9

Determinants 9.1

Chapter Determinants
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1 4 20
1 5 r
3. 1 -2 5 = 0
4. D= 1 5 5 =0 ^a log a a = 1 and 5C1 / C2 h
1 2x 5x2
1 5 e
0 6 15
5. Obviously, on putting x = 0,we observe that the
& 0 - 2 - 2x 5 1 - x 2 h = 0 e
^ o
R1 " R1 - R2

R2 " R2 - R3
1 2x 5x 2 determinant becomes
0 1 1 0 -a -b
] g
x2 = 0 D x = 0 = a 0 - c = a ]bcg - b ]acg = 0
& 3.2.5. 0 - 1 + x 1 -
1 x x2 b c 0
0 1 1 ` x = 0 is a root of the given equation.
& ]1 + xg 0 - 1 1 - x = 0
1 x x2 Aliter: Expanding D, we get

& x + 1 = 0 or x - 2 = 0 & x =- 1, 2. D / - (x - a) [- ]x + bg]x - cg] + ]x - bg

Trick: Obviously by inspection, x =- 1, 2 satisfy 6]x + ag]x + cg@ = 0

1 4 20 & 2x3 - (2 / ab) x = 0

the equation. At x =- 1, 1 - 2 5 = 0 as R2 / R3
1 -2 5 & Either x = 0 or x2 = / ab ^ie., x = ! / ab h

1 4 20 Again x = 0 satisfies the given equation.

At x = 2 1 - 2 5 = 0 as R1 / R3 .
1 4 20
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
a1 ma1 b1 a a x a x x
1. D = a2 ma2 b2
= m b b y +n b y y
a3 ma3 b3 c c z c z z

a1 a1 b1 = m ]0 g + n ]0 g = 0
D = m a2 a2 b2
a3 a3 b3 3. Applying R2 " R2 - R3

As column 1 and column 2 are equal D = 0 a+x a-x a-x

0 2x - 2 x = 0
a-x a-x a+x
a ma + nx x
2. b mb + ny y & ]a + xg62x ]a + xg - ]- 2xg]a - xg@
c mc + nz z
+ ]a - xg6- 2x ]a - xg - 2x ]a - xg@ = 0
a ma x a nx x
& 4x 2 53a - x? = 0
= b mb y + b ny y & x = 0, 3a
c mc z c nz z
9.2 Mathematics
a a2 1 a a 2 a3 b ]b - ag b - c c ]b - ag
4. b b 1 + b b 2 b3
2
8. a ]b - ag a - b b ]b - ag
c c2 1 c c 2 c3 c ]b - ag c - a a ]b - ag
1 a a2 1 a a2 b b-c c
= 1 b b + abc 1 b b 2
2
= ]b - ag2 a a - b b
1 c c2 1 c c2 c c-a a
RS V
1 a a2 SS b b c b c c WW
& ]1 + abcg 1 b b 2 = ]b - ag2 SS a a b - a b b WW
W

SS W
1 c c2 c c a c a aW
T X
ka k 2 + a 2 1 = ]b - ag2 ]0 - 0g = 0
5. kb k 2 + b 2 1 9. R1 " R1 + R2 + R3
kc k 2 + c 2 1 a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
2 2
ka k 1 ka a 1 D= 2b b-c-a 2b
= kb k 2 1 + kb b 2 1 2c 2c c-a-b
kc k 2 1 kc c 2 1 1 1 1
ka 1 1 a a 1 2 = ]a + b + c g 2 b b - c - a 2 b
= k kb 1 1 + K b b 2 1
2 2c 2c c-a-b
kc 1 1 c c2 1 Applying 2 C " C 2 - C 1

C3 " C3 - C1
= 0 + K 6a ]b 2 - c 2g - b ]a 2 - c 2g + c ]a 2 - b 2g@ 1 0 0
= ]a + b + cg 2b - ]a + b + cg 0
= K ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag 2c 0 - ]a + b + cg

x x2 1 x x 2 z3 = ]a + b + cg3 & k = 3
6. y y 1 + y y 2 y3 = 0
2

z z2 1 z z 2 z3 10. Applying R2 " R2 - R1

R3 " R3 - R1
x x2 1 1 x x2 1 a bc
& y y 2 1 + xyz 1 y y2 = 0 0 b - a c ]a - bg
z z2 1 1 z z2 0 c - a b ]a - cg
1 x x2
& ^1 + xyz h 1 y y 2
1 a bc
= 0 & xyz =- 1
= ]a - bg]c - ag 0 - 1 c
1 z z2
0 1 -b
7. The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd
order is 0 = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
1.
We have D2 = DD = l2 m2 n2 l2 m2 n2 1 + x1 1 + x1 x 1 + x1 x2
l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3 2. 1 + x2 1 + x2 x 1 + x2 x2
l12 + m12 + n12 l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 1 + x3 1 + x3 x 1 + x3 x2
= l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 l22 + m22 + n22
1 x1 0 1 1 0
l1 l3 + m1 m3 + n1 n3 l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3
= 1 x2 0 1 x 0
l1 l3 + m1 m3 + n1 n3
1 x3 0 1 x2 0
l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3
l32 + m32 + n32 =0
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 1 & D =! 1 & D = 1
0 0 1
 Determinants 9.3
a b c 8. For the system of given homogeneous equations
3. Determinant formed by the cofactors of b c a is
1 1 -1
D = 3 - 1 - 1 = 1 ]- 1 - 3g - 1 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 1g
c a b
2 2 2 2
- -
bc a ac b ab c - a b c
1 -3 1
ac - b2 ab - c2 bc - a2 b c a
ab - c2 bc - a2 ac - b2 c a b =- 4 - 4 + 8 = 0. ` There are infinite number of
4. D1 = x ^ x2 - abh - b ]ax - abg + b ^a2 - axh solutions.
= x3 - 3abx + ab2 + a2 b 9. The given system of homogeneous equations has
d ] g ^ 2 h
2
dx D1 = 3x - 3ab = 3 x - ab = 3D2
1 4 -1
D = 3 - 4 - 1 = 1 ]- 4 - 3g - 4 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 4g ! 0
5. The system of equations has infinitely many 1 -3 1

(non-trivial) solution, if D = 0 i.e., if There exists only one trivial solution.

3 -2 1 10. The system will have a non-zero solution, if

m - 14 15 = 0
1 2 -3 a3 ]a + 1g3 ]a + 2g3
D / a a+1 a+2 = 0
& 3 ]42 - 30g - m ]6 - 2g + 1 ]- 30 + 14g = 0 1 1 1

& m = 5. a3 3a2 + 3a + 1 3 ]a + 1g2 + 3 ]a + 1g + 1

6. For the given set of equation, by Cramer’s Rule & a2 1 1 =0
1 0 0
7 3 -5 2 3 -5
Dx C2 " C2 - C1
x = D = 6 1 1 ' 1 1 1 . by
1 -4 2 3 -4 2 C3 " C3 - C2
& 3a2 + 3a + 1 - "3 ]a + 1g2 + 3 ]a + 1g + 1 ,
1 k -1
7. It has a non-zero solution if 3 - k - 1 = 0 (expanding along R3)
1 -3 1
& - 6k + 6 = 0 & k = 1. & - 6 ]a + 1g = 0 & a =- 1.

EXERCISE - 1
Expansion and properties of determinants
by )
R1 " R1 - R2
R2 " R2 - R3
a-b b-c c-a 0 b-c c-a
0 1 a+b+c
] g] g 0 1 a + b + c = 0, !a R1 / R2 + .
1. x-y y-z z-x = 0 y-z z-x = 0
= a - b b - c
p-q q-r r-p 0 q-r r-p
1 c c2 - ab
6by C1 " C1 + C2 + C3@ 1 1 1 0 0 1
3. 1 1 + x 1 = -x x 1 = xy ,
1 a a2 - bc 0 a - b ]a - bg]a + b + cg 1 1 1+y 0 -y 1 + y
2. 1 b b2 - ac = 0 b - c ]b - cg]a + b + cg
1 c c2 - ab 1 c c2 - ab
e o.
C1 " C1 - C2

C2 " C2 - C3
9.4 Mathematics
1 a a2 0 a - b a2 - b2 a-b-c 2a 2a
R1 " R1 - R2
4. 1 b b = 0 b - c b2 - c2 , by
2
7. 2b b-c-a 2b
R2 " R2 - R3
1 c c2 1 c c2 2c 2c c-a-b

0 1 a+b -/ a 0 2a
= ]a - bg]b - cg 0 1 b + c = / a - / a 2b , e CC1 " C1 - C2
o
1 c c2 0 / a c - a - b 2 " C2 - C3
-1 0 2a
= ^/ a h = ^/ a h ,
0 0 a-c 2 3

= ]a - bg]b - cg 0 1 b + c ,
1 -1 2b

0 1 c-a-b
1 c c2
(on expansion) = ]a + b + cg3 .
by R1 " R1 - R2
a + b a + 2b a + 3b a + b a + 2b a + 3b
0 0 1 8. a + 2b a + 3b a + 4b = b b b =0
= ]a - bg]b - cg]a - cg 0 1 b + c a + 4b a + 5b a + 6b 2b 2b 2b
1 c c2
) by 3
R2 " R2 - R1
= ]a - bg]b - cg]a - cg. ]- 1g = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag.

R3 " R3 - R2

1 1 1 2 1 1 Trick: Putting a = 1 = b. The determinant will be

5. 1 2 3 = 3 2 3 by C1 " C1 + C2
2 3 4
1 3 6 4 3 6
3 4 5 = 0 .Obviously answer is (d)
1 2 1 5 6 7
= 1 5 3 , by C2 " C2 + C3
Note: Students remember while taking the values of
1 9 6
a,b,c,........that for there values, the options (a), (b),
3 1 1
= 6 2 3 , by C1 " C1 + C2 + C3 . (c) and (d) should not be identical.
10 3 6
0 a -b
2 1 1
9. - a 0 c = 0 (Since value of determinant of
But ! 2 2 3 .
b -c 0
2 3 6
skew-symmetric matrix of odd orders is 0).
6. By C1 " C1 + C2 + C3,
a b c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
1 3 5
10.
we have ]9 + xg 1 x + 2 5 = 0
b c a = b c a ,

c a b c a b
1 3 x+4
0 1-x 0 ] R1 " R1 + R2 + R3g
& ]x + 9g 0 - ]1 - xg 1 - x = 0
1 3 x+4 1 1 1 1 0 0
= ]a + b + cg b c a = ]a + b + cg b b - c c - a
By R1 " R1 - R2 c a b c c-a a-b
R2 " R2 - R3
0 1 0 = 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3,
& ]x + 9g]1 - xg2 0 - 1 1 = 0
(After simplification)
1 3 x+4

& x = 1, 1, - 9. (Since the determinant = 1).

