THE EFFECTS OF SAFE SPACE ALONG WITH PETS PROGRAM ON

THE LEVEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF

SAME-SEX COUPLES WITH PETS IN CAVITE

Research Manuscript
Submitted to Mrs. Mary Grace Descarga, RPM
Department of Social Sciences and Humanities
Cavite State University
Imus City, Cavite

In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements for the course
Bachelor of Science in Experimental Psychology

HAZEL ANDREA R. ALFONTE

SARAH NICOLE M. ARRIESGADO
JHOANNA AIRA O. BONIFACIO
DAN REV B. CADAY
AREYA MARIE C. GALLETA
CLYDE JASMINE M. PAREJA
January 2023
 CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Imus Campus
Cavite Civic Center Palico IV Imus Cavite
(046) 471-66-07 / (046) 471-67-70 / (046) 686-23-49
www.cvsu.edu.ph

Authors: HAZEL ANDREA R. ALFONTE

SARAH NICOLE M. ARRIESGADO
JHOANNA AIRA O. BONIFACIO
DAN REV B. CADAY
AREYA MARIE C. GALLETA
CLYDE JASMINE M. PAREJA

Degree and Course: Bachelor of Science in Psychology

Title: THE EFFECTS OF SAFE SPACE ALONG WITH PETS ON THE LEVEL OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF SAME-SEX COUPLES WITH PETS IN
CAVITE

Type of Study: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Submitted by:

HAZEL ANDREA R. ALFONTE SARAH NICOLE M. ARRIESGADO

Researcher Researcher

JHOANNA AIRA O. BONIFACIO DAN REV B. CADAY

Researcher Researcher

AREYA MARIE C. GALLETA CLYDE JASMINE M. PAREJA

Researcher Researcher

Noted:

MARY GRACE L. DESCARGA

Instructor
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………... v

LIST OF FIGURES................………………………………………………………………. vi

LIST OF TABLES.................................……………………………………………………. vii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA................................................................................................ viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................. xiii

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... xiv

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….. 4

Objectives of the Study.............…………………………………………………… 6

Hypotheses...........................……………………………………………………… 7

Significance of the Study.............…………………………………………………. 7

Time and Place of the Study............……………………………………………… 9

Scope and Limitation of the Study.........…………………………………………. 9

Definition of Terms....………………………………………………………………. 11

Theoretical Framework of the Study............…………………………………….. 13

Conceptual Framework of the Study......………………………………………… 13

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..............…………………………………………. 15

Synthesis…………………………………………………………………………….. 27

METHODOLOGY.................................……………………………………………………. 30

Research Design.....……………………………………………………………….. 30

Sources of Data..............…………………………………………………………... 31

Respondents of the Study........…………………………………………………… 31

Sampling Technique.......…………………………………………………………... 33

Research Instrumentation…………………………………………………………. 33

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………………… 37

Statistical Treatment of Data......………………………………………………….. 40

3
 Ethical Consideration………………………………………………………………. 42

PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA............................... 44

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................... 100

Summary of Findings..……………………………………………………………... 100

Conclusion.......……………………………………………………………………… 109

Recommendation.......……………………………………………………………… 119

REFERENCES.....……………………………………………………………………………. 121

4
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices Page

1. Research Instrument......................................................................................... 128

2. SPSS Output…………………………………………………………………………. 137

3. Demographic Profile Sheet....……………………………………………………… 143

4. Schedule of Intervention....…………………………………………………………. 144

5. Intervention Modules....……………………………………………………………... 145

6. Curriculum Vitae....………………………………………………………………….. 149

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Conceptual Framework...................................................................................... 14

2. Data Gathering Flowchart.................................................................................. 39

6
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Demographic profile of respondents………………………………………………. 44

2. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being
…………………………………………………………………………………………. 46

3. Frequency and percentage of posttest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being…………………………………... 58

4. Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control group and
experimental group’s psychological well-being and its
subscales……………………………………………………………………………... 70

5. Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control group and
experimental group group’s psychological well-being and its
subscales……………………………………………………………………………... 77

6. Test of difference between the pretest and posttest mean scores of the
control group of psychological well-being and its
subscales……………………………………………………………………………... 84

7. Test of difference between the pretest and posttest mean scores of the
experimental group of psychological well-being and its
subscales……………………………………………………………………………... 92

8. Schedule of Intervention……………………………………………………………. 144

7
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Hazel Andrea R. Alfonte is a third-year student at Cavite State University -

Imus Campus, pursuing Bachelor of Science in Psychology and was born on

November 27, 2000 at Antipolo City.

She finished her elementary education at First Books Learning Center in 2014

and passed the High School entrance examination on a Special Science Curriculum

at Bacoor National High School Molino – Main as a Scholar and graduated Senior

High School at SHS San Nicholas III in the year 2020.

Her interests revolves around graphic design, and photo and video editing

that formed a desire on her to take an Arts & design related course on college, but on

her early highschool years, she has actively participated on Church activities

including volunteering, media works, Sunday School teacher and evangelism that

conducts cell groups on different schools & places, and also starts handling a

discipleship group on teenage girls that led her to took a Psychology course on

college to enhance her knowledge & understanding of other people’s behavior,

including their thoughts & feelings.

Sarah Nicole Mar Arriesgado is a BS Psychology student of Cavite State

University - Imus Campus. She was born on the 27th day of April 2001 at Metro

Manila to Mr. Rustom P. Arriesgado and Mrs. Leah M. Arriesgado. She graduated

elementary at Real Elementary School in the year 2014 and her secondary education

at Del Pilar Academy in the year 2018. She finished her Senior High at University of

Perpetual Help - Molino Campus where she became an active member of the student

organization, HUMSS Synergy in 2019 and got involved in a lot of school activities

and events.

8
 She was good at memorizing and she used that to excel in her academics.

During her high school days, she was active on different school events wherein she

had a chance to join a Choric Speaking Contest to represent her school. They won

champion in APSCI and 2nd place in Division.

Ever since she was a little girl, she really dreamt of becoming a medtech one

day. She was fond of mystery and crime documentaries that eventually led her to

take up the course of BS Psychology in order to understand the brain activity and

behavior of those serial killers she watched and of course the people around her. In

her spare time, she loves to cook for her family, watch Netflix and k-dramas, and play

mobile games.

At present, she is still learning and fighting to fulfill her dreams in life, she

believed in a quote “Don’t worry if you’re not where you want to be yet. Great things

take time” as a reminder to herself as she continues her steps towards life.

Jhoanna Aira O Bonifacio, is a BS Psychology student of Cavite State

University—Imus Campus was born on 20th of August, 2001. In 2014 she studied at

St. Peregrine Institute to obtain her degree in Junior High School. While she was in

her junior highschool year, she attended and won various competitions in Science

Quiz bee, Impromptu speaking at BCAPS where she won as 6th placer competed

against the 20 schools around Bacoor. She also joined pageants and was crowned

as Ms. English 2017. She went to St. Matthew Academy of Cavite to pursue her

senior highschool year and chose the strand of Science Technology Engineering and

Mathematics (STEM). She joined pageants such as Lakan at Lakambini in 2018

which she was crowned as Lakambini 2018 1st Runner up. On 31st day of August in

2019, she was crowned again as Reyna ng Wika 2019 and still the former Reyna ng

Wika at the present year. In June 2018, in her 11th year, she was elected as

9
“Business manager of Student Body Organization (SBO), she also became a

“Sentinel” of the auxiliary organization, Elite Fil Society, and a member of SciMath

Organization. In 2019, in her 12th grade, she was elected as the “Peace officer” of

the auxiliary organization, SciMath Organization, and was a member of the auxiliary

organization, Elite Fil Society.

She is also a consistent honor student from Grade school up to Senior High

School year. In college, on her 1st up to the present year in Bachelor of Science in

Psychology, she’s on the dean's list. She’s still doing all her best to graduate with

flying colors to make her family proud.

Above all, in everything that she does, she’s committing it to God for she

knows that she can’t do anything without the help of the Lord. All His!

Dan Rev Belleza Caday is a BS Psychology student of Cavite State

University –Imus Campus. He was born on March 1, 2001 at Cavite City to Mr.

Armdick H. Caday and Mrs. Lorena B. Caday. He finished his primary study at Potol.

Sta. Isabel Elementary School in the year of 2014 and for his secondary education

for grade 10 completers at Del Pilar Academy in the year of 2018 and finished his

senior high school at Philippine Christian University Union High School of Manila in

the year of 2020.

During his high school days, because of his perseverance and faith he was a

consistent honor student and received a medal for being a great leader as a platoon

leader in Citizenship Advancement Training-1. He is also part of a Christian

organization named Inter-School Christian Fellowship (ISCF) that conducts bible

study and fellowships inside the campus.

10
 He was a sport enthusiast especially in badminton, volleyball and chess even

though he is not part of any team. In his spare time, he loves to cook, read books,

spend time with his family and play with his dog Shih Tzu. He believes that life is too

short but he also believes that the fear of the Lord leads to life (prov. 19:23).

At present, he is still fighting for the dreams he wants to fulfill in his life.  And

he knows that along his journey he has God with his back and also his family and

friends that will always support and believe in his strength and purpose in life.

Areya Marie Catalan Galleta is a BS Psychology student of Cavite State

University – Imus Campus from section of BS Psychology 3B. She was born on the

23rd of April in 2002 in Manila. She is the younger daughter of Mr. Genaro C. Galleta

and Mrs. Orlita C. Galleta, with her family, they live in Bacoor, Cavite. In the year of

2014, she graduated from Palico Elementary School and graduated high school at

General Emilio Aguinaldo National High School in the year of 2018. She succeeded

senior high school at Arellano University – Pasay City Campus in the year of 2020.

Her high school days became the start of her achievements in the academic field.

She became top one during her grades eight and nine, which led to discovering more

of her abilities in life. She joined the English quiz bee and Math test, which is why she

took the STEM strand in senior high school.

Playing volleyball is her favorite sport, she had been a representative from

her hometown, after a long term of game, with her team they won as champion in the

“Palarong Pambata” in Panapaan VII. During her grade nine, she won with her

classmates over all of year and section as champions in Jenga in Mathematics

Weeks. Also, she loves to watch anime created by Japanese creators and listen to

different genres of music.

11
 She indulges in understanding and helping human behavior and mental

processes that could be emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial. Also, she wants to

understand herself and discover what is beneath one's personality. For her, by the

diversity of human experiences, she could discover knowledge that might help other

people to appreciate themselves.

Clyde Jasmine M. Pareja is a BS Psychology student at Cavite State

University - Imus Campus. She was born on the 7th day of February in 2002 at Pasig

City to Mr. Alexander R. Pareja and Mrs. Myla M. Pareja. She graduated elementary

and secondary education at Ruther E. Esconde School of Multiple Intelligences, Inc.

for the years 2014, 2018 and 2020.

She's one of the prides of their school. She has participated in several

competitions such as jazz chant, sabayang pagbigkas, spelling bee, athletics,

swimming, collage making and dance-related competitions. She was also a member

of the SSGC with the position of Vice-President.

She is also a student leader when it comes to multiple activities. She was an

active student who excelled in both academic and non-academic pursuits. During her

senior high school days, she was given the chance to compete at Bacoor meet

dancesports, winning a gold medal that also gave her the opportunity to represent

Bacoor City for regional teams where she won a silver medal. Since she was a little

girl, she really dreamt of becoming a nurse one day, but due to the unfortunate

situation, her dream led her to take the BS Psychology course, which is also in the

medical field. She is also an active choir member and a servant of God in her church.

She also enjoys cooking, eating, sleeping and watching movies. Currently, she

strives to complete her studies so that she can fulfill her dreams.

12
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to show their deepest gratitude and appreciation

to the following people who made this undergraduate thesis manuscript possible.

Without them, it would not be done.

Ms. Mary Grace Descarga, thesis adviser, the researchers give their time

sincere gratitude for her time and dedication of having a busy schedule for being a

mother and a professor at the same time. The researchers are so thankful for her

encouragement, genuine interest, incomparable assistance and intellectual support

throughout all the stages of preparation of this study. The researchers were blessed

to have her as their adviser;

All their friends, who helped the researchers and BS Psychology 3B, for

always being there to support them during times of difficulties and for the

unforgettable moments they shared with them;

Special thanks for the respective families, for the moral and financial support

as well as for the faith, love and care they provided unconditionally.

Above all, the researchers would like to express their gratitude to the

Heavenly Father, for His unconditional love and for all the blessings He’s showering

upon them each day of their life. He is their absolute wisdom, strength, peace,

comfort, and hope that made this everything possible.

13
 ABSTRACT

A study based on the effects of safe space along with pets program on the

level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets. Multiple studies

have been made to create a pattern of impact or effects of pets on human health

and psychological well-being. However, none has come close into anticipating a

program that is highly appropriate to same-sex couples with pets.

This study is quasi-experimental and focused on the effects of safe space

along with pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex

couples. Specifically, it aims to answer the following: demographic profile of

same-sex couples which includes gender and acquisition of pets, pretest and

posttest mean score of the control and experimental group’s psychological

well-being, the significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets and without pets in psychological well-being, the

significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same sex couples

with and without pets in psychological well-being all in terms of autonomy,

environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life

and self-acceptance.

The respondents of the study were from the localities of Cavite using

purposive sampling and quota sampling technique. There were 32 respondents for

the particular gender, two (2) or 6.25% considered themselves as lesbian, eight (8)

or 25% considered themselves as gay, fifteen (15) or 46.85% considered

themselves as bisexuals, seven (7) or 21.9% prefer to specify their gender as other.

This study also tries to determine the acquisition of pets, sixteen (16) or 50% of

respondents considered having pets and sixteen (16) or 50% of the respondents

14
considered having no pets. Cavite is considered to have the biggest LGBT

population in Luzon, being the most populous province in the area (Giron, 2018).

The statistical tools used in this study were frequency and percentage

distribution to determine the level of two different groups. The dependent and

independent sample t-test used to ascertain the relationship in each of the

statements of the problem written below using the SPSS or Statistical Package for

the Social Sciences. And finally, The Psychological Well-Being scale by Carol D. Ryff

(1989) that was designed to include the six aspects of well-being and happiness:

autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others,

purpose in life and self-acceptance for individual assessment.

The conclusion of this study is that the effectiveness of the safe space along

with pets program on the psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets as

per the statistical result failed to reject the null hypothesis.

15
 THE EFFECTS OF SAFE SPACE ALONG WITH PETS ON
THE LEVEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
OF SAME-SEX COUPLE

Hazel Andrea R. Alfonte

Sarah Nicole M. Arriesgado
Jhoanna Aira O. Bonifacio
Dan Rev B. Caday
Areya Marie C. Galleta
Clyde Jasmine M. Pareja

A research outline submitted to the faculty of the Department of Social Sciences and
Humanities, Cavite State University, Imus City, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Psychology with Contribution
No.________. Prepared under the supervision of Mrs. Mary Grace Descarga.

INTRODUCTION

Same Sex partnership is a relationship between two people of the same sex.

