data base, urban planning, and technical forecasting of
passengers.
• After the construction of transportation systems, engineers are
responsible for pavement maintenance, drainage maintenance, snow
and ice control, and traffic services.
• Transportation engineers work closely with traffic engineers.
• Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering
techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and
goods on roadways.
• Most entry-levels for transportation engineers require a bachelor’s
degree in civil engineering.
• Transportation engineers work in offices or at construction sites in all
kinds of weather. They generally work forty hours per week, although
overtime may be necessary if construction deadlines must be met.
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REPORTERS:

DELOS SANTOS, JOANN V.

ENRIQUEZ, JEAVEN REGO B.

JUMAO-AS, JASON LEE L.

MALUPA, PRINCESS BEAULAH U.