 Determinants 9.5
1 1 1 = 35 - 9 - 24 and
1+ x x x
1 1
11. D = xyz y 1 + y
1 ^ x + y + zh]x - zg2 = ]6 g]- 2g2 = 24
y
1 1 1 24
z z 1+ z ` k = 24 = 1 .
1 1 1
1 1 1 31 37 92 31 37 92
= xyz c1 + 1x + 1y + 1z m y
1+ y
y 13. 31 58 71 = 0 21 - 21 ;
1 1 1 31 105 24 0 47 - 47
z z 1+ z
by R1 " R1 + R2 + R3 R3 " R3 - R2
by
R2 " R2 - R1
1 0 0
= xyz c1 + x + y + z m 1/y 1 0 ,
1 1 1

31 129 92
1/z 0 1
= 0 0 - 21 = 0; (by C2 " C2 + C3) .
C2 " C2 - C1 0 0 - 47
by
C3 " C3 - C1
1 2 3
14. 3 5 7 = 2 - 8 + 6 = 0.
= xyz c1 + x + y + z m = xyz c1 + x + y + z m .
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 8 14 20
0 1
Trick: Put x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3, then ka kb kc a b c
15. kx ky kz = k x y z = k3 D
3

2 1 1 kp kq kr p q r
1 3 1 = 2 ]11g - 1 ]3 g + 1 ]1 - 3g = 17
1 1 4 1 ~ - ~2 /2 1 ~ ~2
1
16. 1 1 1 =- 2 1 1 - 2
Option (a) gives, 1 # 2 # 3 b1 + 1 + 2 + 3 l = 17.
1 1 1 1 -1 0 1 -1 0

0 ~ ~2
y+z x y 2 1 1 1
z + x z x = ^ x + y + zh z + x z x
=- 2 0 1 - 2 = 0, (Apply C1 " C1 + C2 + C3)
12.
0 -1 0
x+y y z x+y y z
a1 ma1 b1 a1 a1 b1
a2 ma2 b2 = m a2 a2 b2 = 0, !a C1 / C2 + .
by R1 " R1 + R2 + R3
17.

1 1 1 a3 ma3 b3 a3 a3 b3
= ^ x + y + zh x z x ;
pa qb rc
x y z
18. We have qc ra pb
by C1 " C1 - C2 rb pc qa
= pqr ^a3 + b3 + c3h - abc ^ p3 + q3 + r3 h
= ^ x + y + zh . #^z - xy i - ^ xz - x h + ^ xy - xzh-
2 2

= pqr ]3abcg - abc ^3pqr h = 0,

= ^ x + y + zh]x - zg & k = 1
2

e o.
a p + q + r = 0, ` p3 + q3 + r3 = 3pqr

Trick : Put x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 , then a a + b + c = 0, ` a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

19. The determinant can be written sum of 2 # 2 # 2 = 8
5 1 2
4 3 1 = 5 ]7 g - 1 ]12 - 3g + 2 ]8 - 9g
determinants of which 6 are reduces to zero because
3 2 3
of their two rows are identical. Hence proceed.
9.6 Mathematics
20. Apply R1 " R1 + R2 and then expand along R1 . 1 + a -a -a
1 b 0
a a2 a3 - 1 a a2 a3 a a2 1 1 0 c
21. b b2 b3 - 1 = 0 & b b2 b3 - b b2 1 = 0
c c2 c3 - 1 c c2 c3 c c2 1 On expanding w.r.t R3,
ab + bc + ca + abc = m ............(i)
1 a a2 1 a a2
& abc 1 b b2 - 1 b b2 = 0 Given, a -1 + b -1 + c -1 = 0
1 c c2 1 c c2 1 1 1
& a + b + c = 0 & ab + bc + ca = 0
1 a a2 & m = abc, (From equation (i))
& ]abc - 1g 1 b b2 = 0
1 c c2 25. Given, Angles of a triangle = A, B and C. We know
2
1 a a
that as A + B + C = r , therefore A + B = r - C
Since a,b,c are different, so 1 b b2 ! 0
1 c c2 or cos ] A + Bg = cos ]r - C g =- cos C
Hence abc - 1 = 0 i.e., abc = 1. or cos A cos B - sin A sin B =- cos C

22. Trick : Put a = 1, b =- 1, c = 0 cos A cos B + cos C = sin A sin B

a' = 2, b' = 2, c' = 1 and sin ] A + Bg = sin ]r - C g = sin C .

0 -1 2
Then the determinant is 0 1 2 = 4 Expanding the given determinant, we get
-1 0 4
D =-^1 - cos2 Ah + cos C ]cos C + cos A cos Bg
Option (c) also gives the same value.
+ cos B ]cos B + cos A cos C g
Aliter:
=- sin2 A + cos C ]sin A sin Bg + cos B ]sin A sin C g
Divide the first row by b'c' the second by c'a' & the
=- sin2 A + sin A ]sin B cos C + cos B sin C g
third by a'b'.
=- sin2 A + sin A sin ] B + C g =- sin2 A + sin2 A = 0
a b c
Put x = a' , y = b' , z = c'
26. D = a 5ab - ca? + 1 :ca. c - b .abD + bc : b - c D
1 1 1 1 1
We get,
& D = ]b - cg + 1 ]a - ag + ]c - bg & D = 0.
yz y + z 1
D = zx z + x 1 ]a'b'g]b'c'g]c'a'g y+z x-z x-y y+z x-z x-y
xy x + y 1 27. y - z z + x y - x = 2y 2x 0
z-y z-x x+y 2z 0 2x
= ^ x - yh^ y - z h] z - xg]a'b'g]b'c'g]c'a'g
R2 " R2 + R1 and R3 " R3 + R1
= ]ab' - a'b'g]bc' - b'cg]ca' - a'cg
y+z x-z x-y
23. By fundamental property =4 y x 0
z 0 x
1+a 1 1
24. 1 1+b 1 = m = 4 7^y + zh^ x2h - ]x - zg^ xyh + ^ x - yh]- zxgA
1 1 1+c
= 4 7x2 y + zx2 - x2 y + xyz - zx2 + xyzA = 8xyz
Applying C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C1,
Hence, k = 8
 Determinants 9.7
28. Using the sum property, we get 32. Since D = ~ - 2~ =- ~ . Therefore
2 2 2

/ ]2r - 1g / m Cr
m m m
/1 D 2 = ~ 4 = ~.
m
/ Dr = r=0
m2 - 1 2m
r=0
m+1
r=0
1 0 1 0 1 0
sin ^m h sin2 ]mg sin2 ]m + 1g
r=0
2 2 33. D2 D1 = = = bd.
c d a d c + ad bd
/ ]2r - 1g = 12 ]m + 1g]2m - 1 - 1g = m2 - 1,
m
But
r=0 log3 512 log 4 3 log2 3 log8 3
m m 34. #
log3 8 log 4 9 log3 4 log3 4
/ m Cr = 2 m and / 1 = m + 1.
=d n
r=0 r=0
log 512 log 9 log 3 log 8

log 4 - log 4 log 3
# #
m m2 - 1 2m m+1 log 3
` / Dr = m - 1
2
2 m
m+1 =0
#d n
log 3 log 4 log 3 log 4
r=0
sin2 ^m2h sin2 ]mg sin2 ]m + 1g
log 2 log 3 - log 8 log 3
# #

= e log 3 # 2 o # e log 2 - o
n
log 29 log 32 log 23 log 22 log 22
/1 n n 2 -
k=1 log 2 log 2 log 23
n
29.
n
/ Dk = 56 & / 2k n2 + n + 1 n2 + n = 56
= b 2 - 2 lb2 - 3 l = 2 # 3 = 10
9#2 3 2 15 4
k=1 k=1

/ ]2k - 1g
n

35. C21 = ]- 1g2 + 1 ]18 + 21g =- 39

n2 n2 + n + 1
k=1

n n n
or n ]n + 1g n2 + n + 1 n2 + n = 56 C22 = ]- 1g2 + 2 ]15 + 12g = 27

C23 = ]- 1g2 + 3 ]- 35 + 24g = 11.

n2 n2 n2 + n + 1

Applying C3 " C3 - C1 and C2 " C2 - C1, we get
Differention of determinants, system of linear quations
n 0 0
n ]n + 1g 1 0 = 56 or 36. The system of equations has infinitely many
n2 0 n+1
(non- trivial) solution, if D = 0 i.e., if
n ]n + 1g = 56 or n = 7
Minors, cofactors and product of determinants 3 -2 1
m - 14 15 = 0
30. The cofactor of element 4, in the 2nd row and 3rd 1 2 -3

column is & 3 ]42 - 30g - m ]6 - 2g + 1 ]- 30 + 14g = 0

1 3 1 & m = 5.
= ]- 1g2 + 3 8 0 1 =- "1 ]- 2g - 3 ]8 - 0g + 1.16 ,
37. It has a non-zero solution if
0 2 1
1 k -1
= 10.
3 - k - 1 = 0 & - 6k + 6 = 0 & k = 1.
a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1 1 -3 1
31. We know that DD' = a2 b2 c2 . A2 B2 C2
38. For the system of given homogeneous equations
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
1 1 -1
/ a1 A1 0 0 D 0 0
D = 3 - 1 - 1 = 1 ]- 1 - 3g - 1 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 1g
= 0 / a2 A2 0 = 0 D 0 = D3 1 -3 1
0 0 / a3 A3 0 0 D

=- 4 - 4 + 8 = 0.
& D' = D2 .
` There are infinite number of solutions.
9.8 Mathematics
39. The given system of homogeneous equations has a 1 2 3
D = 2 3 1 = 1 ]5 g - 2 ]1 g + 3 ]- 7g =- 18 ! 0
non-zero solution if, D = 0 3 1 2
1 1 -1 1 2 3
i.e., 3 - a - 3 =- 2a - 6 = 0 ,i.e. if a =- 3. Dx = 1 3 1 =- 3 Similarly Dy = Dz =- 3.
1 -3 1 1 1 2
D 1 1
Now, x = Dx = 6 , y = z = 6
40. It is based on fundamental concept.
Hence D ! 0, x = y = z, i.e., unique solution
41. Given set of equations will have a non trivial solution 44. D1 = x ^ x2 - abh - b ]ax - abg + b ^a2 - axh

if the determinant of coefficient of x, y, z is zero = x3 - 3abx + ab2 + a2 b

1 k 3 d ] g ^ 2 h
33 2
dx D1 = 3x - 3ab = 3 x - ab = 3D2
i.e., 3 k - 2 = 0 & 2k - 33 = 0 or k = 2 .
2 3 -4 45. We have y = sin mx, therefore
42. For non-trivial solution D = 0 y1 = m cos mx, y2 =- m2 sin mx, etc
1 -k -1 y y1 y2
& k - 1 - 1 = 0 & k = 1, - 1. ` D = y3 y4 y5
1 1 -1 y6 y7 y8