It can be in a form of romantic or sexual relationship depending on the preference

and agreement of the couple. Same sex partnership is the term for couples with the

same sex, however this label of relationship is not strictly related to sexual

orientation– particularly to the social and scientific definition of sex. Thus, people of

any orientation may enter into the world of same sex relationships. Same sex

couples are becoming increasingly recognized in the last few decades, both socially

and legally throughout the world. Contrary to the past, social science now contributes

to the de-demonizing and normaling same sex relationships and supports the

non-pathologization of LGBT relationships through research and multiple

publications. Currently, couple therapists consider a couple to be two partners who

are in an intimate and committed relationship regardless of their gender, sexual

orientation, or the existence of legal or other ceremonies (Helmeke, Prouty, &

1
Bischof, 2014). In this study, the researchers focused on the effects of safe space

along with pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples

with pets in Cavite.

The mental health and psychosocial well-being of LGBT and intersex persons

are strongly affected by these challenging social situations and other factors, and

rates of mental health conditions are reported to be higher for them. For example,

symptoms and diagnosis of depression, anxiety (including social phobia),

posttraumatic stress disorder, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation,

attempt and death are reported to be higher among LGBT and intersex persons.

(Izutsu, T., Tsutsumi, A. 2021). In a society where various people with different

behaviors, characters, attitude, and perspective in life joined together with the new

community of LGBT, it will always be difficult for them to live day by day without

feeling small due to these straight individuals belittling and judging them.  Lesbian,

gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT), and intersex persons face various human rights

violations ranging from daily exclusion and discrimination to torture and murder.

According to the United Nations, about 70 countries have laws to criminalize

consensual same-sex relationships and expose LGBT persons to the risks of arrest,

prosecution, imprisonment, and in five countries, the death penalty. (Izutsu, T.,

Tsutsumi, A. 2021). In addition to general risk and protective factors to mental health,

factors such as factual and perceived discrimination and disrespect, internalized or

self-stigma, internalized phobia, concealment-openness of their sexual orientation

and gender identity, acceptance or rejection by family members and friends, violence,

nearby existence of LGBT and intersex communities, and sense of belongings are all

reported to be associated with mental health outcomes for LGBT and intersex

persons. Furthermore, LGBT and intersex persons face barriers to accessing mental

health care. It is important to conduct more research on the mental health and

psychosocial well-being of LGBT and intersex persons and cultivate mainstream

2
support systems while being sensitive to culture, age, sexual orientation, gender

identity, and individual diversity.

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a pet as “a domesticated animal kept

for pleasure rather than utility.” Historically animals were seen and used more for

industrial purposes such as farming, herding, burden carriers, hunting, and as a

possession by humans (Irvine, 2004; Tipper, 2011). However, in the late 20th century,

animals became more humanized by humans (Irvine, 2004; Tipper, 2011). This

domestication of working animals led to people keeping pets (Ault, 2016). Nowadays,

people are spending money buying pets to adopt them and live as if it is their own

child. Pets in this era are no longer bought to just be a helper for a living, but to be

someone who can be a child to the life of the couple.

Supposed psychological benefits of owning a pet include better well-being, it

is proposed that pet owners suffer fewer episodes of depression (Francis, Turner &

Johnson, 1985), experience more happiness (Lago, Knight & Connell, 1983) and

enjoy life more (Francis et al., 1985). In addition, other studies concluded pet owners

tend to stay calmer during times of stress. Hence, pets play a large role in redeeming

feelings of love and need, potentially restoring levels of self-esteem and life

satisfaction, pets can be a source of comfort to those who are alienated (Levinson,

1978). The mere presence of a pet can reduce psychological feelings of unhappiness

such as depression (Folseat al., 1994). This evidence suggests that the ownership of

pets can be greatly beneficial to one’s physical and psychological health.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of safe space along with

pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets

in Cavite. Therefore, the results of the study will lead to the conduct of an intervention

as a treatment and test the significance if the hypothesis will be accepted or rejected.

3
Statement of the Problem

This study will be focused on the effects of safe space along with pets

program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets in

Cavite.

      In particular, the following questions will be answered:

1. What is the demographic profile of the same sex couples in terms of:

a. gender and

b. pet?

2. What is the pretest mean score of the control and experimental group’s

psychological well-being in terms of:

a. autonomy;

b. environmental mastery;

c. personal growth;

d. positive relations with other

e. purpose in life; and

f. self-acceptance?

3. What is the posttest mean score of the control and experimental group’s

psychological well-being in terms of:

a. autonomy;

b. environmental mastery;

c. personal growth;

d. positive relations with other

e. purpose in life; and

4
 f. self-acceptance?

4. Is there a significant difference between pretest mean scores of same sex

couples with pets and without pets in psychological well-being?

a. autonomy;

b. environmental mastery;

c. personal growth;

d. positive relations with other

e. purpose in life; and

f. self-acceptance?

5. Is there a significant difference between posttest mean scores of same sex

couples with pets and without pets in psychological well-being?

a. autonomy;

b. environmental mastery;

c. personal growth;

d. positive relations with other

e. purpose in life; and

f. self-acceptance?

6. Is there a significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being?

a. autonomy;

b. environmental mastery;

c. personal growth;

d. positive relations with other

e. purpose in life; and

f. self-acceptance?

5
 7. Is there a significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being?

a. autonomy;

b. environmental mastery;

c. personal growth;

d. positive relations with other

e. purpose in life; and

f. self-acceptance

Objectives of the Study

This experimental study will generally aim to determine the effects of safe

space along with pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex

couples with pets in Cavite.

       Specifically, this study will aim to:

1. Determine the demographic profile of the same sex couples in terms of;

2. Examine the pretest mean score of the control and experimental group’s

psychological well-being in terms of;

3. Find out the posttest mean score of the control and experimental group’s

psychological well-being in terms of;

4. Know the significant difference of pretest mean score of same sex couples

with pets and without pets in psychological well-being;

5. Know the significant difference of posttest mean score of same sex couples

with pets and without pets in psychological well-being;

6. Know the significant difference of pretest and posttest of same sex couples

without pets in psychological well-being;

6
 7. Lastly, to know the significant difference between pretest and posttest of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being.

Hypotheses 

Ho1: There is no significant difference between the pretest mean score of the control

and the experimental group’s psychological well-being.

Ho2: There is no significant difference between posttest mean score of the control

and experimental group’s psychological well-being.

Ho3: There is no significant difference between pretest mean scores of same sex

couples with pets and without pets in psychological well-being.

Ho4: There is no significant difference between posttest mean scores of same sex

couples with pets and without pets in psychological well-being.

Ho5: There is no significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being.

Ho6: There is no significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being.

Significance of the Study

This research aims to determine the effects of safe space along with pets

program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets in

Cavite. This study's objective was to demonstrate the use of companion animals by

LGBT+ youngsters in their individual journeys to adulthood. This study will be

beneficial to the following:

7
 Future Researchers. This study could contribute to the analysis of

homosexual relationships and could advance future research on the topic of

same-sex relationships. 

Students. Innovation and advances in the study of same-sex relationships

will improve and further the theoretical and empirical knowledge of the students.

Learning about same sex relationship’s experiences could offer a more expansive

lens to students.

Society. This study may provide a valuable stepping stone to new

understandings of gender, sexuality, and same sex relationships.

LGBT+. This study can benefit LGBT+ community in knowing more about the

experiences and struggles of other people in their own community that can affirm

their own experiences. And could also help them think more deeply about their sense

of self and their relationship to others.

Non-LGBT+. This study will be an eye opener, and will bring the readers to

the new perspective when it comes to having a family that consists of same sex

couples who chose to adopt a pet. This study can contribute to the awareness of

Non-LGBT+.

Pet Owners. The study will provide pet owners a deep understanding of the

pets’ role in their life. It will also help pet owners have a strong connection and bond

to their companionship. 

8
 Psychologists and Therapists. By having an idea on how pets help to

elevate the level of Psychological Well-Being of humans, psychologists and

therapists would be able to advise their patients to have pets as companionships for

they could help one’s mental state. They would also consider therapy pets in

hospitals, if needed, for patients who are struggling on having a kid. 

Time and Place of the Study

The time frame of the study will cover the first academic semester from the

conceptualization of the study, proposal and approval, data gathering, and

implementation of the intervention to writing the research paper. The researchers

chose Cavite as their local because according to Giron A.  (2018) Cavite is touted to

have the biggest LGBT population in Luzon, being the most populous province in the

area. A source at the Cavite Population Commision office surmised that there are

about 400,000 LGBTs out of the province’s estimated population of 4.3 million. This

serves as the basis of the researchers for the research locale.

Due to the pandemic, the study will be held through an online survey of same

sex couples who have lived in the areas of Cavite. The experimental study will be

conducted and accomplished from November 2022 up to January 2023.

Furthermore, the data and information of the study will be sent upon a request letter

of participation in answering the survey questionnaires.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The goal of this quantitative research study is to determine the effects of safe

space along with pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex

couples with pets in Cavite. The researchers limited the participants to 32 LGBTQ

9
couples with or without pets residing in the Province of Cavite considering their

demographic profile which includes: gender, and if they have a pet or none. With 16

participants being the experimental group and the other 16 being part of the control

group. The respondents must be currently experiencing online classes or work and

will be answering a pretest and posttest for the data collection through google forms.

This study that was conducted mainly focuses on the effects of safe space

along with pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples

with pets in Cavite. There are numerous studies that showed the relationship of pet

ownership and social support on one’s mental health (Beetz et al., 2012; Cherniack

&  Cherniack, 2014). The researchers want to significantly determine the advantages

and disadvantages of the treatment that will be implemented to the experimental

group.

The researchers also took into consideration that not all same-sex couples

own a pet and that they differ across many traits, gender, and pet. They also

considered that there are different kinds of pets such as: dogs, cats, fish and such.

The selected respondents of the study are LGBT couples, these individuals are

self-identified as part of the sexual minority or LGBT. Lastly, we also took into

consideration the Psychological Well-Being of the Same-sex Couple pet-owners to

their pets.

The Province of Cavite, serves as the locale of the study, which will be the

limit of this study. The data was collected through (psychological well-being scale)

which measures the level of psychological well-being of the control and experimental

group. Therefore, all of the results in this study will be based on the total mean

scores of control and experimental group in psychological well-being. Researchers

used purposive sampling, this study has 32 same-sex couples’ respondents; 16

10
couples should have pets and the half ought not to have pets. 

Furthermore, the study will be conducted online. For this reason, the

researchers will have no control over the participants' environment and any mental

health problems such as anxiety, depression, and the likes. The current online setup

would make it difficult for the researchers to conduct a thorough observation of the

participants since effects of pets is chosen as the main variable to manipulate within

this study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and/or operationally for a clear

understanding of this study .

Attachment. A supplement or extension that can be connected to something and

serves a specific purpose. The psychological connectedness of humans to pets.

Autonomy. An individual's capacity for self-regulation independent of others. The

respondent’s being independent.

Environmental Mastery. Refers to the ability to choose or change the surrounding

context using physical or mental actions as well as being able to control events. The

extent to which an individual has the control and influence on their life events.

Personal Growth. Refers to one's openness to new experiences and growth. The

extent to which an individual relates to the process of being a better person.

11
Positive relation with others. Refers to the good relationships people build with

others. The Psychological connectedness of humans to others.

Purpose in life. Refers to the tendency to derive meaning from life's experiences

and possess a sense of intentionality and goal directedness that guides behavior.

The individual's psychological understanding towards the meaning of life.

Self-acceptance. Refers to the individual's acceptance of all of their attributes,

positive or negative. the positive and negative qualities, traits, and tendencies of

individuals acceptance.

Same-sex Couples. The relationship between same sex or same gender

romantically and sexually. Two men and two women who bonded together.

Theory. A collection of guidelines that serve as the foundation for the practice of an

activity. It has the supporting details and ideas to the concept provided to the study.

Psychological Well-Being. It is the combination of feeling good and functioning

effectively. The psychological state measured by the six domains of Carol Ryff’s

Psychological Well-Being Scale.

LGBT+. An abbreviation for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or

questioning, intersex, asexual, and more. These terms are used to describe a

person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. This criteria is used in selecting

participants..

Pets. Refers to companion animal; an animal kept primarily for a person's company

12
or entertainment rather than as a working animal, livestock, or a laboratory animal.

This was used as variables in the study to create a process of improvement with their

psychological well-being.

Human-Pet Relationship. Refers to a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship

between people and animals that is influenced by behaviors essential to the health

and wellbeing of both. Pets often act as "social substitutes" through bonding.

Theoretical Framework of the Study 

The theoretical framework of the study was based on the Psychological

Well-being of Carol Ryff.

Carol Ryff stated that Psychological Well-being means an individual's

construction of concepts to develop him or her in order to be able to feel happy. An

individual's psychological health depends on his/her positive functioning in certain

aspects of his/her life according to psychological well-being theory. Individuals should

be dominant o0ver the environment; should have a positive relationship with others;

should accept his or her past; should have a goal and meaning in his life; should

have personal development and the ability to make his own decisions (Ozen, 2005).

This has six distinct facets that will constitute the overall well-being of an individual.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

This study focused on the effects of safe space along with pets program on

the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets in Cavite,

especially on autonomy, self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth,

positive relations with others, purpose in life and the treatment that will be used,

13
which is the two modules as an intervention.  The difference between couples with

pets and couples without pets. The variables of this study are arranged according to

their relationship and for the reason that pets have influence on the psychological

well-being particularly on autonomy, self-acceptance, environmental mastery,

personal growth, positive relations with others, and purpose in life. 

Flowchart 1. Conceptual Framework

The researchers constructed Figure 1 to represent the hypothesized

relationship among the variables in this study. 

This conceptual framework shows the flow of relationship between pets, initial

level of Psychological Well-being, attainment level of Psychological well-being, and

the treatment that will be used which are the two modules as an intervention. The

paradigm also shows that the researchers assume that the three variables being

investigated in this study influence each other.

14
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter focuses on the discussions regarding the effect of safe space

along with pets program on the psychological well-being of individuals, particularly on

autonomy, self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive

relations with others, and purpose in life. A source at the Cavite Population

Commission office surmised that there are about 400,000 LGBTs out of the

province’s estimated population of 4.3 million.

Psychological Well-Being

Psychological Well-being is undeniably a very common tool used among

psychologists and mental health practitioners. However, there is still no consensus

regarding the operational definition of construct (Khan & Justerm 2002). The Ryff’s

Psychological Well-being consists of six dimensions such as autonomy,

environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations and self-acceptance that

conceptualized theoretically and operationally which identify the effectiveness of

mastery of life and emotional and physical health (Garcia, 2014).

Gender

Cavite is touted to have the biggest LGBT population in Luzon, being the

most populous province in the area. A source at the Cavite Population Commission

office surmised that there are about 400,000 LGBTs out of the province’s estimated

population of 4.3 million. Vanne, T. (2018). 

15
LGBT on Psychological Well being

Increases in anxiety and mental health issues have been shown to be more

common in LGBT youths when compared to heterosexual cisgender youths (Pakula

et al., 2016). Individuals from the LGBT community are more likely to suffer from

stressful events (Mays & Cochran, 2001). Anxiety in the LGBT community is

correlated with a higher incidence of risky sexual behavior (Lelutiu Weinberger et al.,

2013), increased alcohol consumption (Pakula et al., 2016), and internalized

homophobia (Reilly et al., 2013). Published literature showed higher rates of mental

health symptoms in LGBT university students when compared to heterosexual

cisgendered students (Travers et al., 2020). LGBT university students are more likely

to suffer from bullying and to leave school at an early age, and less likely to have

support at their schools (Mortier et al., 2018).