43. We have x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = c sin mx m cos mx - m2 sin mx

= - m cos mx m 4 sin mx m5 cos mx
3
2ax1 + 3x2 + x3 = c
- m6 sin mx - m7 cos mx m8 sin mx
3bx1 + x2 + 2x3 = c
Let a = b = c = 1. sin mx cos mx - sin mx
Then =m 12
- cos mx sin mx cos mx = 0
- sin mx - cos mx sin mx

EXERCISE - 2
Expansion and properties of determinants & x + 1 = 0 or x - 2 = 0 & x =- 1, 2 .
1 4 20
1. 1 -2 5 = 0 Trick: Obviously by inspection, x =- 1, 2 satisfy
1 2x 5x2
the equation.
0 6 15
& 0 - 2 - 2x 5 1 - x 2 h = 0 e
^ o
R1 " R1 - R2 1 4 20

R2 " R2 - R3
1 2x 5x 2 At x =- 1, 1 - 2 5 = 0
1 -2 5
0 1 1
& 3.2.5 0 - ]1 + x g 1 x2 = 0
- as R2 / R3
1 x x2
1 4 20
0 1 1 At x = 2 1 - 2 5 = 0
& ]1 + xg 0 - 1 1 - x = 0 1 4 20
1 x x2
as R1 / R3 .
 Determinants 9.9
1 ~ ~2 1 + ~ + ~2 ~ ~2 = ]2 + ig"- 4i + ]- 1 + 2ig, = ]2 + ig]4 - 1 + 2ig
2

2. 2
~ ~ 1 = 1 + ~ + ~2 ~2 1
~2 1 ~ 1 + ~ + ~2 1 ~ = ]2 + ig]3 + 2ig = 4 + 7i.

0 ~ ~2 -1 -2 x + 4
= 0 ~2 1 = 0 5. D = -2 -3 x + 8 ,
0 1 ~ - 3 - 4 x + 14

a-x c b C1 " C1 - C2
3. by
c b-x a = 0 C2 " C2 - C3
b a c-a
RS V
a+b+c-x c b SS- 1 - 1 x WWW
& a + b + c - x b - x a =0 = SS- 2 - 1 x WW,
SS W
a+b+c-x a c-a S- 3 - 1 x + 2WW
T X
1 c b C2 " C2 - C1
& ^x - / ah 1 b - x a =0 by
C3 " C3 + 4C1
1 a c-x
& x = / a = 0 (by hypothesis) =- ]- x - 2 + xg + 1. ]- 2x - 4 + 3xg + x ]2 - 3g

or 1 {(b - x) ]c - xg - a2} - c {c - x - a} + = 2 + x - 4 - x =- 2.
b {a - b + x} = 0 by expanding the determinant
Trick: Put x = 1.
or x2 - ^a2 + b2 + c2h + ]ab + bc + cag = 0
2 3 5
or x2 - _ / a2 i - 2 _ / a2 i = 0
1
Then 4 6 9 =- 2
"a a + b + c = 0 & ]a + b + cg2 = 0 , 8 11 15

1
& / a2 + 2 / ab = 0 & / ab =- 2 / a2} Note:Since there is a option “None of these”,
3/ 2 therefore we should check for one more different
or x = ! 2 a
3/ 2
` The solution is x = 0 or ! 2 a . value of x. Put x =- 1 .
Trick: Put a = 1, b =- 1 and c = 0 so that they
0 1 3
satisfy the condition a + b + c = 0. Now the 2 4 7 =- 1 ]26 - 42g + 3 ]18 - 24g =- 2
6 9 13
1-x 0 -1
determinant becomes 0 - 1 - x 1 =0 Therefore answer is (b).
-1 1 -x
& ]1 - xg" x ]1 + xg - 1 , + 1 ]1 + xg = 0 b b-c c
& ]1 - xg" x + x - 1 , + x + 1 = 0 & x ^ x - 3h = 0
2 2 6. D = ]b - ag]b - ag . a a - b b
c c-a a
Now putting these in the options, we find that option
(c) gives the same values i.e., 0, ! 3 . b b c
= ]a - bg2 a a b = 0 ,
1 1 i
] g
c c a
4. D = 2 + i 1 1 + 2i 1 + i
1 2 1-i [by C2 " C2 + C3] .
0 - 2i -1 1/a a2 bc 1 a3 abc 1 a3 1
= ]2 + ig 0 - 1 + 2i 2i by
R1 " R1 - R2
7. 2 1 3 abc
1/b b ca = abc 1 b abc = abc 1 b3 1 = 0
R2 " R2 - R3
1 2 1-i 1/c c2 ab 1 c3 abc 1 c3 1
9.10 Mathematics
b2 + c2 a2 a2 R2 " 3R1 + R2
8. 2 2 2
b2
= 4 ]90 # 2 - 45 # 4g = 0.
D= b c +a
c 2
c 2
a + b2
2

0 c2 b2 13. Trick : Put x = 1, then we have

2 2
=- 2 b c + a 2
b2 , by R1 " R1 - ] R2 + R3g
2 2 2 2 -1 0 2 -1
c c a + b2
2
4 3 0 = A - 12 & 1 3 0 = A - 12
0 c2 b2 6 1 1 5 1 1
R2 " R2 - R1
=- 2 b2 a2 0 , by
R3 " R3 - R1 Apply C1 " C1 - C2
c2 0 a2
& - 2 + ]- 1g]- 14g = A - 12 & A = 24.
- 2 "- c2 ^b2 a2h + b2 ^- c2 a2h, = 4a2 b2 c2 .


14. We first operating R3 - 2R2 and R2 - 3R1 in given
Trick: Put a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 , so that the option give
determinant, then we get
different values.
9. A = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]a + b + cg = a 6a2 + ab - 2a2 - ab@ =- a3 = i.
B = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]ab + bc + cag 15. D' = D + pqrD = D ^1 + pqr h .
C = ]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]abcg
Trick : Check by putting a1 = b2 = c3 = 1 and all
1 k 3 other zero.
10. 3 k - 2 = 0 & k = 33 .
8
2 3 -1 16. Since determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of

11. Since it is an identity in m so satisfied by every value odd order is zero.

of m . Now put m = 0 in the given equation, we have 17. Apply R2 - R3 and note that
^ x + y h - ^ x - y h = 4xy
2 2

0 -1 3

t = 1 2 - 4 =- 12 + 30 = 18. a2 b2 c2
-3 4 0 `D=4 a b c
265 240 219 25 21 219 ]a - 1g2 ]b - 1g2 ]c - 1g2
12. 240 225 198 = 15 27 198
219 198 181 21 17 181 a2 b2 c2
= 4 a b c {Applying R3 " R3 - ] R1 - 2R2g} .
{Applying C1 " C1 - C2; C2 " C2 - C3} 1 1 1

4 21 9 1 15 8 2 15 8
= - 12 27 - 72 18. D1 = 1 35 9 , D2 = 4 35 9
4 17 11 1 25 10 8 25 10

{Applying C1 " C1 - C2; C3 " C3 - 10C2} 3 15 8 4 15 8

D3 = 9 35 9 , D4 = 16 35 9
4 21 9 27 25 10 64 25 10
= - 12 27 - 72 {Applying R3 " R3 - R1}
0 -4 2 5 15 8
1 21 9 1 21 9 D5 = 25 35 9
125 25 10
= 4 - 3 27 - 72 = 4 0 90 - 45 by
0 -4 4 0 -4 2
 Determinants 9.11
15 75 40 1 a2 a3 a a3 - 1
& D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 = 55 175 45 or abc 1 b b + a - b a - b3 0 = 0
2 3 3

225 225 50 1 c2 c3 a - c a3 - c3 0
or
= 15 ]3125g - 75 ]- 7375g + 40 ]- 32500g 1 a2 a3 a a3 -1
2 2 3 3
abc 0 a - b a - b + a - b a - b3 0 = 0
3

= 46875 + 553125 - 1300000 =- 700000. 0 a2 - c2 a3 - c3 ]a - cg ^a3 - c3h 0

a b aa - b 1 a2 a3
19. b c ba - c = 0 or ]abcg]a - bg]a - cg 0 a + b a2 + b2 + ab +
2 1 0 0 a + c a2 + c2 + ac

= a [- ]ba - cg] - b [- 2 ]ba - cg + [aa - b) a a3 -1

]a - bg]a - cg 1 a + b + ab 0
2 2

(b - 2c)] = 0 1 a2 + c2 + ac 0

=- aba + ac + 2b2 a - 2bc + aba - 2aca - b2 + 2bc or ]a - bg]a - cg []abcg[]a + bg^a2 + c2 + ach -
]a + cg^a2 + b2 + abh]] + ]- 1g]a - bg]a - cg
=0
6a2 + c2 + ac - a2 - b2 - ab@ = 0

= ]abcg6]a - bg]a - cg]c - bg]ac + ab + bcg@

2 2
& ac + 2b a - 2aca - b = 0

& ^ac - b2h - 2a ^ac - b2h = 0 + ]- 1g]a - bg]a - cg]c - bg]a + b + cg = 0

& ac - b2 = 0 or 1 - 2a = 0 & b2 = ac & ]abcg]ac + ab + bcg = a + b + c.

1
or a = 2 23. Applying C1 " C1 + C2 + C3

1 1 ^1 + b2h x ^1 + c2h x
f ] xg = 1 1 + b 2 x
a a ! 2 (As given in question)
^1 + c2h x ,

So, b = ac i.e., a,b,c are in G.P.

2 1 ^1 + b2h x 1 + c2 x

^a a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 = 0h
20. Put x = 0 which gives answer (a).
[Applying R2 " R2 - R1, R3 " R3 - R1 ]
12 22 32
21. 22 32 42 {Operate R3 " R3 - R2, R2 " R2 - R1} 1 ^1 + b2h x ^1 + c2h x
32 42 52 = 0 1-x 0 = ]1 - xg2
0 0 1-x
1 4 9
= 3 5 7 = 1 ]45 - 49g - 4 ]27 - 35g + 9 ]21 - 25g Hence degree of f ]xg = 2.
5 7 9
1 + sin2 i sin2 i sin2 i
=- 4 + 32 - 36 =- 8.
24. cos i 1 + cos i cos2 i = 0
2 2

SRSa a3 a 4 - 1WVW 4 sin 4i 4 sin 4i 1 + 4 sin i

S W
22. SSb b3 b 4 - 1 WW = 0 Using C1 " C1 - C2, C2 " C2 - C3
SS W
Sc c3 c 4 - 1WW
T X
1 0 sin2 i
a a3 a 4 a a3 - 1
& -1 1 cos2 i =0
or b b b + b b3 - 1 = 0
3 4
0 - 1 1 + 4 sin 4i
c c3 c 4 c c3 - 1
& 2 ]1 + 2 sin 4ig = 0 & sin 4i = 2 .
-1

9.12 Mathematics
N ] N + 1g - a3 c1 - a1 b3 - a3 c1 a3 b1
2 1 5 + +
N ] N + 1g]2N + 1g
N a2 c1 a1 b2 a2 c1 - a2 b1
25. / Un =
= a12 ]b2 c3 - b3 c2g + a1 b1 ]- c3 a2 + a3 c2g
2N + 1 2N + 1
6
] g
&N N+1 0
n=1 2
3N 2
+ a1 c1 ]- a3 b2 + a2 b3g + c1 b1 ]a3 a2 - a2 a3g = a1 D
2 3N

N ] N + 1g
6 1 5
29. It is a fundamental concept
= 4N + 2 2N + 1 2N + 1
3N ] N + 1g 3N2
12
3N -2 3 -1 -2
30. Minor of - 4 = =- 42, 9 = =- 3
8 9 -4 -5
6 1 6
= 4 N + 2 2N + 1 6N + 2 = 0 , and cofactor of - 4 = ]- 1g2 + 1 ]- 42g = 42,
3 N ] N + 1 g 3N 2 3N ] N + 1 g
cofactor of 9 = ]- 1g3 + 3 ]- 3g =- 3.
{Applying C3 " C3 + C2} 2
a1 a2 a3 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
26. Let first term = A and common difference = D 31. b1 b2 b3 = a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 ,
c1 c2 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
` a = A + ^ p - 1h D, b = A + ^q - 1h D,
c = A + ]r - 1 g D 1 0 0
6a A = A' @ = 0 1 0 = 1.
a p 1 A + ^ p - 1hD p 1 0 0 1
b q 1 = A + ^q - 1 h D q 1 Differentiation of determinants, system of linear
c r 1 A + ]r - 1 g D r 1 equations

Operate C1 " C1 - DC2 + DC3 a b ax + b

32. Let D = b c bx + c
A p 1 1 p 1 ax + b bx + c 0
= A q 1 = A 1 q 1 = 0.
Applying R3 " R3 - xR1 - R2; we get
A r 1 1 r 1
a b ax + b
Minors, cofactors and product of determinants D= b c bx + c
0 0 -^ax + 2bx + ch
2

27. It is a fundamental concept.

D = ^b2 - ach^ax2 + 2bx + ch
a1 c1
28. B2 = = a1 c3 - c1 a3 Now, b2 - ac < 0 and a > 0
a3 c3

=- ]a1 b3 - a3 b1g
a1 b1 & Discriminant of ax2 + 2bx + c is –ve and a > 0
C2 =-
a3 b3
& ^ax2 + 2bx + ch > 0 for all x ! R
=- ]a1 c2 - a2 c1g
a1 c1
B3 =-
a2 c2 & D = ^b2 - ach^ax2 + 2bx + ch < 0 , i.e.–ve.
a1 b1
C3 = = a1 b2 - a2 b1 33. The given system of homogeneous equations has
a2 b2
B2 C2 a1 c3 - a3 c1 - ]a1 b3 - a3 b1g 1 4 -1
- ]a1 c2 - a2 c1g a1 b2 - a2 b1
=
B3 C3 D = 3 - 4 - 1 = 1 ]- 4 - 3g - 4 ]3 + 1g - 1 ]- 9 + 4g
a1 c3 - a1 b3 a1 c3 a3 b1 1 -3 1
= +
- a1 c2 a1 b2 - a1 c2 - a2 b1
=- 7 - 16 + 5 ! 0.
There exists only one trivial solution.
 Determinants 9.13
34. For the equation to be inconsistent D = 0
& ]k + 1g]k + 3g = 8k and 8 ]3k - 1g = 4k ]k + 3g
1 2 -3
`D= 0 0 k + 3 = 0 & k =- 3 & k2 - 4k + 3 = 0 and k2 - 3k + 2 = 0
2k + 1 0 1
By cross multiplication,
1 2 -3
and D1 = 3 0 0 ! 0 k2 k 1
-8 + 9 = 3 - 2 = -3 + 4
0 0 1
So that system is inconsistent for k =- 3. k2 = 1 and k = 1, ` k = 1
a + b - 2c = 0
35. 2a - 3b + c = 0 38. ]1 + axg61 + b1 x@]1 + c2 xg - ]1 + b2 xg]1 + c1 xg]
a - 5b + 4c = a
1 1 -2 + ]1 + bxg6]1 + c1 xg]1 + a2 xg - ]1 + a1 xg]1 + c2 xg@
System is consistent, if D = 2 - 3 1 = 0
1 -5 4 + ]1 + cxg6]1 + a1 xg]1 + b2 xg - ]1 + b1 xg + ]1 + a2 xg@

0 1 -2 = A0 + A1 x + A2 x2 + A3 x3
and D1 = 0 - 3 1 = 0 and D2 also zero.
a -5 4 After solving, the coefficient of x is 0.

Hence, value of a is zero. Aliter:

After Using C3 " C3 - C1
1 -1 1 C2 " C2 - C1
36. D = 3 - 1 2 = 1 5- 1 - 2? - 1 56 - 3? + 1 53 + 3? = 0
1 + ax ]b - ag x ]c - agx
D = 1 + a1 x ]b1 - a1gx ]c1 - a1gx
3 1 1

and 1 + a2 x ]b2 - a2gx ]c2 - a2gx

2 -1 1 1 + ax b - a c - a
D1 = - 6 - 1 2 = 2 ]- 1 - 2g - 1 ]- 36 + 6g + 1 = x 1 + a1 x b1 - a1 c1 - a1
2

- 18 1 1 1 + a2 x b2 - a2 c2 - a2

]- 6 - 18g & Minimum power of x = 2

=- 6 + 30 - 24 = 0 39. If r is the common ratio, then an = a1 r n - 1 for all

Also, D2 = 0; D3 = 0 n $ 1 & log an = log a1 + ]n - 1g log r

So the system is consistent ] D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0g = A + ]n - 1gR, where log a1 = A and log r = R.

i.e. system has infinite solution. Thus in D , on applying C2 " C2 - C1 and

37. For infinitely many solutions, the two equations C3 " C3 - C2 , we obtain C2 and C3 are identical.

k+1 8 4k Thus D = 0 .
must be identical & k = k + 3 = 3k - 1
9.14 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type
3. x + y + z = 1 (1)
1. Equation x + ax + bx + c = 0 has roots a, b, c.
3 2

x + 2y + 4z = p (2)
Therefore, a + b + c =- a
x + 4y + 10z = p2 (3)
ab + bc + ca = b Since the given system of

equations has non-trivial solutions, we have 1 1 1

a b c D= 1 2 4
b c a =0 1 4 10
c a b
R1 " R1 - R2, R2 " R2 - R3
or a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
0 -1 -3
or ^a + b + ch6a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca@ = 0 = 0 -2 -6 = 0
or ^a + b + ch7^a + b + ch2 - 3 ^ab + bc + cahA = 0 1 4 10

&- a 6a2 - 3b@ = 0 Since D = 0 , solution is not unique solution.

The system will have infinite solutions if
or a2 /b = 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
2. System of equations
1 1 1
ax + y + z = a - 1 (1) D1 = p 2 4 = 0
p2 4 10
x + ay + z = a - 1 (2)
C3 " C3 - C2
x + y + az = a - 1 (3)
1 1 0
Since system has no solution.
D1 = p 2 2 = 0
Therefore, ]1 g D = 0 and (2) a - 1 ! 0
p2 4 6

or 1 ]12 - 8g - 1 ^6p - 2p2 h = 0

a 1 1
1 a 1 = 0, a ! 1 or 4 - 6p + 2p2 = 0
1 1 a
or 2 ^ p2 - 3p + 2 h = 0
R1 " R1 - R3, R2 " R2 " R3
or p2 - 3p + 2 = 0 & p = 1 or 2
a-1 0 1-a
Also for these values of p, D2, D3 = 0
0 a-1 1-a = 0
1 1 a

or ]a - 1g[a ]a - 1g - ]1 - ag] + ]1 - ag[- ]a - 1g] = 0

or ]a - 1g [a ]a - 1g + ]a - 1g] + ]a - 1g2 = 0

or ]a - 1g2 []a + 1g + 1] = 0

or a = 1, 1, - 2 or a = 1, - 2

Since system has no solution, a ! 1 . ` a =- 2

 Determinants 9.15
3u2 2u3 1 1 x+y x+y+z
4. 3v2 2v3 1 = 0 7. D = x 2 3x + 2y 4x + 3y + 2z
3w2 2w3 1 3 6x + 3y 10x + 6y + 3z

R1 " R1 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R3 1 1 x+y

C3 " C3 - zC1
u2 - v2 u3 - v3 0 2
= x 2 3 4x + 3y
C2 " C2 - yC1
or v2 - w2 v3 - w3 0 = 0 3 6 10x + 6y
w2 w3 1
1 1 1
2
u + v u + v + vu 0 2
= x 2 3 4 6C3 " C3 - yC2@
3

or v + w v2 + w2 + vw 0 = 0 R1 " R1 - R2 3 6 10
w2 w3 1
= x3 ]6 - 8 + 3g = 64
u - w ^u2 - w2h + v ]u - wg 0
or v + w v2 + w2 + vw 0 =0 x3 = 64 or x = 4
w2 w3 1
1 u+w+v 0 a12 + 4a1 d a1 d
or v + w v2 + w2 + vw 0 = 0 8. D1 = a22 + 4a2 d a2 d , 6C3 " C3 - C2@
w2 w3 1 a23 + 4a3 d a3 d
or ^v2 + w2 + vwh - ]v + wg[]v + wg + u] = 0
or v2 + w2 + vw - ]v + wg2 - u ]v + wg = 0
where d is the common difference of A.P.