According to the United Nations, about 70 countries have laws to criminalize

consensual same-sex relationships and expose LGBT persons to the risks of arrest,

prosecution, imprisonment, and in five countries, the death penalty. The mental

health and psychosocial well-being of LGBT and intersex persons are strongly

affected by these challenging social situations and other factors, and rates of mental

health conditions are reported to be higher for them. Symptoms and diagnosis of

depression, anxiety (including social phobia), posttraumatic stress disorder,

self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation, attempt and death are reported to

be higher among LGBT and intersex persons.

Autonomy

For Ainsworth’s four-feature model of attachment figures, dogs have two

salient features which are proximity maintenance and secure base (Kurdek, 2008). It

16
implied that the owners feel comfortable when the dog is present and it seems to

minimize any risks that would happen. And the owners greatly enjoy the physical

presence of their dogs. It seems that pets can really fill a specific role by providing a

relatively controllable sense of security and give owners some positive results. Pet

attachment provides manifest benefits to particular populations such as divorced and

widowed persons, childless couples and empty-nesters (Johnson et al., 1992; Zheng

et al., 2005).

In this element of eudaimonic well-being, ‘non-specific ownership routines’,

such as being a dog owner and being able to look after an animal were frequently

mentioned by owners as activities that make them feel more autonomous. For

example, participant 8, “As a pet parent I do feel protective of him and I have that

sense that I can go out and take care of him, so I feel independent.” (Barcelos, A.M.,

Kargas, N., Maltby, J. et al. 2020). Shared activities with the dog such as: running,

jogging, playing, hiking, and having the time to accompany has an impact on the

same sex pet parents to their autonomy over the pet, leaving them feeling

independent.

Wiggett-Barnard and Steel (2008) conducted a qualitative study in which they

interviewed six guide dog handlers in South America. The purpose of the study was

to find out the common benefits of working with a guide dog. One theme reported

was guide dogs provide companionship (Wiggett-Barnard & Steel, 2008). Many

participants reported that it was nice not to have to travel alone. It gave them comfort

to have someone with them at all times. When working with a guide dog, individuals

reported that they learned to be assertive, confident, and independent, even though

they were not that way before. These changes appeared to result from the new-found

freedom and the interactions with the public that were achieved through increased

access with the dog.

17
Environmental Mastery

According to the study of Amiot, Gagne and Batian (2022), In experiments,

hypertensive stockbrokers randomly allocated to the pet ownership condition

demonstrated, six months later, reduced elevations in blood pressure under a

stressful task compared to non-pet participants. And pet owners reported higher

aspirations and greater feelings of abilities and self-efficacy in achieving personal

objectives compared to those who were not in the presence of, or thinking about,

their pet. This was true whether their pet was made physically present or cognitively

present (i.e., recalled to memory).

According to EquallyWed (2013), there are five (5) reasons couples with pets

are likely to stay together.  Animals, specifically dogs and cats, are considered good

medicine, in a study(as cited in WebMD) 240 married couples found those who have

a pet had lower resting heart and blood pressure than those non pet owners; pets

create adoring owners, which shared interest and affection as a powerful toot; pets

turns owners to social animals, it tends to create more socialization between couples;

having pet requires a team effort, it tends to build improve couples ability to work

together and get along and; interacting with pets has a tangible effect on our mood

through the release of serotonin, a chemical found in the brain (as cited in

Relationship Playbook) that results to happiness of pet and the pet owner. 

Improvements in environmental mastery were associated with dog ownership

and looking after the animal on a regular basis, which is part of the theme

‘non-specific ownership routines. (Barcelos, A.M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J. et al. 2020).

Doing physical activities with pets like walking, providing for them– particularly

feeding them, or mainly just having the time to get together with them have

shown/were reported to increase the sense of environmental mastery of fur parents.

18
 Research shows that there are many short-term effects of pets on an

individual (McConnell et al., 2011; Wells, 2009). When a pet is present, data show

that stress levels go down (Wells, 2009). Research has shown that blood pressure

and heart rate go down when a person is stroking or petting a dog or cat, suggesting

that pets may mitigate the physiological effects of stress and anxiety (Wells, 2009).

There also appear to be a variety of long-term effects of pets on an

individual’s health. Research shows that pet owners are more likely to have fewer

doctor visits compared to non-pet owners (Wells, 2009). Pet owners are also less

likely to die within a year of having a heart attack. Individuals who own pets are less

likely to develop symptoms of depression after they are diagnosed with HIV (Wells,

2009). There are also studies and reports of dogs being able to detect epilepsy,

cancer, and diabetes (Wells, 2009).

Personal Growth

Supposed psychological benefits of owning a pet include better well-being, it

is proposed that pet owners suffer fewer episodes of depression (Francis, Turner &

Johnson, 1985), experience more happiness (Lago, Knight & Connell, 1983) and

enjoy life more (Francis et al., 1985). Levinson (1972) noted that pets are particularly

salubrious for individuals marginalized from society. Hence pets play a large role in

redeeming feelings of love and need, potentially restoring levels of self-esteem and

life satisfaction. In parts of the world where society is modernized and somewhat

individualized, pets can be a source of comfort to those who are alienated (Levinson,

1978). The mere presence of a pet can reduce psychological feelings of unhappiness

such as depression (Folseat al., 1994). This evidence suggests that the ownership of

pets can be greatly beneficial to one’s physical and psychological health.

19
 Pet owners enjoyed the well-being benefits from pet ownership such as

greater self-esteem, greater level of exercise and physical fitness, and they tended to

be less lonely compared to nonowners (McConell A., Brown C.M., Shoda T. M.,

Stayton L. E., and Martin C. E., 2011, p. 1243). In addition, the findings of the study

found that pets have the ability to provide social support for their owners, thus, the

pet owners were induced to experience feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Regardless of the type of pet, the psychological benefits of having a pet are

noticeable. Straede and Gates (1993) studied the psychological well-being of cat

owners and non-pet owners and found that cat owners had lower levels of mental

health problems. The study showed acquisition of, and later attachment to, the pet

contributed to general mental health. While pets make little contribution to the

owner’s economic status, they provide benefits in terms of physiological and

psychological well-being.

In terms of social bonding, pets and their humans often understand each

other in critical situations. Dogs and cats can sense when their owners are sad or

angry and people can understand when their pet feels distress or hunger (Ariel,

2015). Pets become an essential and constant part of every fur parent’s life. Whilst

the owner is not in a good situation in life, their pets are to the rescue to make them

feel fine at a certain point of time. In the company of other things, there is no denying

that pets are a source of every fur parent’s joy, comfort, home, peace,

companionship, unconditional love, fun, and a key factor to alleviate or someone

whom they could turn to when they are in distress.

Pets are a source of social and emotional support to same-sex couples as

they can: transmit feelings of attachment, safety, and protection; facilitate social

interactions between individuals; improve trust and positive emotions; enhance

20
well-being, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction, and reduce stress

(Silva A. 2022). Animals provide “one highly reliable association in a person’s life…

more consistent and reliable than human–human” and hold a “relationship of

mutualism” with their owners; i.e., pet owners believe they not only give but receive,

love and affection from their animals. Indeed, pets can create connections through

their vivacity and ability to interact with humans, because they are sensitive to the

feelings of their owners.

Personal growth was reported as a sense of self-achievement in particular

aspects of the owner’s life (or life as a whole) (Barcelos, A.M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J.

et al. 2020). The things that contributed the most to the well-being of a same sex

couple fur parent was being the owner, and being able to take the responsibility to

take care of a pet.

Positive Relations with Others

Pets appear to have a positive impact on their owners for a number of

reasons. Some are a source of love, affection and companionship (Cusack, 1988).

Other pets promote social relationships among people whether they are in an

institutional setting or simply strangers on the street. The pet acts as an icebreaker,

thus facilitating social interaction among people (Cusack, 1988). Finally, some

studies suggest that pets assist in promoting positive family interactions. Allen (1998)

noted that couples with pets report greater closeness and satisfaction in marriage as

compared to non-pet owners.

Animals share many characteristics with humans and are often thus

anthropomorphized and become social targets or objects for social interaction

(Sevillano & Fiske, 2016). Relationships can incorporate any positive social

21
interaction that makes a person believe that he or she is loved and esteemed, and

part of a network of mutual obligations. The pet accomplishes this role by making its

owner feel loved, held in high esteem and necessary to fulfill their needs.

The pet provides companionship at a time when the owner is experiencing

change in employment, health, income, family and friends. As a social catalyst the

pet assists in social integration helping him to socialize within the neighborhood and

form new group memberships (formal and informal).

Research published by the American Psychological Association found that

pet owners can be just as close to some of the people in their lives as to their pets

(Ariel, C. 2015). This research proves that pets owned by fur parents (same sex

couples) are not just a mere animal or pet to them, but a part of the family. This is

because the bond can be so vital in the attachment of same sex couples to the pet,

giving them the feeling of satisfaction to be a parent.

Ariel, C. (2015) added to her statement that “Pet ownership is beneficial both

physically and emotionally to owners.” which means, pets can also have a significant

positive role in the physical and emotional health of a same sex couple who is a fur

parent.

Dog owners reported changes in their social relations and empathy for others.

Increases were attributed to having more interactions with other people, especially

when out with the dog, and explicitly meeting other dog lovers on purpose. (Barcelos,

A.M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J. et al. 2020). Several owners stated that simply having a

dog was beneficial to their social relations making them more empathetic, and kind to

others.

22
 Owning a pet requires huge responsibility and commitment. Before having

one, a person must make sure that he is willing to sacrifice time and supply the

needed love for the pet. Past writings propose that people who are lonely often seek

a dog‟s companionship (Veronese et al., 2020). For a very long time, others believed

that people who adopt pets are most likely to be lonely and alone. They tend to seek

companionship from dogs and other types of pets. It is also said that they chose pets

over people because they have trouble connecting with creatures of their own kind.

According to Smolkovic et al., (2012), pet ownership provides a

non-pressuring type of companionship because it doesn‟t demand too much effort

instead; it gives intrinsic and self- satisfying rewards. Researchers have made

continuous efforts to study that pet ownership could possibly have positive effects on

the physical and mental health of humans. (Beetz et al., 2012; Cherniack & 

Cherniack, 2014). According to the national survey of adults in the United States, pet

owners pointed out that “companionship, love, company and affection” are the

favorable benefits of pet ownership (Jacobson & Chang, 2018). 

As Needell & Mehta-Naik (2016) stated, pet ownership helps socially isolated

individuals to be trained on interacting and building relationships and eventually

teaches them to communicate with humans in the next period of time. Cloutier (2016)

also supported the article and said, owning pets, particularly dogs have been

associated with having a more social life in a way that the presence of a dog gives

more friendly acknowledgements and conversations among strangers.

Despite the aid that pets could give, disadvantages are still present especially

with older people who suffer from the worst physical and mental illness. Owning a pet

could bring burden to them because it will add on the things that they have to do and

maintain aside from their own condition. Attachment and the death of a pet could also

23
contribute to worsening the health of the elderly (Needell & Mehta-Naik, 2016). It was

also proved that although pets could make an older patient’s condition better, the

attachment of these owners could affect their health tremendously when the death of

their pet happens. That is why before allowing the elderly to be pet owners;

caregivers or nurses must weigh and observe whether the patient is capable of

taking care of the pet and himself to avoid the burden of ownership. It was also

suggested that to avoid attachments and the idea of losing a pet, animal-assisted

therapies are more convenient because it doesn’t require responsibility from elderly

people to build a bond between pets.

The Purpose in Life

In human-pet relationships, research proposes that there are benefits in

psychological, physical, and social well-being of same-sex couples. There is a

hypothesis that interpersonal relationships can be synonymous between animal and

human bond, and suggests that pets and humans are notable in attachment figures

for each other (Smolvic, et al., 2012), Some individuals decide to adopt or own

animals to satisfy their social needs. Pets don’t have the ability to judge people so

they classify as the best or better companion than having kids around and animals

can have unconditional attachment toward their owners. 

Cabonce A.B.L et al. study (as cited in Steiner et al., 2013; Volsche & Gary,

2016; Volsche,2018), identified a unique childfree lifestyle that takes place through

pet parenting. It is a human-pet relationship that has been integrated by some into

parenting strategies. Furthermore, these childfree couples include homosexual

couples who considered their pets as their family but not a substitute as their child.

24
 Most of the animals we keep as pets are social creatures. Some, like dogs,

have evolved to form strong emotional bonds with their human owners (Rossi, B.

2020). When animals and humans unite, a good relationship is formed. For some,

animals help them for their living, but for same sex couples, pets have been a child to

their lives fulfilling their sense of being.

Having a dog, looking after the animal and having a routine because of the

dogs’ needs were associated with improvements in their purpose in life. Additionally,

exercising with the dog, primarily through walks, increased this element as well, as

did some non-specific activities; for example, participant 23: Because I got a dog I

got quite a good routine now. I need to make sure she walks, she is fed, all the needs

are met, so that gives me purpose in life. (Barcelos, A.M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J. et al.

2020). For instance, like in the experience of participant 23, even same sex fur

parents who cannot find their purpose in life can find it in adopting a pet and making

it their own child.

According to Walsh (2009), there are many therapeutic benefits to pets. First,

pets can aid in helping with recovery, coping, and resilience. Pets can also help in

keeping things calm and stable in stressful situations (Walsh, 2009). Additionally,

pets are a source of comfort to individuals who have had a death in the family

(Walsh, 2009). The psychological effects are just as great as the therapeutic effects.

Research also shows that pets play an important role in the family system

(Walsh, 2009). Having a pet can help with communication. Taking care of a pet is

important for the pet to be healthy and happy. Figuring out walking and feeding

schedules between individuals can help make communication easier (Walsh, 2009).

Research also shows that couples who have pets are happier with their relationship

compared to couples who do not have a pet (Walsh, 2009).

25
Self-Acceptance 

Self-acceptance involves a realistic, personal awareness of one's strengths

and weaknesses (Bernard, 2013). He observes that self-acceptance can be a

catalyst for alleviation of emotional misery, as well as an energizer supporting growth

towards happiness and fulfillment.  Self-acceptance is recognized in diverse schools

of Christian and Eastern theology as well as in various schools of counseling and

psychotherapy (e.g., Humanistic, Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy, Cognitive

Behavior Therapy, Acceptance Commitment Therapy) as a major contributor to

mental health, life satisfaction and wellness.

Self-acceptance included owners’ self-esteem and acceptance of their good

and bad qualities. This element improved through the simple fact of having a dog and

being able to look after the animal successfully, as well as due to activities shared

with the dog in the house, particularly being greeted by the dog (Barcelos, A.M.,

Kargas, N., Maltby, J. et al. 2020). At times, one of the same sex couples are having

quite some hard time knowing themselves and accepting who they are, whenever

this happens, pets feel what their owners feel. Thus, being licked, being cuddled,

greeted [by dog] helps with self-esteem and self-acceptance because the same sex

fur parents can feel that they are loved, like when they feel sad, they pick up on that

and they [pet/s] try to cheer them up, it helps them accept who they are.