or uv + vw + wu = 0
a12 a1 1 a1 a1 d
5. Using C3 " C3 - ]C1 + C2g in D1 and D2 , we have = d a22 a2 1 + 4d a2 a2 d
a32 a3 1 a3 a3 d
D1 - 2b ]ad - bcg
D2 = b ]ad - bcg =- 2
= d ]a1 - a2g]a2 - a3g]a3 - a1g =- 2d 4
1 3 cos i 1
6. D = sin i 1 3 cos i Similarly, D2 =- 2d 4 .
1 sin i 1
f d e
Applying R3 " R3 - R1 9. B = 2.2 n l m
c a b
1 3 cos i 1
[Taking 2 common from R2 and C2 ]
= sin i 1 3 cos i
1 sin i - 3 cos i 0 2f d e 2c a b
= 2 2n l m = 2 2f d e
=- ]sin i - 3 cos ig]3 cos i - sin ig 2c a b 2n l m
= ]3 cos i - sin ig2 6R3 ) R2, then R2 ) R1@

Now, - 9 + 1 # 3 cos i - sin i # 9 + 1 a b 2c

& ]3 cos i - sin ig2 # 10
= 2 d e 2f = 2A
& D max = 10 l m 2n

6C1 ) C2 and then C2 ) C3@

9.16 Mathematics
10. Putting x = 0, a0 = 1 13. f ' ] xg = 0 & f ] xg is constant

^1 + ax + bx2h4 = ^1 + ax + bx2h^1 + ax + bx2h

` f ]1 g + f ]2g + ... + f ]30g = 60


14. px 2 + 3y 2 + 3xy + ^q - 3 h x - 3y - 1 = 0
^1 + ax + bx2h^1 + ax + bx2h
x ^ px + 2y - 3h + y ^ x + 3y - 4h + qx + y - 1 = 0


Clearly a0 = 1, a1 = coefficient of
Hence for the unique solution
px + 2y - 3 = 0, x + 3y - 4 = 0 and
x = a + a + a + a = 4a

qx + y - 1 = 0 must be concurrent.
a2 = coefficient of x = 4b + 6a
2 2
p 2 -3
Hence 1 3 - 4 = 0 & p + q = 1

Now D =- ^a 03 + a13 + a23 - 3a0 a1 a2 h
q 1 -1
a a0 + a1 + a2 ! 0 ` a0 = a1 = a2 15. Use R1 " R1 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R3 and expand to
` a0 = a1 = a2

1 5
1 = 4a = 6a2 + 4b & a = 4 , b = 32 get f ] xg = 2 + 4 sin 2x

11. R1 " R1 + R2 + R3 Now, f ' ] xg = 0

r
2x + 1 2x + 1 2x + 1 3-x 3-x 3-x x
& = 4
x 1 x + 1 1-x 1 = 0 ` f ] xgmax = 6

x x 1 1 1 1-x
2 -1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 16. 3 = 1 -2 1 = 0
]2 + 1g x 1 x + ]3 - xg 1 1 - x 1 = 0
x 1 1 m
x x 1 1 1 1-x

&m=1

C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C1
2 -1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
3z = 1 -2 -4 = 3 ! 0

]2 + 1g x 1 - x 0 + ]3 - xg 1 - x 0 = 0
x
1 1 4
x 0 1-x 1 0 -x
1 cos i 1
0 -1 - 3
17. cos i 1 cos i = 2 - 2 cos 2 i
12. Put x = 0 & 0 0 3 -1 = e
- 1 cos i 1
-1 3 -1
e
& = 3 - 1 (1) & = 2 and m = 0 & ] M + mg = 2
M

Put x = 1 log3 29 log 2 3 log 2 3 log 2 3 3

18.
2

log3 23 log 2 3 2 log3 2 2 log3 2 2

3 -1 0 1- 3
2

& 3 1 3 -1 = a+b+c+d+e 9 x x
0 3 0 x 2 x 3

Let log 2 3 = 3 2 2
a
& + b + c + d + e = 16 - 10 3 (2) x x x x

= b9 - 2 lb 2 - 3 l = 10
3 2

Put x =- 1
- 3 -1 -2 -1 - 3

& - 3 -1 3 -1 = a-b+c-d+e 19. sin x + cos x = 2 & x = 45° and y = 1 and z = 0
-2 3 +2 -2 1
0 2 1
a
& - b + c - d + e = 4 + 14 3 (3) 3 1 1 =- 3 + 15 = 12
adding (2) and (3), we get 2 ]a + c + eg = 20 + 4 3
0 5 2

a
& + c = 11 + 3 (from (1))
 Determinants 9.17
20. ] x - 1g] x + 2x + 4g = 0
2
-3
x 1 2
2

roots are a = 1, b = 2~ and c = 2~ 23. y = 2 2 1
2 1 1 1 1
x-1 0 2
1 -4 1

= ]1 - 0g - b1 - x - 1 l - 2 b0 - x - 1 l
1 1 -4 1 3 2
x
= ]16 - 1g - ]- 4 - 1g + ]1 + 4g
2
= - 1 + x - 1 + x - 1 = ] x - 1g + ]
1 3 4
x - 1g
x
30
= + 5 + 5 = 40

By applying A.M. - G.M. inequality, we have
p 4 1
y = ] x - 1g + x - 1 $ 2 ] x - 1g x - 1 = 4
21. D = 0 2 3 =0 4 4

3 0 -q

(As x > 1)
& p ^- 2q h + 3 ]12 - 2g = 0 & pq = 15

5 -1 -2 -1
0 4 1 24. M31 = = 7, M32 = =4
7 0 4 0
D1 = 1 2 3 = 0

-2 5
-2 0 -q
and M33 = =- 14 - 20 =- 34
4 7
& - 4 ^- q + 6 h + 1 ]4g = 0 & q = 5

M
` 31 + M32 + M33 =- 23
p 0 1
25. R2 " R2 - R1
D2 = 0 1 3 = 0

3 -2 -q

R3 " R3 - R1
& p ^- q + 6h + 3 ]- 1g = 0

x+1 x+3 x+7

& - pq + 6p - 3 & p = 3
gives 3 3 3 =0
` q 2 - p 2 = 25 - 9 = 4
7 7 7

22. Dc = D 2 = 9 & 2 + bx + c = 0 for all x.

ax

x3 - 1 0 x - x4
Hence for x = 1, a + b + c = 0.
4

Dc = 0 x - x x3 - 1
x - x x3 - 1
4
0

EXERCISE - 4
Single Option Correct
2. Operation C1 $ C1 + C2 + C3 gives
- 5 3 + 4i 5 - 7i
1. 1 bc ca
z = - 4i 6 8 + 7i
3
^ab + bc + cah 1 ca ab
5 + 7i 8 - 7i 9
1 ab bc
- 5 3 - 4i 5 + 7i
= z = 3 + 4i 6 8 - 7i = From the given equation, ab + bc + ca = 0. So, the
5 - 7i 8 + 7i 9
value of determinant is 0.
- 5 3 + 4i 5 - 7i
3 - 4i 6 8 + 7i = z
5 + 7i 8 - 7i 9

(Taking transpose) Hence, z is purely real.

9.18 Mathematics
1 - 2 sin2 x sin2 x 1 b-c c+b
^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 h
3. f ]xg = 2
sin x 1 - 2 sin2 x D= a 1 b c-a
1 - 8 sin x ^1 - sin xh 1 - sin2 x
2 2
1 b+a c

1 - 8 sin2 x ^1 - sin2 xh 1 b-c c+b
^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 h
1 - sin2 x = a 0 c -a - b
1 - 2 sin2 x 0 a + c -b

The required constant term is ^ R2 " R2 - R1, R3 " R3 - R1h

^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 h
1 0 1 1 0 0
^- bc + a2 + ab + ac + bch
f ]0g = 0 1 1 = 0 1 1 = 1 ]0 - 1g =- 1
= a

1 1 1 1 1 0 (expanding along C1)
a b c
4. D= b c a = ^a2 + b2 + c2h]a + b + cg
c a b
Hence, D = 0 & a + b + c = 0
= ]a + b + cg^a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - cah
Therefore, line ax + by + c = 0 passes through the
= 2 ]a + b + cg6]a - bg2 + ]b - cg2 + ]c - ag2@ = 0
1

fixed point (1,1)
If a + b + c = 0 , we have
6. The degree of the determinant is
cos i + cos 2i + cos 3i = 0 and sin i - sin 2i + sin
n + ]n + 2g + ]n + 3g
3i = 0 or cos 2i ]2 cos i + 1g = 0 and sin 2i (1 - 2 = 3n + 5 and the degree of the expression on R.H.S

cos i) = 0 ]1 g which is not possible as cos 2i = 0 is 2. ` 3n + 5 = 2 or n =- 1

gives sin 2i ! 0, cos i ! 1/2. Therefore, Eq. (1) 7. The given determinant is
RS n + 1 V
does not hold simultaneously. Therefore, SS2 - 2 + p 2 - 2 + q p + r WWW
n n+2 n+1

SS 2 n + p 2n + 1 p + r WW
a+b+c ! 0 &a=b=c SS 2 W
S a +2 +p
n
b + 2 + 2q c2 - rWW
2 n
T X
` e ii = e -2ii = e3ii which is satisfied only be (Using R1 " R1 - R3 and 2q = p + r)

SS2 ]2 - 1g + p 2 ]2 - 1g + q p + r WWW
e ii = 1, i.e., cos i = 1, sin i = 0; RS n n+1 V
SS 2 n + p 2n + 1 + q p + r WW
so i = 2kr, k ! Z. SS 2 W
S a + 2 + p b + 2 + 2q c2 - rWW
n 2 n+1
T X
5. Applying C1 " aC1 and then C1 $ C1 + bC2 + cC3, RS n n+1 VW
SS 2 + p 2 +q p + rW
W
S p + r WW = 0
and taking ^a2 + b2 + c2h common from C1, we get
=S 2 +p n n+1
2 +q
SS 2 W
Sa + 2 n + p b2 + 2 n + 1 + 2q c2 - rWW
T X
]a R1 / R2g
 Determinants 9.19
8. Consider the triangle with vertices
= b cot 2 - cot 2 lb cot 2 - cot 2 l
A B B C

B ^ x1, y1 h, C ^ x2, y2 h, and A ^ x3, y3 h and
0 0 1
AB = c, BC = a, and AC = b. Then area of triangle C
1 1 cot 2
#
x1 y1 1 A B B C A B
= s ]s - ag]s - bg]s - cg, where
1 x y 1 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2
is 2 2 2
= b cot 2 - cot 2 lb cot 2 - cot 2 lb tan 2 - tan 2 l
x3 y3 1 A B B C C A