26
Synthesis

The studies and literature that the researchers provide are helpful tools to

accomplish the study. The literature and study of both foreign and local that the

researchers gathered is somehow connected to each other and is very helpful in

solving the problem of this research, and that is to determine the effects of safe

space along with pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex

couples with pets in Cavite.

Overall, being pet owners requires willingness to commit and act as parents

to sustain the needs of the pet adopted. It is a huge responsibility to take care of

another living creature aside from yourself. A person’s psychological well-being could

be damaged by adjusting into a new place, environment and other stressors. 

Most studies and research mentioned above proved that pet owners’ mental

health becomes more stable due to the sense of fulfillment & satisfaction given by

their own pets. Little or less human support does not matter and has no effect on

their mental health. On the other hand, some studies still show that there is no direct

relationship from being a pet owner, the fulfillment & satisfaction that they receive

from humans and the decreased chance of having mental illnesses. Because of that,

the researchers aim to know if the given variables correlate with each other. 

In terms of gender and population, a source at the Cavite Population

Commission office surmised that there are about 400,000 LGBTs out of the

province’s estimated population of 4.3 million. Cavite is known to have the biggest

LGBT population in Luzon, being the most populous province in the area. 

27
 In the recent literature study in LGBT’s psychological well-being, it is stated

that Increases in anxiety and mental health issues have been shown to be more

common in LGBT youths when compared to heterosexual cisgender youths.

Numerous individuals inside the LGBT community have been subjected to

discrimination and profound judgment leading them to feel anxious which affects their

overall psychological well-being. If a person is sad, the entire well-being of it can be

affected.

Published literature showed higher rates of mental health symptoms in LGBT

university students when compared to heterosexual cisgendered students. LGBT

university students are more likely to suffer from bullying and to leave school at an

early age, and less likely to have support at their schools. This implies that some

other schools are not still open in accommodating LGBT students. Due to this

unwelcoming behavior of schools, bullying began to be rampant leaving the students

belonging to LGBT feel anxious and leave the school early.

In terms of autonomy, in the recent literature study of Ainsworth’s four-feature

model of attachment figures, dogs have two salient features which are proximity

maintenance and secure base. It implied that the owners feel comfortable when the

dog is present and it seems to minimize any risks that would happen. And the owners

greatly enjoy the physical presence of their dogs. Pets really play a vital role when it

comes to providing a relatively controllable sense of security and give owners some

positive results.

According to the study of Amiot, Gagne and Batian (2022), In experiments,

hypertensive stockbrokers randomly allocated to the pet ownership condition

demonstrated, six months later, reduced elevations in blood pressure under a

stressful task compared to non-pet participants. Therefore, this study implied that if

28
an owner has a good psychological well-being, a better physical health can be

obtained.

Improvements in environmental mastery were associated with dog ownership

and looking after the animal on a regular basis, which is part of the theme

‘non-specific ownership routines. Doing physical activities with pets like walking,

providing for them– particularly feeding them, or mainly just having the time to get

together with them have shown/were reported to increase the sense of environmental

mastery of fur parents.

Personal growth as well is a part of once psychological well-being and pets

play a special role in it particularly to LGBT people. Pets play a large role in

redeeming feelings of love and need, potentially restoring levels of self-esteem and

life satisfaction. In parts of the world where society is modernized and somewhat

individualized, pets can be a source of comfort to those who are alienated. The mere

presence of their pet can alleviate their feeling of anxiety, profound sadness,

loneliness, dissatisfaction in life due to the fact that pets have the ability to provide

social and emotional support for their owners.

According to the literature study of Ariel in 2015, In terms of social bonding,

pets and their humans often understand each other in critical situations. Dogs and

cats can sense when their owners are sad or angry and people can understand when

their pet feels distress or hunger. Owners and pets always share a mutual feeling of

love. There is no denying that pets are a source of every fur parent’s joy, comfort,

home, peace, companionship, unconditional love, fun, and a key factor to alleviate or

someone whom they could turn to when they are in distress.

29
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology about the Effects of Pets on

the Level of Psychological Well-Being of Same-sex Couples, which includes the

research design, sources of data, methods, and procedures used in conducting the

study. It also includes the sampling technique, research instrument, and data

analysis that provide vital information to the study.

Research Design

This research utilized a quantitative method, specifically a quasi-experimental

research design, to determine the effects of safe space along with pets program on

the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets residing in the

Province of Cavite.

Quantitative research, as defined by Bhandari (2021), is the process of

gathering and analyzing quantifiable data. Numerical data is collected via

questionnaires, surveys, or pre-existing statistical data and is then generalized

across various groups of people to explain phenomena. As the name implies, a

quasi-experimental research design employs nonexperimental (or

non-researcher-induced) variation in the primary independent variable of interest,

emulating experimental conditions in which some subjects are randomly exposed to

treatment while others are not. As such, the researchers will use a pretest and

posttest design in which the dependent variable is measured once before the

treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented. 

30
Sources of Data

This study will be conducted at Cavite during the Academic Year 2022 – 2023

by researchers from Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Cavite State

University-Imus Campus.

   There will be two (2) sources of data collection techniques:

1. Primary data to be gathered through questionnaire results.

2. Secondary data to be collected from articles, internet databases, journals,

magazines, newspapers, and published books.

This data gathering or collecting will provide the researchers useful findings to

serve as a strong basis in treating and confirming their claims. The researchers will

use various data sources to gather information and prove their assumptions and

hypotheses.

Respondents of the Study 

The researchers employed cluster sampling for this study. Cluster sampling is

a method that consists of groups or clusters in the population that serves as an

individual that represents the total population that relates to the characteristics that

the researchers are aiming to measure (Ochoa, 2017). The researchers utilized this

sampling since the participants were chosen to represent the whole population of

Cavite who are and are not pet owners. The whole population cannot be fully

accessed by the researchers due to the huge number of participants. That is why the

researchers decided to settle on a geographically convenient cluster to represent the

31
whole population. 

The participants that were engaged in this study were same-sex couples from

the province of Cavite. Cavite province has diverse people, with diverse perceptions

and diverse preferences on how they will carry their lives– whether being a fur parent

or not. Specifically, in his study, some same-sex couples prefer to have their own pet,

and some do not. In this experiment, thirty (16) couples (32 individuals) of Cavite pet

owners or not, were chosen to participate in order to determine the effect of safe

space along with pets program on same-sex couples in terms of psychological

well-being, in which the participants will be divided into two groups: 1. the control,

and 2. experimental group. The researchers made sure that each individual was not

forced to participate. The researchers asked permission first if a certain couple is

willing to engage in the study and gave them a choice about whether to join or not to

join in the study.

Due to the ongoing pandemic's constraints, the experiment was conducted

online to make sure that the participant’s and researcher’s safety were the top priority

and will not get compromised while conducting the experiment. The researchers

conducted the study using online platforms such as Google Forms and Messenger

from Facebook for fast and direct dissemination of the survey questionnaires. The

participants were divided into two (2) groups: the first, also known as the

experimental group, will be subjected to the experiment; the second, also known as

the control group, will not be subjected to the experiment but will complete the pretest

and posttest. 

32
Sampling Technique 

In this study, the researchers utilized a purposive sampling technique and

snowball sampling technique. In purposive sampling technique, to get the sample

from the population also known as selective, biased and judgment. Purposive

sampling will be used by the researchers because they want to easily access a

specific subset of people. Researchers set a criteria to find for the specific

participants in the study. These criterias were gender and pets. Gender was the

major basis of respondents while pets were the basis of two groups; the controlled

group and experimental group.

On the other hand, snowball sampling technique researchers will use a lot

less time and money by using this technique. The researchers can request a referral

from other participants or through friends and acquaintances. Both purposive and

quota sampling technique is a type of non-probability sampling applied when

participants are selected based on the researcher’s criteria and judgment such as

same-sex couple that self-proclaimed with or without pet/s owners and have strong

companionship in animals. The 8 couples (32 individuals) were selected to provide

vital information that would enable the researcher to distinguish whether the

respondent’s own animals or not. The study focused on an experimental group who

undertook intervention.

Research Instrument

The study aims to determine whether there is a significant difference between

pretest and posttest mean scores of same sex couples with pets in psychological

well-being as well as to identify if there is also a significant difference between

pretest and posttest mean scores of same sex couples without pets in psychological

33
well-being. To answer the problems presented in Chapter 1, the following instrument

were administered:

Ryff’s Psychological Well Being (RPWB) Scale. The study employed an

instrument Psychological Well Being (PWB) Scale. Carol D. Ryff developed the

Psychological Well Being Scale. It measures six aspects of life satisfaction such as

autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others,

purpose in life, and self-acceptance. 

Administration. The 42-item PWB Scale questionnaire with 6-point likert

scale ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree) as the degree of

agreement which will be administered through online via google survey forms. There

are seven items for each of the following aspects of life satisfaction: autonomy,

environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life

and self-acceptance. Which helps to determine the effect of safe space along with a

pets program towards the psychological well-being of same sex couples with pets.

The participants will only take the questionnaire for 6-10 minutes approximately.

Interpretation. The high score indicated that pets had positive effects on the

psychological well-being of the respondents. In defiance of the low score, pets had

negative effects or none at all to the same-sex couples. 

Autonomy 

When a respondent had a high score meaning that pets can cause the pet

owner to possess self-determination and independence; is able to fend off social

influences to think and act in particular ways; controls conduct internally; and

assesses oneself in accordance with personal standards. Conversely, when a person

34
got a low score, pets don’t have positive effect to the respondents, since they were

worried about what people will think of them and how they will judge them; they rely

on other people's opinions to help them make critical decisions; and they give in to

social pressure to act and think a certain way.

Environmental mastery

A pet owner had a high score when he/she possesses a sense of expertise

and mastery in controlling the environment; manages a variety of extracurricular

activities; makes good use of available possibilities; is able to select or create

circumstances that are appropriate for individual needs and ideals with the help of

their pets, but when they got a low score, a respondent has trouble handling daily

tasks; feels powerless to alter or better the environment; is oblivious of nearby

opportunities; and lacks a sense of control over the outside world.

Personal growth

A respondent got a high score when they possess a sense of ongoing

development, sees oneself as expanding and growing, is receptive to new

experiences, feels as though one is living up to one's potential, observes gradual

improvement in oneself and behavior, and is changing in ways that reflect increased

self-awareness and effectiveness because of their pets. A low score showed that

same-sex couples have a sense of personal stagnation; does not feel as though they

are growing or expanding over time; finds life boring and uninteresting; and finds it

difficult to adopt new attitudes or habits.

35
Positive relations with other

Due to the fact that pets have a positive impact on the owner, he/she has

relationships with others that are warm, fulfilling, and trusting; cares about others'

well-being; is able to be very affectionate and intimate with others; and understands

the give-and-take nature of interpersonal interactions. Pets didn’t have any effect on

the respondent when they got low score, since they were lonely and frustrated in

interpersonal connections; has few close, trusting relationships with others; finds it

difficult to be warm, open, and concerned about others; is unwilling to make

concessions to maintain significant relationships with others.

Purpose in life

Pets have a positive effect on their owner, they possess a sense of direction

and goals in life, believe that one's present and past experiences have meaning, and

have goals and purposes for living. When a respondent got a low score, he/she has

few goals or aims, no sense of direction, and no feeling of the meaning of life.

Self-acceptance

High scores showed that through pets, the same-sex couples had an

optimistic outlook on life; recognize and accept many parts of positive feelings

regarding former lives; awareness of both good and unpleasant aspects of oneself. In

low scores, the pet owners were disappointed in the events of the past life; unhappy

with oneself; uncomfortable about particular personal traits; yearns to be someone

other than who they are.

36
Validity 

The Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale validity based on Cronbach's

alpha was .83 for autonomy, .86 for environmental mastery, .70 for personal growth,

.88 for positive relations with others, 88 for purpose in life, .91 for self-acceptance.

Principal component analysis demonstrated one component for each dimension

(McEntee et al., 2013)

Reliability.

This scale has been utilized in several researches on psychological

well-being and has been found to have a good reliability.

The internal consistency coefficients were quite high ranging from 0.83 to

0.93 and the test-retest reliability coefficients for a subsample of the participants over

six-week period were also high 0.81 - 0.88(Springer & Hauser, 2011).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers conducted a survey in the province of Cavite to know how

pets affect same-sex couples' level of psychological well-being. The researchers

utilized the psychological well-being scale to collate facts about same-sex couples'

level of psychological well-being by being pet owners. In collected data, the

researchers decided who would be the qualified respondents for this study. Due to

the huge population of the province, the researchers decided to choose a sample

subset of the population that represents the whole population and a convenient

schedule that matches the decided time for conducting a survey.

37
 The gathering of data will take place in one locale, Province of Cavite, by

using purposive sampling and non-random assignment to the selected same-sex

couples, with two groups; experimental and control groups. Then, the researchers

proceeded to discuss the consent paper, which includes the ethical guidelines,

privacy, and confidentiality. In collecting data, the standardized instrument that the

researcher used was Psychological well-being scale (PWB) developed by Ryff, to

measure stress among university students and will be used in this study to obtain

data that will serve as the initial level scores of the study participants. The reliability

and validity of the study were already carried out by the developers and passed

through experts. The validity value of the inventory varied between 0.87 and 0.96,

while its reliability coefficients ranged between 0.78 and 0.97, as a total

representation of 42 items (Akin, 2008). The intervention program was applied to

participants in the experimental group, while the control group was not exposed to it

and will continue their daily routine. After the intervention process, both groups

underwent the post-assessment test using the same standardized instrumentation,

and the scores obtained will serve for their attainment level.

After collecting the data, the researcher proceeds to analyze the data

obtained to get the result of the experiment. The researchers will analyze the results

and figure out if there is a significant difference between same-sex couples with pets

and same-sex couples without pets. The outcome will be the basis for the research

topic. Anyone who participated in the study will be guaranteed that their answers are

confidential and will be between the researchers and the respondents only. Although

there are risks for some of the respondents, such as having to open up about the

effects of safe space along with pets on their psychological well-being, and being

vulnerable when stating their emotions. These factors might affect one's mental state,

but rest assured that once they are not comfortable with the question, they may skip

it and proceed with the other questions or completely stop answering the survey. The

38
researchers will fully accept and respect each of the respondents' decisions if these

circumstances occur. After the research is published or signed by the panelists,

respondents may request a copy. Furthermore, with the presence of the resulting

data, the researchers then interpret and form conclusions.

The chart below shows the following stages of how researchers gather the

data according to the purpose and objectives of the study.

Flowchart 2. Data to be gathered 

The table shows the gathering of data in the study.

39
Statistical Treatment of Data

Data gathered by the researchers were compiled, organized, and tabulated.

The data were subjected to statistical treatment in order to answer the questions

proposed in the study.

Mean. The most essential concept in mathematics and statistics (CFI Team,

2022). In this study, it was used to determine the general average score of the

answers acquired through the use of the said instruments of this research. Used to

determine and compare the general relationship of the variables.

∑𝑋
Formula:  μ = 𝑁

Where: x = the sum of all the terms

N = the number of all terms

Frequency. The number by which a specific phenomenon occurred. In this

study, the frequency distribution was used to determine the number of participants

which belong to a specific type in demographic profile and number of scores sought

in the study.

1
Formula: 𝑓= 𝑇

Where: ƒ= frequency

𝑇 = period

40
 Percentage. A number represented as a fraction of 100. In this study, the

frequency was used to determine the equivalent percentage of the number of

participants in each sub-variable.

𝑥
Formula: 𝑝= 𝑦
∙100

Where: f = frequency

N = the number of all terms

Dependent T-test. Determines if the average difference between paired or

matched data deviates significantly from zero (DOF Freedom, 2011). The formula

was used to determine the changes of the experimental groups during the period of

intervention and the controlled group during the time of the administration of pretest

to posttest.

𝑥−µ0
Formula: 𝑡=
𝑠/ 𝑛

Where: x= sample mean

0= null hypothesis

S = standard deviation

N = Sample Size

Independent T-test. This formula was used to know if the two groups were

not statistically related. Used to determine whether the intervention was effective to

the experimental group in contrast to the controlled group. 

𝑥1−𝑥2
Formula: 𝑡= 2 2
𝑆1 𝑆
𝑁1
+ 𝑁2
2

41
Where: 𝑥1= Mean of 1st sample 

𝑥2= = Mean of 2nd sample 

𝑛1= Sample size of the 1st sample 

𝑛2= Sample size of the 2nd sample 

s₁ = Standard deviation of the first sample 

s₂ = Standard deviation of the second sample 

Ethical Considerations

The experiment will test the selected same-sex couples from the province of

Cavite with regards to the effects of pets in same-sex couples in terms of

psychological well-being. As such, the researchers will ensure that the ethical

considerations referred by the University guidelines will be followed thoroughly. 

Rights and Dignity of Participants. The researchers will consider and

respect the participant’s rights and not compromise their dignity on any part of the

research study especially in the data gathering procedure, and results and

discussion. Also, the researchers will protect and promote the participants’ welfare

and be responsive to their non-verbal indications. 

Informed Consent to Research. The respondents will be given informed

consent before they participate in the study. The researchers will guarantee that the

content of the informed consent was understood before proceeding to the questions.

The consent consists of the description and purpose of the research, the benefits of

the respondents, the rights that they should be aware of while participating in the

study such as the right to decline and withdraw, and the confidentiality and integrity of

the data that will be gathered. 

42
 Voluntary Participation. The researchers will provide consent to the

participants of the study and must be aware that their participation in the study is

voluntary, they have the freedom to withdraw from the study at any time without any

unfavorable consequences, and they will not be harmed as a result of their

participation or non-participation in the research.

Plagiarism. The researchers will give credit to the secondary sources of the

data that this research used and include citations of every secondary source that the

researchers utilized located in the references part of the study. The researchers will

not present any part of others’ work as their own. 

The confidentiality of the participants' responses is guaranteed, and it was

strictly between the researchers and the participants. Although there are risks for

some of the respondents, such as their mental state during the tests and the feeling

of being pressured because the researchers are monitoring them online. These

factors may have an impact on the participants' performance, but rest assured that if

they become uncomfortable with the study, they have the option to withdraw from it. If

these 26 circumstances occur, the researchers will fully accept and respect each

participant's decision. 

Debriefing. Participants who agreed to participate, including those who

refused to be included at the last minute, and those who did not respond, will receive

a small token of appreciation. This is for devoting some time to research and

assisting the researchers in carrying out the experiment.

43
 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter includes the answers to the research questions from the data

gathered using the pretest and posttest given to the participants. These data are

presented, analyzed and interpreted in order to present a clear solution and better

understanding of the results.

Table 1.1. Demographic profile of respondents’ in terms of gender.

Gender Frequency Percentage

Lesbian 2 6.25%

Gay 8 25%

Bisexual 15 46.85%

Transgender 0 0

Other 7 21.9%

TOTAL 32 100%

The data on table 1 shows the frequency of the same-sex respondents who

participated in the study. The gender range started from the lesbian, gay, bisexual,

transgender, other, in which majority are bisexual. The gender with the least

participant present is lesbian. The gender with no respondents is transgender. 

According to table 1, the group of Lesbian has a frequency of 2 with a

percentage of 6.25%. The of Gay has the frequency of 8 with a percentage 25%. The

Bisexual’s group has the frequency of 15 with the percentage of 46.85%. The group

44
of transgender has 0 frequency with the percentage of 0%. Other groups have the

frequency of 7 with 21.9%. The participants have a total number of 32 and a

percentage of 100%

Table 1.2. Demographic profile of respondents’ who have pet/s.

Have pet/s Frequency Percentage

Yes 16 50%

No 16 50%

TOTAL 32 100%

The data shows 16 of the respondents have pets, with 50%, while the total of

the respondents who don't have pets are 16 with a percentage of 50%. Both the

participants of the controlled and experimental group had 16 participants each

leading to have a total number of 32 (participants) and a percentage of 100%.

45
Table 2.1. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being in terms of autonomy.

The data shows that in the control group, there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5% average psychological

well-being, and 6 respondents with 37.5% high psychological well-being in terms of

autonomy, while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 9 respondents with 56.25% average psychological

well-being, and 7 respondents with 43.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

autonomy.

46
 Autonomy is the capacity of the agent to act in accordance with objective

morality rather than high scorer, is self-determining and independent, able to resist

social pressures to think and act in certain ways, regulates behavior from within,

evaluates self by personal standard. Majority of the respondents in the control and

experimental group got an average level of autonomy. Average scorers know the

expectation and evaluation of others but they have control over their life, they ask for

the opinion or judgment of others but still they are the one to make the important

decisions. On the other hand, a low scorer is concerned about the expectation and

evaluation of others, relies on judgements of others to make important decisions, and

conforms to social pressures to think and act in certain ways.

Since the majority of the respondents are average scores it reflects average

levels of autonomy. Studies by De-Juanas et al. (2020) and Romero et al. (2013)

correlated psychological well-being with perceived autonomy, taking into account two

dimensions of the latter: choice and volitional intention. Both studies found that the

greater the perceived autonomy, the greater the level of well-being, with the

exception of the volitional dimension of autonomy. In turn, other studies also coincide

with our study by determining that increased levels of autonomy are associated with

higher levels of well-being (Ratelle et al., 2013; Weiting, 2014; De Leersnyder and

Kim, 2015).

This may imply that most of the respondents who fall under a high level of

autonomy were more likely to be independent, self-reliant, can think for themselves,

do not have a strong need to conform, and do not worry too much about what others

think about them. In contrast, respondents who fall under low autonomy feel

dependent on others, are constantly worried about the opinions of others, are always

looking to others for guidance, and feel strong pressures to conform to other’s

desires.

47
Table 2.2. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being in terms of environmental

mastery.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 11 respondents with 68.75% average psychological

well-being, and 5 respondents with 31.25% high psychological well-being in terms of

environmental mastery, while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with

low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of

environmental mastery.

48
 Environmental mastery emphasizes the ability to choose or change the

surrounding context using physical or mental actions as well as being able to control

events (Ryff, 1989). Moreover, according to Perlin et al., 2007, the construct of

mastery has considerable overlap with that of sense of control. Some have noted that

mastery refers to management of the particular circumstances of the individual’s life

rather than having a more generalized sense of personal control.

Most of the respondents in the controlled and experimental group got an

average level of Environmental Mastery which indicates that these participants (the

controlled and experimental group) have the ability to control their external

environment however their capability will not fall in high and low control towards

environmental mastery. Average scorers: are aware of how they are going to act

according to their external environment without being too superior about their actions.

On the other hand, low scorers: have difficulty managing everyday affairs; feel unable

to change or improve surrounding context; are unaware of surrounding opportunities;

and lack a sense of control over the external world. Meanwhile, high scorer: has a

sense of mastery and competence in managing the environment; controls a complex

array of external activities; makes effective use of surrounding opportunities; able to

choose or create contexts suitable to personal needs and values.

49
Table 2.3. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being in terms of personal growth.

The data shows that in the control group there are 1 respondent with 6.25%

low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

personal growth, while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of

personal growth.

50
 Personal growth is the result of the continual efforts to improve ourselves,

intellectually, morally, and physically. People who commit to personal growth tend to

have a better relationship with others and are generally happier. Personal growth was

reported as a sense of self-achievement in particular aspects of the owner’s life (or

life as a whole) (Barcelos, A.M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J. et al. 2020). The things that

contributed the most to the well-being of a same sex couple fur parent was being the

owner, and being able to take the responsibility to take care of a pet.

Majority of the respondents from the control and experimental group got an

average score that reflects their average personal growth in life. Respondents who

got high scores have a feeling of continued development, sees self as growing and

expanding, open to new experiences, has a sense of realizing his or her potential,

and sees improvement in self and behavior over time. On the other hand,

Respondents who got low scores have a sense of personal stagnation, lack a sense

of improvement and expansion over time, and feel bored and uninterested with life.

51
Table 2.4. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being in terms of positive relationship

with others.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 13 respondents with 81.25% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

positive relationship with others, while in the experimental group there are 0

respondents with low psychological well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5% average

psychological well-being, and 6 respondents with 37.5% high psychological

well-being in terms of positive relationship with others.

52
 Majority of the respondents from the control and experimental group got an

average level of positive relations to others, that reflect their positive relations with

others. Strong positive relations with each other include the good relationships

people build with others. They have respect and trust. companionship and shared

activities. Weak relations have a few close relationships, trusting relationships with

others find it difficult to be warm, open, and concerned about others, are isolated and

frustrated in interpersonal relationships. According to Andrei, L (2022) on their

analysis, it revealed that pet owners’ average happiness score among pet owners

was 59.3, compared to 36.8 in people without pets.

This may imply that most of the respondents who fall under a high level of

positive relations with others were more likely to be warm, satisfying, trusting

relationships, are concerned about the welfare of others, and are capable of strong

empathy and affection.

53
Table 2.5. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being in terms of purpose in life.

The data shows that in the control group there are 1 respondent with 6.25%

low psychological well-being, 14 respondents with 87.5% average psychological

well-being, and 1 respondents with 6.25% high psychological well-being in terms of

purpose in life, while in the experimental group there are 1 respondents with 6.25%

low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

purpose in life.

Purpose in life is the tendency to derive meaning from life's experiences and

possess a sense of intentionality and goal directedness that guides behavior.

54
Purpose in life consists of the central motivating aims of your life—the reasons you

get up in the morning. Purpose can guide life decisions, influence behavior, shape

goals, offer a sense of direction, and create meaning. For some people, purpose is

connected to vocation—meaning, satisfying work.

Majority of the respondents in the controlled and experimental group got an

average level of Purpose in Life which indicates that they have meaning or purpose

in life however their capability will not fall in high and low control towards purpose in

life. Average scorers want to achieve a goal that is both personally meaningful and

makes a positive mark on the world. On the other hand, high scorers have long-term

goals in life and a sense of directness, feel there is meaning to present and past life,

hold beliefs that give life purpose, and have aims and objectives for living.

Meanwhile, low scorers lack a sense of meaning in life, have few goals or aims, lack

a sense of direction, do not see purpose of past life, have no outlook or beliefs that

give life meaning. 

According to Morin (2022) living a life with meaning and purpose is key to

improving your psychological well-being. Your purpose doesn’t necessarily have to

involve changing the world or finding a career devoted to helping others though.

Instead, you might make it your purpose to be kind every day. Or, your purpose might

involve making the world better by encouraging others to take care of the

environment or adopt pets from the shelter.

This may imply that individuals with an average sense of purpose believe that

their lives have meaning, work to improve the world, accomplish a goal that is

personally meaningful and positively impacts the world, and frequently feel

connected to ideas or social movements that are more important than themselves.

These people seem to understand what their lives are all about. People who lack this

55
quality frequently wonder if there is a greater purpose to life, don't believe their lives

make sense, and give life no greater meaning or worth than fulfilling a series of tasks.

Table 2.6. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being in terms of self-acceptance.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 13 respondents with 81.25% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance, while in the experimental group there are 2 respondents with 12.5%

low psychological well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5% average psychological

well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance.

56
 Self-acceptance is exactly what its name suggests: the state of complete

acceptance of oneself. True self-acceptance is embracing who you are, without any

qualifications, conditions, or exceptions (Seltzer, 2008). This definition emphasizes

the importance of accepting all facets of the self. It’s not enough to simply embrace

the good, valuable, or positive about yourself; to embody true self-acceptance, you

must also embrace the less desirable, the negative, and the ugly parts of yourself.

The data presented above tells that most of the participants in experimental

(with pets) and controlled group (without pets) scored average relating to their

self-acceptance level which indicates that these people have their sense of

self-acceptance, however their scores will not fit in high and low. Average scorers:

are aware of who and what they are. This non-judgmental awareness can not only

allow them to practice seeing themselves without heaping on blame, guilt, and

self-doubt, it can also help them train their brain to respond differently to anxiety and

stress. High scorer: Possesses a positive attitude toward the self; acknowledges and

accepts multiple aspects of self, including good and bad qualities; feels positive

about past life. Low scorer: Feels dissatisfied with self; is disappointed with what has

occurred with past life; is troubled about certain personal qualities; wishes to be

different than what he or she is. Research suggests that a regular mindfulness

meditation or loving-kindness meditation (or mindful self-compassion) practice can

aid you in building self-acceptance through influencing the emotion-processing

portions of your brain and perhaps through increasing the overall connectivity

throughout your brain (Pillay, 2016).

57
Table 3.1. Frequency and Percentage of posttest mean score of control and

experimental group in psychological well-being in terms of autonomy.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 13 respondents with 81.25% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

autonomy, while in the experimental group there are 2 respondents with 12.5% low

psychological well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5% average psychological

well-being, and 6 respondents with 37.5% high psychological well-being in terms of

autonomy.

58
 Autonomy is the capacity of the agent to act in accordance with objective

morality rather than high scorer, is self-determining and independent, able to resist

social pressures to think and act in certain ways, regulates behavior from within,

evaluates self by personal standard. Majority of the respondents in the control and

experimental group got an average level of autonomy. Average scorers know the

expectation and evaluation of others but they have control over their life, they ask for

the opinion or judgment of others but still they are the one to make the important

decisions. On the other hand, a low scorer is concerned about the expectation and

evaluation of others, relies on judgements of others to make important decisions, and

conforms to social pressures to think and act in certain ways.

Since the majority of the respondents are average scores it reflects average

levels of autonomy. Studies by De-Juanas et al. (2020) and Romero et al. (2013)

correlated psychological well-being with perceived autonomy, taking into account two

dimensions of the latter: choice and volitional intention. Both studies found that the

greater the perceived autonomy, the greater the level of well-being, with the

exception of the volitional dimension of autonomy. In turn, other studies also coincide

with our study by determining that increased levels of autonomy are associated with

higher levels of well-being (Ratelle et al., 2013; Weiting, 2014; De Leersnyder and

Kim, 2015).