2s = a + b + c Squaring and simplifying, we get B
tan 2 Since D = 0, we have
x1 y1 1 2
4 x2 y2 1 = ]a + b + cg]b + c - ag
A B B C
cot 2 = cot 2 or cot 2 = cot 2 or
x3 y3 1
A C
tan 2 = tan 2
]c + a - bg]a + b - cg Hence, k = 4.
y2 - xy x2 12. Since a, b, c, d, e, f are in G.P. and if r is the common
9. Let D = a b c ratio of the G.P., then
a' b' c'
b = ar c = ar2 d = ar3 e = ar 4 f = ar5
xy2 - xy x2 y
1
Then, D = xy ax b cy a2 a2 r6 x
a'x b' c'y Therefore, given determinant is a2 r2 a2 r8 y
[Applying C1 " xC1, C3 " yC3] 1 1 x a2 r 4 a2 r10 z
0 - xy 0 = a2 a2 r6 = r2 r2 y
1
= xy ax + by b bx + cy r4 r4 z
= a 4 r6 ]0g = 0
a'x + b'y b' b'x + c'y

[Applying C1 " C1 + yC2, C3 " C3 + xC2]
ax + by bx + cy [ a C1, C2 are identical]
1
= xy xy [Expanding along R1 ]
a'x + b'y b'x + c'y
13. As a1 b1 c1, a2 b2 c2 and a3 b3 c3 are even natural
ax + by bx + cy
=
a'x + b'y b'x + c'y numbers, each of c1, c2, c3 is divisible by 2.Let
10. The total number of third-order determinants is 9! k1 a1 b1
The number of determinants is even and of these
ci = 2ki for i = 1, 2, 3. Thus, D = 2 k2 a2 b2 = 2m
there are 9!/2 pairs of determinants which are
k3 a3 b3
obtained by changing two consecutive rows, so
n
/ Di = 0 . where m is some natural number. Thus, D is
i=1

11. Applying C1 " C1 - C2, C2 " C2 - C3 , we get divisible by 2. That D may not be divisible by 4 can

0 0 1 be seen by taking the three numbers as 112, 122, and

A B B C C
cot 2 - cot 2 cot 2 - cot 2 cot 2
D= 2 1 1
B A C B A B
tan 2 - tan 2 tan 2 - tan 2 tan 2 + tan 2 134. Note that D = 2 1 2 = 2.
4 1 3
0 0 1
A- B B- C C
cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 which is divisible by 2 but not by 4.
= cot A - cot B B C
cot 2 - cot 2
2 2 A B
A B B C tan 2 + tan 2
cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 cot 2
9.20 Mathematics
14. We have 1 4 9 16
^ R3 " R3 - R2, R4 " R4 - R3 h
4 9 16 25
x 1 1 g x 1 1 g 17. D =
]1 - xg ]x - 1g
9 16 25 36
1 x 1 g 0 g
]1 - xg ] x - 1g
= 16 25 36 49
1 1 x g 0 g
g g g g g g g g 1 4 9 16
4 9 16 25
[Applying R2 " R2 - R1, R3 " R3 - R1, ..., Rn =
5 7 9 11
" Rn - R1] 15 21 27 33
= x ]x - 1gn - 1 + ]x - 1gn - 1 + ]x - 1gn - 1 + ... + 1 4 9 16
]n - 1gtimes
= 0 ] R4 " R4 - R3g
4 9 16 25
[Expanding along R1] ] =3
5 7 9 11
= x ]x - 1gn - 1 + ]n - 1g]x - 1gn - 1 5 7 9 11
= ]x - 1gn - 1 ]x + n - 1g 18. Since A + B + C = r and e ir = cos r + i sin r =- 1,

15. Applying C1 " C1 + C2 + C3, we get e i]B + cg = e i]r - Ag =- e iA and e -i]B + C g =- e iA

By taking e iA, e iB, e iC common from R1, R2 and R3 ,
x + 2a a a 1 a a e iA e -i] A + C g e -i] A + Bg
D = x + 2a x a = ]x + 2ag 1 x a respectively, we have D = e -i] B + C g
e iB e -i] A + Bg
x + 2a a x 1 a x e -i]B + C g e -i] A + C g e iC
iA iB iC
e -e -e
Applying R1 " R1 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R3, we get =- - e iA e iB - e iC
- e iA - e iB e iC
0 a-x 0
D = ]x + 2ag 0 x - a a - x = ]x - ag2 ]x + 2ag
By taking e iA, e iB, e iC common from C1, C2 and C3,

1 a x 1 -1 -1
respectively, we have D = - 1 1 - 1 =- 4
x m n 1 -1 -1 1
a x n 1 19. Applying C1 " C1 + 2C2 + C3, we get
16. = 0 [R1 " R1 - R2, R2 " R2 - R3,
a b x 1
a b c 1 n
Cr n-2
Cr - 1 n-2
Cr

S = / ]- 2g
n
r
R3 " R3 - R4] 0 1 1
r=2
0 -1 0
x-a m-x 0 0
/ ]- 2gr
n n
0 x-b n-x 0 = Cr
or =0 r=2
0 0 x-c a
/ ]- 2gr Cr - ^n C0 - 2 n C1h
n n
a b c 1 =
r=0

= ]1 - 2gn - ]1 - 2ng = 2n - 1 + ]- 1gn

x-a m-x 0

or 0 x-b n-x = 0
0 0 x-c 20. The given determinant D1 is obtained by
] x - bg n - x
or ]x - ag
] x - cg
=0
0 corresponding cofactors of determinant D2; hence

or ]x - ag]x - bg]x - cg = 0 & roots are independent
D1 = D22 . Now D1 D2 = D22 D2 = D23 .
of m,n
 Determinants 9.21
1 + x1 1 + x1 x 1 + x1 x2 cos ^a - bh cos ^b - ch cos ^c - ah
21. 1 + x2 1 + x2 x 1 + x2 x3 25. Let D = cos ^a + bh cos ^b + ch cos ^c + ah
1 + x3 1 + x3 x 1 + x3 x2 sin ^a + bh sin ^b + ch sin ^c + ah

1 x1 0 1 1 0 It is clear that either a = b or b = c or c = a is

= 1 x2 0 1 x 0 = 0 sufficient to make D = 0 . It is not necessary that
1 x3 0 1 x2 0
triangle is equilateral. Also, isosceles triangle can be
22. We observe that the elements in the pre-factor are the obtuse one.
26. The given system is consistent therefore,
cofactors of the corresponding elements of the post
1 1 -1
factor.
m c -b
3 D = 2 -1 -c = 0
Hence, - c m a = [m ^m2 + a2 + b2 + c2h] 3 =
- b 3b - c
b -a m or c + bc - 6b + b + 2c + 3bc = 0
5b
or 3c + 4bc - 5b = 0 or c = 4b + 3
^1 + a2 + b2 + c2h3 & m = 1
Now, c < 1
Alternate solution: Writing a = 0, b = 0, c = 0 on
5b 5b b-3
or & 4b + 3 < 1 or 4b + 3 - 1 < 0 or 4b + 3 < 0
both sides, we get
& b ! b- 4 , 3 l
3

23. Operating C1 " C1 + C2 + C3 on the LH.S. we get

0 c-a a-b a b c Multiple Options Correct

D = 0 c' - a' a' - b' = m a' b' c' 8 2 7 8 2 7
0 c" - a" a" - b" a" b" c" 27. 12 3 5 = 4 1 - 2
16 4 3 4 1 -2
&m=0
a 1 1 6R3 " R3 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R1@ = 0
24. We have D = 1 b 1 = abc - ]a + b + cg + 2 1/a a2 bc 1 a3 abc
1
1 1 c 2
1/b b ac = abc 1 b3 abc
1/c c2 ab 1 c3 abc
` D > 0 & abc + 2 > a + b + c
6R1 " aR1, R2 " bR2, R3 " cR3@
& abc + 2 > 3 ]abcg 1/3

1 a3 1
abc
:a A.M. > G.M. & a + 3b + c > ]abcg1/3D = abc 1 b3 1 [taking abc common from C3] = 0
1 c3 1
& x3 + 2 > 3x, where x = ]abcg1/3 a + b 2a + b 3a + b a + b 2a + b 3a + b

& x3 - 3x + 2 > 0 & ]x - 1g2 ]x + 2g > 0
2a + b 3a + b 4a + b = a a a
4a + b 5a + b 6a + b 2a 2a 2a
& x + 2 > 0 & x > - 2 & ]abcg1/3 > - 2 & abc > - 8 6R3 " R3 - R2, R2 " R2 - R1@ = 0
2 43 6 2 1 6
7 35 4 = 7 7 4 6C2 " C2 - 7C3@
3 17 2 3 3 2
1 1 6
= 0 7 4 6C1 " C1 - C2@ = 2
0 3 2
9.22 Mathematics
28. Applying C1 " C1 - ^cot zh C2, we get sin ] B + Ag sin ]C + Ag E
;- sin C + sin B
0 sin i sin z cos i sin ] A - Bg sin ] A - C g
= sin A
D= 0 cos i sin z - sin z
- sin i/ sin z sin i cos z 0 ;- sin ] r - C g sin ]r - Bg
E
sin C + sin B
- sin z sin2 i - cos2 i sin z@ sin ] A - Bg sin ] A - C g : sin C sin B D
sin i 7
=-
sin z = - sin C + sin B = 0
sin A
[expanding along C1 ] = sin i x n-1
Cr Cr Crn

32. x+1
Cr n
Cr n+1
Cr = 0
which is independent of z. Also, x+2 n+1 n+2
Cr Cr Cr
]n - 1g!
= cos i & di E = cos ^r/2h = 0
dD dD x! n!

di r! ]x - rg! r! ]n - r - 1g! r! ]n - rg!
] x + 1g ! ]n + 1g!
i = r/2

n!
& ]x + 1 - rg
r! ]n - rg! r! ]n - r + 1g!
a3 + ax ab ac =0
r! !
1
29. D = a 2 2
a b b + x bc ] x + 2g ! ]n + 1g! ]n + 2g!
r! ]x + 2 - rg! r! ]n + r - 1g ! r! ]n - r + 2g!
a2 c bc c2 + x
x!
Taking ]
r! x + 2 - rg!
common from C1, we have
Applying C1 " C1 + bC2 + cC3 and taking
quadratic equation in x.Now in (1), if we put
a2 + b2 + c2 + x common, we get
x = n - 1, C1 and C2 are the same; hence, x = n - 1
a ab ac
is one root of the equation.If we put x = n, then C1
D = a a + b + c + xh b b + x bc
1^ 2
2 2 2

c bc c2 + x and C3 are same. Hence , x = n is the other root.