This may imply that most of the respondents who fall under a high level of

autonomy were more likely to be independent, self-reliant, can think for themselves,

do not have a strong need to conform, and do not worry too much about what others

think about them. In contrast, respondents who fall under low autonomy feel

dependent on others, are constantly worried about the opinions of others, are always

looking to others for guidance, and feel strong pressures to conform to other’s

desires.

59
Table 3.2. Frequency and Percentage of posttest mean score of control and

experimental group in psychological well-being in terms of environmental

mastery.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 16 respondents with 100% average psychological

well-being, and 0 respondents with high psychological well-being in terms of

environmental mastery, while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with

low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of

environmental mastery.

60
 Environmental mastery emphasizes the ability to choose or change the

surrounding context using physical or mental actions as well as being able to control

events (Ryff, 1989). Moreover, according to Perlin et al., 2007, the construct of

mastery has considerable overlap with that of sense of control. Some have noted that

mastery refers to management of the particular circumstances of the individual’s life

rather than having a more generalized sense of personal control.  

Most of the respondents in the controlled and experimental group got an

average level of Environmental Mastery which indicates that these participants (the

controlled and experimental group) have the ability to control their external

environment however their capability will not fall in high and low control towards

environmental mastery. Average scorers: are aware of how they are going to act

according to their external environment without being too superior about their actions.

On the other hand, low scorers: have difficulty managing everyday affairs; feel unable

to change or improve surrounding context; are unaware of surrounding opportunities;

and lack a sense of control over the external world. Meanwhile, high scorer: has a

sense of mastery and competence in managing the environment; controls a complex

array of external activities; makes effective use of surrounding opportunities; able to

choose or create contexts suitable to personal needs and values.

61
Table 3.3. Frequency and Percentage of posttest mean score of control and

experimental group in psychological well-being in terms of personal growth.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 15 respondents with 93.75% average psychological

well-being, and 1 respondent with 6.25% high psychological well-being in terms of

personal growth, while in the experimental group there are 1 respondent with 6.25%

low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

personal growth.

62
 Personal growth is the result of the continual efforts to improve ourselves,

intellectually, morally, and physically. People who commit to personal growth tend to

have a better relationship with others and are generally happier. 

Majority of the respondents from the control and experimental group got an

average score that reflects their average personal growth in life. Respondents who

got high scores have a feeling of continued development, sees self as growing and

expanding, open to new experiences, has a sense of realizing his or her potential,

and sees improvement in self and behavior over time. On the other hand,

Respondents who got low scores have a sense of personal stagnation, lack a sense

of improvement and expansion over time, and feel bored and uninterested with life.

Personal growth was reported as a sense of self-achievement in particular

aspects of the owner’s life (or life as a whole) (Barcelos, A.M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J.

et al. 2020). The things that contributed the most to the well-being of a same sex

couple fur parent were being the owner, and being able to take the responsibility to

take care of a pet.

63
Table 3.4. Frequency and Percentage of posttest mean score of control and

experimental group in psychological well-being in terms of positive

relationship with others.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of

positive relationship with others, while in the experimental group there are 1

respondents with 6.25% low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75%

average psychological well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological

well-being in terms of positive relationship with others.

64
 Majority of the respondents from the control and experimental group got an

average level of positive relations to others, that reflect their positive relations with

others. Strong positive relations have warm, satisfying, trusting relationships, are

concerned about the welfare of others, and are capable of strong empathy and

affection. Weak relations have a few close relationships, trusting relationships with

others find it difficult to be warm, open, and concerned about others, are isolated and

frustrated in interpersonal relationships. According to Andrei, L (2022) on their

analysis, it revealed that pet owners’ average happiness score among pet owners

was 59.3, compared to 36.8 in people without pets.

Table 3.5. Frequency and Percentage of posttest mean score of control and

experimental group in psychological well-being in terms of purpose in life.

65
 The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 15 respondents with 93.75% average psychological

well-being, and 1 respondent with 6.25% high psychological well-being in terms of

purpose in life, while in the experimental group there are 1 respondent with 6.25%

low psychological well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5% average psychological

well-being, and 5 respondents with 31.25% high psychological well-being in terms of

purpose in life.

Purpose in life is the tendency to derive meaning from life's experiences and

possess a sense of intentionality and goal directedness that guides behavior.

Purpose in life consists of the central motivating aims of your life—the reasons you

get up in the morning. Purpose can guide life decisions, influence behavior, shape

goals, offer a sense of direction, and create meaning. For some people, purpose is

connected to vocation—meaning, satisfying work.

Majority of the respondents in the controlled and experimental group got an

average level of Purpose in Life which indicates that they have meaning or purpose

in life however their capability will not fall in high and low control towards purpose in

life. Average scorers want to achieve a goal that is both personally meaningful and

makes a positive mark on the world. On the other hand, high scorers have long-term

goals in life and a sense of directness, feel there is meaning to present and past life,

hold beliefs that give life purpose, and have aims and objectives for living.

Meanwhile, low scorers lack a sense of meaning in life, have few goals or aims, lack

a sense of direction, do not see purpose of past life, have no outlook or beliefs that

give life meaning. 

66
 According to Morin (2022) living a life with meaning and purpose is key to

improving your psychological well-being. Your purpose doesn’t necessarily have to

involve changing the world or finding a career devoted to helping others though.

Instead, you might make it your purpose to be kind every day. Or, your purpose might

involve making the world better by encouraging others to take care of the

environment or adopt pets from the shelter.

This may imply that individuals with an average sense of purpose believe that

their lives have meaning, work to improve the world, accomplish a goal that is

personally meaningful and positively impacts the world, and frequently feel

connected to ideas or social movements that are more important than themselves.

These people seem to understand what their lives are all about. People who lack this

quality frequently wonder if there is a greater purpose to life, don't believe their lives

make sense, and give life no greater meaning or worth than fulfilling a series of tasks.

67
Table 3.6. Frequency and Percentage of posttest mean score of control and

experimental group in psychological well-being in terms of self-acceptance.

The data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 14 respondents with 87.5% average psychological

well-being, and 2 respondents with 12.5% high psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance, while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 13 respondents with 81.25% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance.

Self-acceptance is exactly what its name suggests: the state of complete

acceptance of oneself. True self-acceptance is embracing who you are, without any

qualifications, conditions, or exceptions (Seltzer, 2008).

68
 This definition emphasizes the importance of accepting all facets of the self.

It’s not enough to simply embrace the good, valuable, or positive about yourself; to

embody true self-acceptance, you must also embrace the less desirable, the

negative, and the ugly parts of yourself.

The data presented above tells that most of the participants in experimental

(with pets) and controlled group (without pets) scored average relating to their

self-acceptance level which indicates that these people have their sense of

self-acceptance, however their scores will not fit in high and low. Average scorers:

are aware of who and what they are. This non-judgmental awareness can not only

allow them to practice seeing themselves without heaping on blame, guilt, and

self-doubt, it can also help them train their brain to respond differently to anxiety and

stress. High scorer: Possesses a positive attitude toward the self; acknowledges and

accepts multiple aspects of self, including good and bad qualities; feels positive

about past life. Low scorer: Feels dissatisfied with self; is disappointed with what has

occurred with past life; is troubled about certain personal qualities; wishes to be

different than what he or she is. Research suggests that a regular mindfulness

meditation or loving-kindness meditation (or mindful self-compassion) practice can

aid you in building self-acceptance through influencing the emotion-processing

portions of your brain and perhaps through increasing the overall connectivity

throughout your brain (Pillay, 2016).

69
Table 4.1. Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control group

and experimental group in terms of autonomy and its subscales.

Table 4.1 shows the difference between the pretest mean scores of control

and experimental group in terms of psychological well-being in terms of autonomy

and its subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure the difference between

the two groups.

Autonomy. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.29, the

t-statistic was .472, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .640, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

According to the table, both the control and experimental group showed no

significant differences in terms of autonomy in the pretest, though the decision was to

accept the null hypothesis according to the result. To "endorse one's acts at the

highest level of reflection" is to be autonomous. People feel free to accomplish what

they find intriguing, personally meaningful, and mentally energizing when they are

self-determined (Deci & Ryan, 2006)

70
 The result implies that the experimental and control group’s pretest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to autonomy since

the respondents had an average result; meaning that pets can cause the control

group and experimental group to possess either dependence and independence.  

Table 4.2. Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of environmental mastery and its subscales.

Table 4.2 shows the difference between the pretest mean scores of control

and experimental group in terms of psychological well-being in terms of

environmental mastery and its subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure

the difference between the two groups.

Environmental mastery. The computed independent t-test mean score was

3.3, the t-statistic was .680, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .502,

and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

According to the table, both the control group and experimental group showed

no significant difference in terms of Environmental Mastery in the pretest, through this

the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result. Thematic

71
analysis identified several risks (caregiver burden, pets as barriers to relationships,

animal-related psychological stress) and benefits (pets as a buffer to stress, pets as

social capital, pets as a coping mechanism for mental health, and pets as identity

and purpose) associated with living with pets (McDonald et al., 2021). According to

McDonald and colleagues, pets may influence SGM emerging adult identity

development and related wellbeing by facilitating feelings of belongingness to the

society, positive self-regard, and purpose; promoting social interactions; and

providing emotional support and comfort to cope with stress.

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s pretest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to environmental

mastery. The respondents had an average result, it implies that he or she possesses

an average sense of expertise and a master in controlling the environment.  

Table 4.3. Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of personal growth and its subscales.

Table 4.3 shows the difference between the pretest mean scores of control

and experimental group in terms of psychological well-being in terms of personal

growth and its subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure the difference

72
between the two groups.

Personal growth. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.84, the

t-statistic was ..934, the degree of freedom was .30, associated with living with pets.

The p-value was .358, and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the

null hypothesis. 

According to the table, both the control group and experimental group showed

no significant difference in terms of personal growth in the pretest, through this the

decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result. The personal

growth and development can be affected by the interaction between an individual

and his or her environment (Chan et al., 2022). 

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s pretest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to personal

growth. Perhaps, the control group and experimental group have an average level of

personal growth because these individuals have a moderate sense of realizing his or

her potential.

73
Table 4.4. Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of positive relation with others and its subscales.

Table 4.4 shows the difference between the pretest mean scores of control

and experimental group in terms of psychological well-being in terms of positive

relation with others and its subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure the

difference between the two groups

Positive relations with others. The computed independent t-test mean score

was 3.759, the t-statistic was 1.879, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was

.070, and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis.     

According to the result, both the control group and experimental group

showed no significant difference in terms of positive relations with each other in the

pretest, through this the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the

result. People define and come to understand their relationships based on the

meanings they derive from interaction (Duck & Pond,1989).

74
 The result implies that the experimental and control group’s pretest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the

respondent’s positive relation with others. Perhaps, the control group and

experimental group have an average level of positive relations to others because

these individuals are moderately warm, empathic, and are moderately concerned

about the welfare of others.

Table 4.5. Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of purpose in life and its subscales.

Table 4.5 shows the difference between the pretest mean scores of control

and experimental group in terms of psychological well-being in terms of purpose in

life and its subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure the difference

between the two groups.

Purpose in life. The computed independent t-test mean score was 4.071, the

t-statistic was 1.978, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .571, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

75
 According to the result, both the control group and experimental group

showed no significant difference in terms of purpose in life in the pretest, through this

the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result. The purpose in

life is one of the important elements of well-being is to perceive one’s own life as

meaningful and valuable (Greenberg and Arndt, 2012).

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s pretest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to purpose in life.

These two groups showed an average level of purpose in life satisfaction, meaning

they either possess a sense of goal in life or not at all.

Table 4.6. Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of self-acceptance and its subscales.

Table 4.6 shows the difference between the pretest mean scores of control

and experimental group in terms of psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance and its subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure the

difference between the two groups

76
 Self-acceptance. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.527,

the t-statistic was .113, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .911, and

there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis.

In congruence with the findings of this research, no significant relationship was found

in terms of self-acceptance in respondents psychological well-being (Camp J. et al.,

2020). The decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result.

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s pretest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to personal

growth. The experimental and control group have an average level of personal

growth, meaning that either these two groups have an optimistic outlook on life or

they don’t accept unpleasant aspects of oneself.

Table 5.1. Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of autonomy and its subscales.

Table 5.1 shows the difference between the posttest mean scores of the

control group and experimental group in terms of autonomy and its subscales.

Independent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two groups.

77
 Autonomy. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.188, the

t-statistic was .202, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .841, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

According to the table, both the control and experimental group showed no

significant differences in terms of autonomy in the pretest, though the decision was to

accept the null hypothesis according to the result. The meaning of life and

self-competence, both of which support autonomy, are linked to psychological

well-being. Furthermore, an adolescent's adaptive capacity enables them to pursue

their objectives strategically, which has been linked to high levels of intrinsic drive

(García et al., 2019).

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s posttest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to autonomy since

the respondents had an average result; meaning that pets can cause the control

group and experimental group to possess either dependence and independence.

Table 5.2. Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of environmental mastery and its subscales.

78
 Table 5.2 shows the difference between the posttest mean scores of the

control group and experimental group in terms of environmental mastery and its

subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two

groups.

Environmental mastery. The computed independent t-test mean score was

3.884, the t-statistic was .1.254, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .231,

and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

According to the table, both the control group and experimental group showed

no significant difference in terms of Environmental Mastery in the posttest, through

this the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result. 

In accordance with the statement of Putney (2014), a body of literature

suggests that pets are associated with human psychological well-being, and this is

especially true for older adults. People need to understand urgently that pets play an

important role in environmental mastery as a part of the psychological well-being of

LGBT people. 

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s posttest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to environmental

mastery. The respondents had an average result, it implies that he or she possesses

an average sense of expertise and a master in controlling the environment.  

79
Table 5.3. Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of personal growth and its subscales.

Table 5.3 shows the difference between the posttest mean scores of the

control group and experimental group in terms of personal growth and its subscales.

Independent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two groups.

Personal growth. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.946,

the t-statistic was .485, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .631, and

there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. The

process of developing a gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual identity is intricate and

frequently challenging (Rosario et al., 2014).

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s posttest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to personal

growth.  Perhaps, the control group has an average level of personal growth because

these individuals have a moderate sense of realizing his or her potential.

80
Table 5.4. Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of positive relation with others and its subscales.

Table 5.4 shows the difference between the posttest mean scores of the

control group and experimental group in terms of positive relation with others and its

subscales. Independent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two

groups.

Positive relations with others. The computed independent t-test mean score

was 3.332, the t-statistic was -1.386, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was

.176, and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis.  

                                                              

According to the result, both the control group and experimental group

showed no significant difference in terms of positive relations with each other in the

posttest, through this the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the

result. Communication and establishing relationships grew out of

a research tradition focused on indi-vidual qualities as the force behind the initia-tion

and development of relationships. (Haunani, 2013)

81
 The result implies that the experimental and control group’s posttest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the

respondent’s positive relation with others. Perhaps, the control group and

experimental group have an average level of positive relations to others because

these individuals are moderately warm, empathic, and are moderately concerned

about the welfare of others.

Table 5.5. Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of purpose in life and its subscales.

Table 5.5 shows the difference between the posttest mean scores of the

control group and experimental group in terms of purpose in life and its subscales.

Independent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two groups.

The purpose in life. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.920,

the t-statistic was 1.125, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .571, and

there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

According to the result, both the control group and experimental group

showed no significant difference in terms of purpose in life in the pretest, through this

82
the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result. In this regard,

Xi et al. (2018) have stressed the importance of having a purpose in life to achieve

psychological well-being, which correlates with good physical and mental health

during all stages of life.

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s posttest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to purpose in life.

These two groups showed an average level of purpose in life satisfaction, meaning

they either possess a sense of goal in life or not at all.

Table 5.6. Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control and

experimental group in terms of self-acceptance and its subscales.

Table 5.6 shows the difference between the posttest mean scores of the

control group and experimental group in terms of self-acceptance and its subscales.

Independent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two groups.

Self-acceptance. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.527,

the t-statistic was .113, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .911, and

there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

83
 According to the result, the posttest of both control group and experimental

group showed no significant difference in terms of self-acceptance in the pretest,

though the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result. The

attainable self-acceptance of those who belong to the LGBTq community

increased the support by the community (Tompkins C., 2019).

The result implies that the experimental and control group’s posttest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to

self-acceptance. The experimental and control group have an average level of

personal growth, meaning that either these two groups have an optimistic outlook on

life or they don’t accept unpleasant aspects of oneself.

Table 6.1. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples without pets in terms of autonomy and its subscales.

Table 6.1 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being in terms of autonomy and

its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two

groups.

84
 Autonomy. The computed pretest mean score was 22.625, the posttest mean

score was 23.125, the t-statistics was -.403, the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was

.693, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the null

hypothesis. 

According to the study, autonomy mediated relationships of mindfulness with

psychological well-being and psychological distress, whereas self-regulation

mediated only the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being

(Moslem Parto & Mohammad Ali Besharat, 2011).

The result implies that the control group pretest and posttest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to autonomy. 

Perhaps, the control group has an average level of autonomy because these

individuals have a moderate sense of realizing his or her potential. 

This control group did not undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and

posttest means for autonomy has no significant difference.

Table 6.2. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples without pets in terms of environmental mastery and its subscales.

85
 Table 6.2 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being in terms of environmental

mastery and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference

between the two groups.

Environmental Mastery. The computed pretest mean score was 21.563, the

posttest mean score was 25.688, the t-statistics was -1.965, the df was 15, the

p-value (2-tailed) was .693, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to

reject the null hypothesis. 

The present study advances the literature by identifying two intertwined

aspects of human-animal interaction – framed as love and caregiving - that have

potential implications for four specific dimensions of psychological well-being among

a sample of 12 older lesbian adults (Putney, 2014). Human-animal interaction plays a

special role in the psychological well-being of people included in LGBT community

particularly in Environmental mastery for the reason that when someone (pets) is

giving you love and care, it will radiate to other people and can create a good social

harmony towards the community.

The result implies that the control group’s pretest and posttest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to environmental

mastery. The respondents had an average result, it implies that he or she possesses

an average sense of expertise and a master in controlling the environment.  

86
Table 6.3. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples without pets in terms of personal growth and its subscales.

Table 6.3 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being in terms of personal

growth and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference

between the two groups.

Personal Growth. The computed Pretest mean score was 25.250, the

Posttest mean score was 26.813, the t-statistics was -.048, the df was 15, the

p-value (2-tailed) was .311, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to

reject the null hypothesis. 

According to the study, generally in line with the idea that having a pet may

add to the stress of already limited personal or financial resources and lower

personal growth was linked to pet ownership (Amiot et al., 2021).

The result implies that the control group’s posttest and pretest has no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to personal

87
growth.  Perhaps, the control group has an average level of personal growth because

these individuals have a moderate sense of realizing his or her potential.

This control group did not undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and

posttest means for personal growth has no significant difference.

Table 6.4. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples without pets in terms of positive relations of others and its

subscales.

Table 6.4 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being in terms of positive

relations of others and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the

difference between the two groups.

Positive relations with others. The computed pretest mean score was 23.188,

the posttest mean score was 25.188, the t-statistics was -.924, the df was 15, the

p-value (2-tailed) was .370, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to

reject the null hypothesis. 

88
 According to the result, both the control group showed no significant

difference in terms of positive relations with each other in the pretest and posttest,

through this the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result.

Communication and establishing relationships grew out of

a research tradition focused on indi-vidual qualities as the force behind the initia-tion

and development of relationships. (Haunani, 2013)

The result implies that the control group’s pretest and posttest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the

respondent’s positive relations to others. Perhaps, the control group has an average

level of positive relations to others because these individuals are moderately warm,

empathic, and are moderately concerned about the welfare of others.

This control group did not undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and

posttest means for the positive relations of others has no significant difference. 

89
Table 6.5. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples without pets in terms of purpose in life and its subscales.

Table 6.5 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being in terms of purpose in life

and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference between the

two groups.

The purpose in life. The computed pretest mean score was 25.188, the

posttest mean score was 25.188, the t-statistics was -.000, the df was 15, the p-value

(2-tailed) was 1.000, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject

the null hypothesis. 

According to the study reported on the significance of formulating one’s

purpose in life for young people in caregiving situations; the authors conclude that

the possibility of achieving such an ideal becomes an engine of proactivity that

motivates the individual toward development within his or her context using different

skills connected with the achievement of the purpose, such as their ability to reflect

on the problems that they face or to achieve autonomy. (Hung and Appleton, 2016)

90
 The result implies that the control group’s posttest and pretest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the purpose in

life. The control group showed an average level of purpose in life satisfaction,

meaning they either possess a sense of goal in life or not at all. 

This control group did not undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and

posttest means for the purpose in life has no significant difference.

Table 6.6. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples without pets in terms of self-acceptance and its subscales.

Table 6.6 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the

difference between the two groups.

Self-acceptance. The computed pretest mean score was 24.813, the posttest

mean score was 24.438, the t-statistics was -2.255, the df was 15, the p-value

(2-tailed) was .802, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the

null hypothesis. 

91
 According to the table, both the control group showed no significant difference

in terms of self-acceptance in the pretest and posttest, through this the decision was

to accept the null hypothesis according to the result. 

This control group did not undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and

posttest means for the self-acceptance has no significant difference. The control

group has an average level of personal growth, meaning that either these two groups

have an optimistic outlook on life or they don’t accept unpleasant aspects of oneself.

Table 7.1. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples with pets in terms of autonomy and its subscales.

Table 7.1 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples without pets in psychological well-being in terms of autonomy and

its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two

groups.

92
 Autonomy. The computed pretest mean score was 24.813, the posttest mean

score was 24.438, the t-statistics was -.133, the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was

.912, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the null

hypothesis. 

According to the result, both the experimental group showed no significant

difference in terms of positive relations with each other in the pretest and posttest,

through this the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result.

Being autonomous is commonly associated with independence, the capacity to act

and think in ways that do not correspond to social norms, and the ability to make

decisions using one's own discretion (Ryff & Keyes, 1995). This definition of

autonomy is congruent with a large body of organizational research on job and time

autonomy, which contends that autonomy is having the freedom to choose how tasks

can be accomplished and the flexibility to choose when to start and stop work.

The result implies that the experimental group’s pretest and posttest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to autonomy since

the respondents had an average result; meaning that pets can cause the control

group and experimental group to possess either dependence and independence.

This experimental group did not undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and

posttest means for autonomy has no significant difference.

93
Table 7.2. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples with pets in terms of environmental mastery and its subscales.

Table 7.2 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being in terms of environmental

mastery and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference

between the two groups.

Environmental Mastery. The computed Pretest mean score was 22.188, the

Posttest mean score was 26.438, the t-statistics was -4.189, the df was 15, the

p-value (2-tailed) was .001, and there was significant difference thus it accepted the

Null Hypothesis.

LGBT people were significantly associated with environmental mastery.

These results provided preliminary support for the hypothesized associations

between LGBT positive identity factors and psychological well-being (Cardon et al.,

2018).

In accordance with Cardon et al, they supported their claim through their

study that LGBT people were significantly associated with Environmental Mastery. 

This experimental group did not undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and

posttest means for environmental mastery has significant differences.

94
Table 7.3. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples with pets in terms of personal growth and its subscales.

Table 7.3 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being in terms of personal growth

and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference between the

two groups.

Personal Growth. The computed pretest mean score was 27.500, the posttest

mean score was 28.438, the t-statistics was -.489, the df was 15, the p-value

(2-tailed) was .632, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the

null hypothesis. 

A variety of pets and communities can have a big impact on how a part of

LGBT develops a sense of identity because differing levels of social engagement

within various environmental systems affect adolescent development (Harper et al.,

2012). 

The result implies that the experimental group’s pretest and posttest mean

scores of same sex couples with pets have no significant relationship to their

95
psychological well-being specifically to personal growth. Perhaps, the experimental

group has an average level of personal growth because these individuals have a

moderate sense of realizing his or her potential.

Table 7.4. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores

of same sex couples with pets in terms of positive relation with others and its

subscales.

Table 7.4 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being in terms of positive relation

with others and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference

between the two groups.

Positive relations with others. The computed pretest mean score was 25.265,

the posttest mean score was 24.500, the t-statistics was -.987, the df was 15, the

p-value (2-tailed) was .339, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to

reject the null hypothesis. 

96
 According to the result, the experimental group showed no significant

difference in terms of positive relations with each other in the pretest and posttest,

through this the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result.

Communication and establishing relationships grew out of

a research tradition focused on indi-vidual qualities as the force behind the initia-tion

and development of relationships (Vangelisti, 2013).

The result implies that the experimental group’s pretest and posttest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the

respondent’s positive relation with others. Perhaps, the experimental group has an

average level of positive relations to others because these individuals are moderately

warm, empathic, and are moderately concerned about the welfare of others.

Table 7.5. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples with pets in terms of purpose in life and its subscales.

Table 7.5 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being in terms of purpose in life and

its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference between the two

groups.

97
 The purpose in life. The computed pretest mean score was 25.188, the

posttest mean score was 25.188, the t-statistics was -.000, the df was 15, the p-value

(2-tailed) was 1.000, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject

the null hypothesis. 

According to the study. research suggests that reflecting on and writing down

personal goals is especially important in helping people to find purpose and live a

fulfilling life (King and Pennebaker, 1996; King, 2001)

The result implies that the experimental group’s posttest and pretest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the purpose in

life. Perhaps, the experimental group has an average level of purpose in life because

these individuals have a moderate sense of realizing his or her tendency to derive

meaning from life's experiences.

Table 7.6. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same

sex couples with pets in terms of self-acceptance and its subscales.

Table 7.6 shows the difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets in psychological well-being in terms of self-acceptance

98
and its subscales. Dependent t-test was used to measure the difference between the

two groups.

Self-acceptance. The computed pretest mean score was 28.063, the posttest

mean score was 27.688, the t-statistics was -.241, the df was 15, the p-value

(2-tailed) was .813, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the

null hypothesis. 

Self-acceptance of sexuality is a battleship process for the individuals who

are part or identify themselves as LGBTQ because of what society sees them

(Camp, J. et al.). People who are out to their sexual orientation are more likely to be

out to other people including their friends, family, etc. (Irwin, J. A. et al., 2011).

The result implies that the experimental group’s posttest and pretest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to

self-acceptance. The experimental group has an average level of self-acceptance,

meaning that either the group have an optimistic outlook on life or they don’t accept

unpleasant aspects of oneself.

99
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the following summary of the findings, conclusions, and

recommendations of the study. The summary of findings was composed of the

summary and result of the study on the effect of safe space along with pets program

on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex couples with pets in Cavite. The

generated conclusions and recommendations were based on the analysis of the

result. 

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study is quasi-experimental and focused on the effects of safe space

along with pets program on the level of psychological well-being of same-sex

couples. Specifically, it aims to answer the following: demographic profile of

same-sex couples which includes gender and acquisition of pets, pretest and

posttest mean score of the control and experimental group’s psychological

well-being, the significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of

same sex couples with pets and without pets in psychological well-being, the

significant difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same sex couples

with and without pets in psychological well-being all in terms of autonomy,

environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life

and self-acceptance.

The gathering of data took place in one locale, Province of Cavite, by using

purposive sampling and non-random assignment to the selected same-sex couples,

with two groups; experimental and control groups. Then, the researchers proceeded

to discuss the consent paper, which includes the ethical guidelines, privacy, and

confidentiality. The reliability and validity of the study were carried out by the

100
developers and passed through experts. The validity value of the inventory varied

between 0.87 and 0.96, while its reliability coefficients ranged between 0.78 and

0.97, as a total representation of 42 items (Akin, 2008). The intervention program

was applied to participants in the experimental group, while the control group was not

exposed to it and will continue their daily routine. After the intervention process, both

groups underwent the post-assessment test using the same standardized

instrumentation, and the scores obtained will serve for their attainment level. 

The respondents of the study were from the localities of Cavite using

purposive sampling and quota sampling technique. There were 32 respondents for

the particular gender, two (2) or 6.25% considered themselves as lesbian, eight (8)

or 25% considered themselves as gay, fifteen (15) or 46.85% considered

themselves as bisexuals, seven (7) or 21.9% prefer to specify their gender as other.

This study also tries to determine the acquisition of pets, sixteen (16) or 50% of

respondents considered having pets and sixteen (16) or 50% of the respondents

considered having no pets. Cavite is considered to have the biggest LGBT

population in Luzon, being the most populous province in the area (Giron, 2018).

In collecting the data, the tool that the researcher used in the study was

Psychological well-being scale (PWB) developed by Ryff, to measure stress among

university students and will be used in this study to obtain data that will serve as the

initial level scores of the study participants. The following statistical tools were used

in this study: Mean, Frequency, Percentage, Dependent T-test, and Independent

T-test. 

The following are the main findings of this study.

101
 Demographic profiles. Most of the respondents are bisexual which has the

frequency of 15 with the percentage of 46.85%, followed by gay which has the

frequency of 8 with a percentage 25%, 2 Lesbian with a percentage of 6.25%, the

group of transgender has 0 frequency with the percentage of 0%.  Other groups have

the frequency of 7 with 21.9%. The participants had a total number of 32 and a

percentage of 100%. While table 2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution

of respondents who have pet/s. The data shows 16 of the respondents have pets,

with 50%, while the total of the respondents who don't have pets are 16 with a

percentage of 50%. Both the participants of the controlled and experimental group

had 16 participants each leading to have a total number of 32 (participants) and a

percentage of 100%.

The second statement of the problem mentioned above, the result of the test.