Applying C2 " C2 - bC1 and C3 " C3 - cC1, we get 33. Applying C3 " C3 - xC2, C2 " C2 - xC1, we obtain
a 0 0 3 0 2a 2
D = a ^a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + x h b x 0
1 D ] xg = 3x 2a 2
4a 2 x
c 0 x
2 2 2
3x + 2a 4a x 6a x + 2a2
2 2

Applying C3 " C3 - xC2, we get

= a ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh^ax2h = x2 ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh
1
3 0 1
D ] x g = 4a 2 3x 1 x
Thus D is divisible by x and x2 2 2
3x + 2a 2x x + 2a2
2

2x + 4 2x + 4 13 x2 + 4x - 3 2 13 Applying C1 " C1 - 3C3, we get

30. D' ]xg = 4x + 5 4x + 5 26 + 2x2 + 5x - 9 4 26 0 0 1
16x - 6 16x - 6 104 8x2 - 6x + 1 16 104 D ] x g = 4a 4 0 1 x = 16a6
2 2 2
- 4a 2x x + 2a
= 0 + 2 # 13 # ]0g = 0
34. In the left hand determinant, each element is the
& D ]xg = constant & a = 0, b = 0, c = 0
cofactor of the elements of the determinant
x y z x y z x y z
31. Applying R2 " R2 - R1 and R3 " R3 - R1 , we get
y z x = D * ^say h Hence, *2
D = y z x y z x
sin2 A cot A 1
] A - Bg z x y z x y z x y
] B + Ag sin ] B - Ag sin
D = sin sin A sin B 0 x2 + y2 + z2 xy + yz + zx xz + yx + zy
sin ] A - C g
sin ]C + Ag sin ]C - Ag sin A sin C 0 = / xy / x2 / xy
/ xy / xy / x2
sin ^b - ah
<a cot a - cot b = F r2 u2 u2
sin a sin b
= u2 r2 u2
Expanding along C3, we get u2 u2 r2
sin ] A - Bg sin ] A - C g
D= sin A 7a x2 + y2 + z2 = r2, xy + yz + zx = u2A
 Determinants 9.23
1 k 3 C1 " C1 + C2
35. k 2 2 =0
1 b 2 + c 2 bc
∆ =- 1 c 2 + a 2 ca ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g
2 3 4

or 8 + 4k + 9k - 12 - 4k2 - 6 = 0 1 a 2 + b 2 ab
or 4k2 - 13k + 10 = 0
Applying R3 " R3 - R2 and R2 " R2 - R1
or 4k2 - 8k - 5k + 10 = 0

or ]2k - 5g]k - 2g = 0 or k = 5/2, 2 1 b2 + c2 bc

∆ =- 0 a 2 - b 2 c ]a - bg ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g
36. Applying R1 " R1 + sin z ] R2g + cos z ] R3g, 0 b 2 - c 2 a ]b - cg

0 0 cos 2z + 1 ∆ = ]a 2 + b 2 + c 2g]a - bg]b - cg]c - ag]a + b + cg

f ]xg = D = sin i cos i sin z
x 1 1
f ] xg = - 1 x 1
- cos z sin i cos z
39.
= ^cos 2z + 1h^sin2 i + cos2 ih -1 -1 x
= ^1 + cos 2zh f ] xg = x3 + 3x
Hence, D is indepenent of i,p
f ' ] xg = 3 ] x 2 + 1g ! 0
37. D = 0
Comprehension type
6 3 2 Passage – 1 (Question. 40 – 42)
D1 = 7 λ 2 = ^6 - µ h]2λ - 6g
µ 3 2 a3 + ax ab ac
1
D= a 2 2
a b b + x bc
D2 = 0 a2 c bc c2 + x

1 3 6 Applying C1 " C1 + bC2 + cC3 and taking

D3 = 0 1 λ 7 = ^6 - µ h]3 - λg
1 3 µ a2 + b2 + c2 + x common, we get

Clearly, if µ = 6 a ab ac
D = a ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh b b2 + c bc
1

& D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 and D = 0 c bc c2 + x
& infinite solution Applying C2 " C2 - bC1 and C3 " C3 - cC1, we get
For λ = 5, µ = 7 D1, D3 ! 0
= a ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh^ax2h
1

For λ = 3, µ = 5 D1, D3 ! 0
= x2 ^a2 + b2 + c2 + xh
& No solution
Thus, D is divisible by x and x2 . Also, graph of
38. C2 " C1 - C2
f ]xg is
a ]b - cg2 bc
2

∆ =- b 2 ]c - ag2 ca 5
c 2 ]a - bg2 ab 4
3
C2 " C2 + 2C3 2
1
a 2 b 2 + c 2 bc
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
∆ =- b 2 c 2 + a 2 ca -1

c 2 a 2 + b 2 ab
9.24 Mathematics
Passage – 2 (Question. 43 – 45) Passage – 3 (Question. 46 – 48)

The system of equations 1 1 1

D = 1 2 3 = 2m + 3 + 2 - 2 - m - 6 = m - 3
- x + cy + bz = 0 (1)
1 2 m
cx - y + az = 0 (2) 6 1 1
bx + ay - z = 0 (3) D1 = 10 2 3 = 12m + 3n + 20 - 2n - 10m - 36
n 2 m
-1 c b = 2m + n - 16
has a nonzero solution if D = c - 1 a = 0
1 6 1
b a -1
D2 = 1 10 3 = 10m + 18 + n - 10 - 3n - 6m
2 2
& a + b + c + 2abc - 1 = 0 2 1 n m
or a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1 (4) = 4m - 2n + 8

Then clearly the system has infinitely many solutions. 1 1 6

D3 = 1 2 10 = 2n + 10 + 12 - 12 - n - 20
From (1) and (2), we have 1 2 n
x y z = n - 10
ac + b = bc + a = 1 - c2
Thus, the system has unique solutions if D ! 0
2
x 2 y z 2
or m ! 3 and the system has inifinite solutions
]ac + bg2 ]bc + ag2 ^1 - c2h2
` = =
if D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 or m = 3 and n = 10.
2
x 2 y z 2
System has no solution if D = 0 and atleast one of
or
^1 - a2h^1 - c2h ^1 - b2h^1 - c2h ^1 - c2h2
= =
D1, D2, D3 is nonzero or m = 3 and n ! 10.

[from (4)] Passage – 4 (Question. 49 – 51)
x2 y2 z2
or
1-a 2 =
1-b 2 =
1 - c2
(5) ]1 + xga ]1 + 2xgb 1
Let 1 ]1 + xga ]1 + 2xgb = A + Bx + Cx2 + ...
From (5), we see that 1 - a2, 1 - b2, 1 - c2 are all
]1 + 2xgb 1 ]1 + xga
positive or all negative. Given that one of a, b, c is 1 1 1
Putting x = 0, we get A = 1 1 1 = 0
proper fraction, so 1 1 1

1 - a2 > 0, 1 - b2 > 0, 1 - c2 > 0, which gives Now differentiating both sides with respect to x and

a2 + b2 + c2 < 3 (6) putting x = 0, we get

Using (4) and (6), we get 1 < 3 + 2abc a 2b 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

B = 1 1 1 + 0 a 2b + 1 1 1 = 0
or abc > - 1 (7) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2b 0 a

Hence, coefficient of x is 0.Since f ]xg = 0 and

f' ]0g = 0, x = 0 is a repeating root of the equation

f ]xg = 0.
 Determinants 9.25
Matching Column Type 7 6 x2 - 13
b. 2
x - 13
52. a. Coefficient of x in f ]xg is coefficient of x in
2 2
2
x - 13 3 7
x 1 1 Let x2 - 13 = t. Then t3 - 67t + 126 = 0
1 x 2 Therefore, coefficient of x is - 2.
x2 1 0 & t =- 9, 2, 7 & x = ! 2, ! 20 , ! 15
1 3 cos i 1
b. Let D = sin i 1 3 cos i Hence, sum of other five roots is 2.
1 sin i 1
6 2i 3+ 6
= ]3 cos i - sin ig2 c. D = 12 3 + 8i 3 2 + 6i
18 2 + 12 i 27 + 2i
D max = 10
Taking 6 common from C1, we get
c. f' ]xg = 0 & f' ]0g = 0
1 2i 3+ 6
0 2 0 D= 6 2 3 + 2 2i 3 2 + 6 i
d. a0 = 1 0 6 =- 2 ]1 g =- 2 3 2 + 2 3i 3 3 + 2 i
0 0 1
Applying R2 " R2 - 2 R1 and R3 " R3 - 3 R1 ,
53. a. The given determinant is
1 2i 3+ 6
x+2 x+3 x+5 we get D = 6 0 3 6i - 2 3
D = x+4 x+6 x+9 0 2 2i - 3 2
x + 8 x + 11 x + 15
3 6i - 2 3
= 6
Applying R2 " R2 - R1 and R3 " R3 - R2, we have 2 2i - 3 2

x+2 x+3 x+5 3 -2 3

= 6 [Applying C2 " C2 - 2i C1]
2 -3 2
D= 2 3 4
4 5 6 = 6 ^- 3 6 + 2 6 h =- 6, which is an integer

x x x+1 cos2 i cos i sin i - sin i

=2 2 3 4 d. f ]ig = cos i sin i sin2 i cos i
1 1 1 sin i - cos i 0

[Applying R1 " R1 - R2 and R3 " R3 - R2 ] Applying R1 " R1 + ]sin ig R3 and

x 0 1 R2 " R2 - ]cos ig R3, we get

=2 2 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 - sin i
f ]ig = 0 1 cos i
[Applying C2 " C2 - C1 and C3 " C3 - C2] sin i - cos i 0

=- 2 [Expanding along R3 ] = sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 & f ^r/3h = 1

9.26 Mathematics
54. a.Multiplying C1 by a, C2 by b and C3 by c, we 1 1 1
where D1 = - cot a - cot a tan a
obtain tan b - cot b 0

a b a+b 0 1 1
c c - c
1 b+c b c = 0 - cot a tan a
D = abc - a a a 1/ sin b cos b - cot b 0
b ]b + cg b ]a + 2b + cg b ]a + bg Applying C1 " C1 - C2, we get
- a ac - ac

D1 = sin b cos b 5tan a + cot a?

1

Applying C1 " C1 + C2 + C3, we get
1
b a+b = sin a cos a sin b cos b
0 - c
c
1 b c a2 b sin A c sin A
D = abc 0 a a
b ]a + 2b + cg b ]a + bg d. b sin A 1 cos A
0 ac - ac
c sin A cos A 1
a2 a sin B a sin C
This shows that D is independent of a,b, and c. = a sin B 1 cos A
a sin C cos A 1
b. Applying C1 " C1 - ]cot bg C2, we get
1 sin B sin C
0 sin a sin b cos a 2
= a sin B 1 cos A
D= 0 cos a sin b - sin a sin C cos A 1
- sin a/ sin b sin a cos b 0
1 0 0
=- sin b 6- sin b sin2 a - cos2 a sin b@
sin a 2
= a sin B 2
1 - sin B cos A - sin B sin c

sin C cos A - sin B sin C 1 - sin2 C
[expanding along C1 ]
[Applying C2 " C2 - ]sin Bg C1 and
= sin a
C3 " C3 - ]sin C gC1]
c. Taking 1/ sin a cos b, 1/ sin a sin b, 1/ cos a
= a2 6cos2 B cos2 C - ]cos A - sin B sin C g2@
common from C1, C2, C3, respectively, we get
= a2 7cos2 B cos2 C - ^cos ] B + C g + sin B sin C h2A
1
D= D1

sin2 a cos a sin b cos b = a2 6cos2 B cos2 C - cos2 B cos2 C@ =0

Numerical Type & ^2, 4, 0h is one point

1. x + y + z = 6 ...(1)
Also, If y = 0 & x + z = 6 and x + 3z = 10

x + 2y + 3z = 10 ...(2) z
& = 2 and x = 4

3x + 2y + lz = m ...(3) & ^4, 0, 2h is another point


The three planes intersect in more than two
So 3x + 2y + mz = n must pass through (2, 4, 0) and

points,hence they intersect in infinite points. ^4 0, 2h
,

From (1) and (2)
Hence, 6 + 8 = n & n = 14 and 12 + 2m = n

If z = 0 & x + y = 6 and x + 2y = 10 12
& + 2m = 14 & m = 1

& y = 4, x = 2 Hence, n - m 2 = 14 - 1 = 13

 Determinants 9.27
Single Options Correct 5. Given system of linear equations is
2 2a a x – 4y + 7z = g
2. For non-trivial solution 2 3b b = 0 3y – 5z = h
2 4c c –2x +5y – 9z = k
1 2a a 1 -4 7
& 1 3b b = 0 Let D = 0 3 - 5
1 4c c -2 5 -9
& (3bc – 4bc) – (2ac – 4ac) + (2ab – 3ab) = 0 = 1(–27 + 25) + 4(0 – 10) + 7(0 + 6)
& – bc + 2ac – ab = 0 = –2 – 40 + 42 = 0
& ab + bc = 2ac g -4 7
1 1 1 Now, D1 = h 3 - 5
& a, b, c in H.P. & a , , c in A.P. k 5 -9
b
m 2 2
3 D = 2m 3 5 = g(–27 + 25) – h(36 – 35) + k(20 – 21)
4 m 6 = –2g –h – k
D = ( m + 8) ( 2 – m ) for m =2
Similarly,D2 = 10g + 5h + 5k and D3 = 6g + 3h + 3k
5 2 2
D1 = 8 3 5 = 5 [18 - 10] - 2 [48 - 50]

Since, D = 0 and the given system of linear equations
10 2 6 is consistent. ∴ D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 ⇒ 2g + h + k = 0

+ 2 (16 – 30] = 40 + 4 – 28 ! 0 6. We have,

No solutions for m = 2
-2 4+d sin i - 2
4. The given system of linear equations can be written det ]Ag = 1 sin i + 2 d
RS VR V R V 5 2 sin i - d - sin i + 2 + 2d
SS1 1 1 WWWSSSxWWW SSS 2 WWW Applying R1 → R1 + R3 – 2R2, we get
as SS2 3 2 WWSSyWW = SS 5 WW
SS WS W S W 1 0 0
S2 3 a2 - 1WWSzW SSa + 1WW
T XT X T X det ]Ag = 1 sin i + 2
d
1 1 1
5 2 sin i - d 2 + 2d - sin i
Now, let D = 2 3 2 = a2 - 3
2 3 a2 - 1 = (2 + sinq)(2 + 2d – sinq) – d(2 sinq– d)
2 1 1
= 4 + 4d – 2sinq + 2sinq + 2dsinq – sin2q – 2dsinq + d2
D1 = 5 3 2 = a2 - a + 1

a + 1 3 a2 - 1 = d2 + 4d + 4 – sin2q = (d + 2)2 – sin2q
1 2 1
For a given d, minimum value of
D2 = 2 5
2 = a2 - 3
2 a+1 a -1
2
det(A) = (d + 2)2 – 1 = 8
1 1 2
⇒ d = 1 or – 5
D3 = 2 3 5 = a - 4

2 3 a+1
When |a| = 3,D=0
But, D3 = ± 3 − 4 ≠ 0
∴System of linear equations is inconsistent when
|a| = 3 .
9.28 Mathematics
7. Given system of equations is RS V
SScos x sin x sin x WWW
x + y + z = 5, x + 2y + 3z = 9, x + 3y + az = b 11. SSsin x cos x sin x WW = 0
SS W
1 1 1 sin x sin x cos xW
T X
Let D = 1 2 3 = ( 2α − 9) − 1(α − 3) + 1(3 − 2)
1 3 a & ]cos x - sin xg2 ]cos x + 2 sin xg = 0
-1
= a – 5 ...(i) & sin x = cos x and tan x = 2

Since, the system of equations has infinitely many & 2 solutions in : 4 , 4 D
-r r

solutions, so D = 0 = Dx = Dy = Dz
From (i), a – 5 = 0 ⇒ a = 5 12. ]2 - λgx1 - 2x2 + x3 = 0
5 1 1 2x1 - ]3 + λg x2 + 2x3 = 0
Now, D x = 9 2 3 - x1 + 2x2 - λx3 = 0
b 3 5 2 - λ -2 1
= 5(10 – 9) – 1(45 – 3b) + 1(27 – 2b) = b – 13 & 2 -3 - λ 2 = 0
a Dx = 0 ⇒ b – 13 = 0 -1 2 -λ
& λ = 1, 1, - 3

⇒ b = 13 ∴ b – a = 13 – 5 = 8
x 1 1
x - 4 2x 2x
13. 1 y 1 H0
2x x - 4 2x
8. 1 1 2
2x 2x x - 4

R1 $ R1 + R2 + R3 & xyz - ^ x + y + z h + 2 H 0
1 1 1 & xyz + 2 H x + y + z H 3 3 xyz
]5 - 4g 2x x - 4 2x
x 3
xyz = t
2x 2x x - 4

C2 $ C2 - C1 C3 $ C3 - C1 & t3 + 2 H 3t & t3 - 3t + 2 H 0
1 0 0 & ]t - 1g2 ]t + 2g H 0 & t H- 2
]5x - 4g 2x - 4 - x 0
2x 0 -4 - x & t3 H- 8 & xyz H- 8
14. 5 adj A = 5
= ]5x - 4g] x + 4g2

125 adj A = 5

A =- 4

B=5 125 A 2 = 5
^ A Bh = ^- 4, 5h
,
1
A 2 = 25
1 1 1
9. ∆= 1 a 1 =0 15. ]1 - agx + y + z = 0
a b 1
x + ]1 - bgy + z = 0
& ]a - 1g2 = 0

&a=1
x + y + ]1 - cg z = 0
By putting a = 1 in second plane, plane 1 and 2

are coincident and in equation (3), putting b = 1, (1)
and (3) are parallel planes
For non-trival solution
& hence no solution.
1 λ -1 1-a 1 1
10. λ - 1 - 1 = 0 & λ = 0, 1, - 1 1 1-b 1 = 0
1 1 -λ 1 1 1-c

& ab + bc + ca = abc
 Determinants 9.29
3 1 + α + β 1 + α2 + β2
16. 1 + α + β 1 + α 2 + β 2 1 + α3 + β3
1 + α 2 + β 2 1 + α3 + β 2 1 + α 4 + β 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 α β 1 α β
1 α2 β2 1 α2 β2

= 6]α - 1g^β - 1h^α - βh@

2

&k=1

Subjective Type
Multiple Options Correct
n n
/k / n C k k2
1. We have 2. n
k=0 k=0
n =0
/ n Ck k / n Ck 3k
]1 + ag2 ]1 + 2ag2 ]1 + 3ag2 k=0 k=0

]2 + ag2 ]2 + 2ag2 ]2 + 3ag2 =- 648a n ]n + 1g ]n + 1g n - 2

n 2
]3 + ag2 ]3 + 2ag2 ]3 + 3ag2 &
2 =0
n2 n-1
4 n

Applying R3 " R3 - R2, R2 " R2 - R1 1 n-2

&
n ]n + 1 g 2 n-1
2 2 =0
]1 + ag2 ]1 + 2ag2 ]1 + 3ag2 n 2n + 1
& 3 + 2a 3 + 4a 3 + 6a =- 648a 1
5 + 2a 5 + 4a 5 + 6a &
n ]n + 1 g 2 2n - 3
2 1 =0
n 8
Applying R3 " R3 - R2 ⇒ n = 0, –1, 4 ⇒ n = 4

C k + 1 = 5 ]25 - 1g = 5 = 6.2
Ck
4 4
1 5 1 31
]1 + ag2 ]1 + 2ag2 ]1 + 3ag2
4

k +
/1 = / 5

k=0 k=0
& 3 + 2a 3 + 4a 3 + 6a =- 648a
2 2 2

Applying C3 " C3 - C2, C2 " C2 - C1

]1 + ag2 a ]2 + 3ag a ]2 + 5ag

3 + 2a 2a 2a =- 648a
2 0 0

& 2a2 ]2 + 3ag - 2a2 ]2 + 5ag =- 324a

& - 4a =- 324a
& a = 0, ! 9
9.30 Mathematics
Numerical Type

a1 a2 a3
3.
det (P) = b1 b2 b3 = a1 (b2c3 – b3c2) – a2(b1c3
c1 c2 c3

– b3c1) + a3(b1c2 – b2c1) ≤ 6

value can be 6 only if a1 = 1, a2 = –1, a3 = 1, b2c3

= b1c3 = b1c2 = 1, b3c2 = b3c1 = b2c1 = – 1

⇒ (b2c3)(b3c1)(b1c2) = – 1 & (b1c3)(b3c2)(b2c1) = 1
i.e. b1b2b3c1c2c3 = 1 and – 1
hence not possible

Similar contradiction occurs when a1 = 1, a2 = 1, a3
= 1, b2c2 = b3c1 = b1c2 = 1 b3c2 = b1c3 = b1c2 = – 1

Now for value to be 5 one the terms must be zero
but that will make 2 terms zero which means answer
cannot be 5
1 0 1
Now - 1 1 1 = 4 Hence max value = 4

-1 -1 1

4. ~ = e i2r/3, ~2 + ~ + 1 = 0

z+1 ~ ~2
~ z+~ 2
1 =0
~2 1 z+~

1 ~ ~2
z 1 z+~ 2
1 =0
1 1 z+~

or z []z + wg2 ]z + wg - 1 - ~ ]z + ~ - 1g + ~2

^1 - z - ~2h] = 0

or z3 = 0 or z = 0 is only solution.