Frequency and percentage of pretest mean score of the control and experimental

group’s psychological well-being. (1) Autonomy, in the control group, there are 0

respondents with low psychological well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5% average

psychological well-being, and 6 respondents with 37.5% high psychological

well-being in terms of autonomy, while in the experimental group there are 0

respondents with low psychological well-being, 9 respondents with 56.25% average

psychological well-being, and 7 respondents with 43.75% high psychological

well-being in terms of autonomy. (2) Environmental Mastery, in the control group

there are 0 respondents with low psychological well-being, 11 respondents with

68.75% average psychological well-being, and 5 respondents with 31.25% high

psychological well-being in terms of environmental mastery, while in the experimental

group there are 0 respondents with low psychological well-being, 12 respondents

with 75% average psychological well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high

psychological well-being in terms of environmental mastery. (3) Personal Growth, the

data shows that in the control group there are 1 respondent with 6.25% low

102
psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

personal growth, while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of

personal growth. (4) Positive relationship with others. The data shows that in the

control group there are 0 respondents with low psychological well-being, 13

respondents with 81.25% average psychological well-being, and 3 respondents with

18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of positive relationship with others,

while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with low psychological

well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5% average psychological well-being, and 6

respondents with 37.5% high psychological well-being in terms of positive

relationship with others. (5) Purpose in Life, in the control group there are 1

respondent with 6.25% low psychological well-being, 14 respondents with 87.5%

average psychological well-being, and 1 respondent with 6.25% high psychological

well-being in terms of purpose in life, while in the experimental group there are 1

respondents with 6.25% low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75%

average psychological well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological

well-being in terms of purpose in life. (6) Self-Acceptance, in the control group there

are 0 respondents with low psychological well-being, 13 respondents with 81.25%

average psychological well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological

well-being in terms of self-acceptance, while in the experimental group there are 2

respondents with 12.5% low psychological well-being, 10 respondents with 62.5%

average psychological well-being, and 4 respondents with 25% high psychological

well-being in terms of self-acceptance

103
 The third statement of the problem that was stated above. Frequency and

Percentage of posttest mean score of control and experimental group in

psychological well-being. (1) Autonomy, the data shows that in the control group

there are 0 respondents with low psychological well-being, 13 respondents with

81.25% average psychological well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high

psychological well-being in terms of autonomy, while in the experimental group there

are 2 respondents with 12.5% low psychological well-being, 10 respondents with

62.5% average psychological well-being, and 6 respondents with 37.5% high

psychological well-being in terms of autonomy. (2) Environmental Mastery, the data

shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low psychological

well-being, 16 respondents with 100% average psychological well-being, and 0

respondents with high psychological well-being in terms of environmental mastery,

while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with low psychological

well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological well-being, and 4

respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of environmental

mastery. (3) Personal Growth, the data shows that in the control group there are 0

respondents with low psychological well-being, 15 respondents with 93.75% average

psychological well-being, and 1 respondent with 6.25% high psychological well-being

in terms of personal growth, while in the experimental group there are 1 respondent

with 6.25% low psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average

psychological well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological

well-being in terms of personal growth. (4) Positive relationships with others, the data

shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents with low psychological

well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological well-being, and 4

respondents with 25% high psychological well-being in terms of positive relationship

with others, while in the experimental group there are 1 respondents with 6.25% low

psychological well-being, 12 respondents with 75% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

104
positive relationship with others. (5) Purpose in Life, the data shows that in the

control group there are 0 respondents with low psychological well-being, 15

respondents with 93.75% average psychological well-being, and 1 respondent with

6.25% high psychological well-being in terms of purpose in life, while in the

experimental group there are 1 respondent with 6.25% low psychological well-being,

10 respondents with 62.5% average psychological well-being, and 5 respondents

with 31.25% high psychological well-being in terms of purpose in life. (6)

Self-Acceptance, the data shows that in the control group there are 0 respondents

with low psychological well-being, 14 respondents with 87.5% average psychological

well-being, and 2 respondents with 12.5% high psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance, while in the experimental group there are 0 respondents with low

psychological well-being, 13 respondents with 81.25% average psychological

well-being, and 3 respondents with 18.75% high psychological well-being in terms of

self-acceptance.

The third statement of the problem mentioned above, the result of the test.

Test of difference between the pretest mean scores of control and experimental

group. (1) Autonomy, the computed independent t-test mean score was 3.29, the

t-statistic was .472, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .640, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (2)

Environmental Mastery, the computed independent t-test mean score was 3.3, the

t-statistic was .680, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .502, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (3) Personal

Growth, the computed independent t-test mean score was 3.84, the t-statistic was

..934, the degree of freedom was .30, associated with living with pets the p-value

was .358, and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis. (4) Positive relationships with others. The computed independent t-test

mean score was 3.759, the t-statistic was 1.879, the degree of freedom was .30, the

105
p-value was .070, and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis. (5) Purpose in Life. The computed independent t-test mean score was

4.071, the t-statistic was 1.978, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .571,

and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (6)

Self-Acceptance. The computed independent t-test mean score was 3.527, the

t-statistic was .113, the degree of freedom was .30, the p-value was .911, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis.

The fourth statement of the problem mentioned above, the result of the test.

Test of difference between the posttest mean scores of control and experimental

group in psychological well-being. (1) Autonomy, the computed independent t-test

mean score was 3.188, the t-statistic was .202, the degree of freedom was 30, the

p-value was .841, and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis. (2) Environmental Mastery, the computed independent t-test mean score

was 3.884, the t-statistic was .1.254, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was

.231, and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis. (3) Personal Growth, the computed independent t-test mean score was

3.946, the t-statistic was .485, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .631,

and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (4)

Positive relationships with others. The computed independent t-test mean score was

3.332, the t-statistic was -1.386, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .176,

and there was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (5)

Purpose in Life, the computed independent t-test mean score was 3.920, the

t-statistic was 1.125, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .571, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis.  (6)

Self-Acceptance, the computed independent t-test mean score was 3.527, the

t-statistic was .113, the degree of freedom was 30, the p-value was .911, and there

was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null hypothesis. 

106
 The fifth statement of the problem mentioned above, the result of the test Test

of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same sex couples without

pets in psychological well-being. (1) Autonomy, the computed Pretest mean score

was 22.625, the Posttest mean score was 23.125, the t-statistics was -.403, the df

was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .693, and there was not significant difference thus

it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (2) Environmental mastery, the computed

Pretest mean score was 21.563, the Posttest mean score was 25.688, the t-statistics

was -1.965, the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .693, and there was not

significant difference thus it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (3) Personal Growth,

the computed Pretest mean score was 25.250, the Posttest mean score was 26.813,

the t-statistics was -.048, the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .311, and there

was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (4) Positive

relationship with others, the computed pretest mean score was 23.188, the posttest

mean score was 25.188, the t-statistics was -.924, the df was 15, the p-value

(2-tailed) was .370, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the

null hypothesis. (5) Purpose in life, the computed Pretest mean score was 25.188,

the Posttest mean score was 25.188, the t-statistics was -.000, the df was 15, the

p-value (2-tailed) was 1.000, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to

reject the null hypothesis. (6) Self-Acceptance, the computed Pretest mean score

was 24.813, the Posttest mean score was 24.438, the t-statistics was -2.255, the df

was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .802, and there was not significant difference thus

it failed to reject the null hypothesis. Both the control group and experimental group

showed no significant difference in terms of self-acceptance in the pretest and

posttest, through this the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the

result.

107
 The sixth statement of the problem mentioned above, the result of the test.

Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of same sex couples

with pets in psychological well-being. (1) Autonomy, the computed pretest mean

score was 24.813, the Posttest mean score was 24.438, the t-statistics was -.133,

the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .912, and there was not significant

difference thus it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (2) Environmental Mastery, the

computed Pretest mean score was 22.188, the Posttest mean score was 26.438, the

t-statistics was -4.189, the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .001, and there was

significant difference thus it accepted the Null Hypothesis. This control group did not

undergo any intervention, hence the pretest and posttest means for environmental

mastery has significant differences. (3) Personal Growth, the computed Pretest mean

score was 27.500, the Posttest mean score was 28.438, the t-statistics was -.489,

the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .632, and there was not significant

difference thus it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (4) Positive relationships with

others, the computed Pretest mean score was 25.265, the Posttest mean score was

24.500, the t-statistics was -.987, the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was .339, and

there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the null hypothesis. (5)

Purpose in Life, the computed pretest mean score was 25.188, the posttest mean

score was 25.188, the t-statistics was -.000, the df was 15, the p-value (2-tailed) was

1.000, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the null

hypothesis. (6) Self-Acceptance, the computed pretest mean score was 28.063, the

posttest mean score was 27.688, the t-statistics was -.241, the df was 15, the p-value

(2-tailed) was .813, and there was not significant difference thus it failed to reject the

null hypothesis. 

108
CONCLUSION 

Based on the finding of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The group of Bisexuals are higher than Transgender with no frequency and

percentage. Therefore, there are more Bisexuals than transgender living

within the vicinity of Cavite. In addition, there are other members of LGBT as

well that have participated in the study which are: Lesbian, gay, and others.

Therefore, this may imply that in the province of Cavite the LGBT community

is well welcomed and discrimination is low.

2. Same sex couples respondents implies both controlled and experimental

groups have the same 16 participants with pets and without pets, and had a

total of 32 individuals that are considered to be part of the LGBT.

3. Frequency and percentage of pretest mean scores of positive relations of

others of the control and experimental group’s psychological well-being:

a. In terms of autonomy’s pretest mean score of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being, the majority of the

respondents are average scores– it reflects average levels of

autonomy. Therefore, this may imply that most of the respondents who

fall under a high level of autonomy were more likely to be

independent, self-reliant, can think for themselves, do not have a

strong need to conform, and do not worry too much about what others

think about them.

109
b. In terms of environmental mastery’s frequency and percentage of

pretest mean score both controlled and experimental groups attained

an average level of environmental mastery which implies that

participants have the ability to control their external environment

moderately.

c. In personal growth’s frequency and percentage of pretest mean score

of the control and experimental group’s psychological well-being, the

majority of the respondents from the control and experimental group

got an average score that reflects their average personal growth in

life. Therefore, the participants have a moderate sense of realizing his

or her potential.

d. In terms of the frequency and percentage of pretest mean scores of

positive relations of others of the control and experimental group, the

majority of the respondents from the control and experimental group

got an average level of positive relations to others that reflect their

positive relations with others not exceeding or decreasing.

e. In terms of Purpose in life’s frequency and percentage of pretest mean

score of the control and experimental group’s psychological

well-being, the majority of the respondents in the controlled and

experimental group got an average level of purpose in life. Therefore,

this indicates that they have meaning or purpose in life however their

capability will not fall in high and low control towards purpose in life.

Furthermore, average scorers want to achieve a goal that is both

personally meaningful and makes a positive mark on the world.

110
 f. In terms of self-acceptance’s frequency and percentage of pretest

mean score of the control and experimental group’s psychological

well-being obtained, an average score means that they are much

more aware of themselves.

4. Frequency and percentage of posttest mean scores of positive relations of

others of the control and experimental group’s psychological well-being:

a. In terms of autonomy’s frequency and percentage of posttest mean

score of control and experimental group in psychological well-being,

the majority of the respondents are average scores; it reflects average

levels of autonomy.

b. In terms of environmental mastery’s frequency and percentage of

posttest mean score of control and experimental group in

psychological well-being majority of the respondents in the controlled

and experimental group got an average score level which indicates

that these participants have the ability to control their external

environment.

c. In terms of personal growth’s frequency and Percentage of posttest

mean score of control and experimental group in psychological

well-being, the majority of the respondents from the control and

experimental group got an average score that reflects their average

personal growth in life. Therefore, the participants have a moderate

sense of realizing his or her potential.

111
 d. In terms of positive relationship with others frequency and percentage

of posttest mean score of control and experimental group in

psychological well-being most of the respondents in the controlled and

experimental group got an average score level which indicates that

these participants have the ability to control their external

environment.

e. In terms of purpose in life’s frequency and percentage of posttest

mean score of control and experimental group in psychological

well-being, the majority of the respondents in the controlled and

experimental group got an average level of Purpose in Life which

indicates that they have meaning or purpose in life, however their

capability will not fall in high and low control towards purpose in life.

Therefore, average scorers want to achieve a goal that is both

personally meaningful and makes a positive mark on the world.

f. In terms of self-acceptance’s frequency and percentage of posttest

mean score of control and experimental group in psychological

well-being most of the participants in experimental (with pets) and

controlled group (without pets) scored average relating to their

self-acceptance level which indicates that these people have their

sense of self-acceptance.

5. Test of difference between pretest mean scores of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being:

a. There is no significant difference between the pretest mean scores of

112
 control and experimental in terms of autonomy and its subscales.

Therefore, the control group and experimental group possess either

dependence and independence.

b. There is no significant difference between the pretest mean scores of

control and experimental in terms of autonomy and its subscales. This

concludes that the respondents possess an average sense of

expertise and a master in controlling the environment.

c. There is no significant difference between the pretest mean scores of

control and experimental in terms of the personal growth and its

subscales. Therefore, the two groups have an average level of

personal growth because these individuals have a moderate sense of

realizing his or her potential.

d. There is no significant difference between the pretest mean scores of

control and experimental in terms of the positive relation with others

and its subscales. Therefore, these individuals are moderately warm,

empathic, and are moderately concerned about the welfare of others. 

e. There is no significant difference between the pretest mean scores of

control and experimental in terms of the purpose in life and its

subscales. These two groups showed an average level of purpose in

life satisfaction, meaning they either possess a sense of goal in life or

not at all.

f. There is no significant difference between the pretest mean scores of

control and experimental in terms of the self-acceptance and its

113
 subscales. Both groups have an optimistic outlook in life or they don’t

accept unpleasant aspects of oneself.

6. Test of difference between posttest mean scores of the control and

experimental group’s psychological well-being:

a. There were no significant differences in terms of autonomy in the

posttest, though the decision was to accept the null hypothesis

according to the result. Therefore, The result implies that the

experimental and control group’s pretest has no significant relationship

to their psychological well-being specifically to autonomy since the

respondents had an average result; meaning that pets can cause the

control group and experimental group to possess either dependence

and independence.

b. There was no significant difference between the posttest mean scores

of control and experimental in terms of environmental mastery and its

subscales. Therefore, the respondents had an average result, it

implies that he or she possesses an average sense of expertise and a

master in controlling the environment. 

c. There was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis in terms of personal growth. Therefore, the result implies

that the experimental and control group’s posttest has no significant

relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to personal

growth.  Perhaps, the control group has an average level of personal

growth because these individuals have a moderate sense of realizing

114
 his or her potential.

d. There was no significant difference between the posttest mean scores

of control and experimental in terms of positive relations with others

and its subscales. Therefore, communication and establishing

relationships grew out of a research tradition focused on indi-vidual

qualities as the force behind the initia-tion and development of

relationships.

e. There was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis in terms of the purpose in life. According to the result, both

the control group and experimental group showed no significant

difference in terms of purpose in life in the pretest, through this the

decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result.

Therefore, the result implies that the experimental and control group’s

posttest has no significant relationship to their psychological

well-being specifically to purpose in life. These two groups showed an

average level of purpose in life satisfaction, meaning they either

possess a sense of goal in life or not at all.

f. There was no significant difference so it failed to reject the null

hypothesis in terms of self-acceptance. According to the result, the

posttest of both control group and experimental group showed no

significant difference in terms of self-acceptance in the pretest, though

the decision was to accept the null hypothesis according to the result.

Therefore, the result implies that the experimental and control group’s

posttest has no significant relationship to their psychological

well-being specifically to self-acceptance. The experimental and

115
 control group have an average level of personal growth, meaning that

either these two groups have an optimistic outlook on life or they don’t

accept unpleasant aspects of oneself.

7. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of the control

group’s psychological well-being:

a. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples without pets in terms of

autonomy and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore,

autonomy mediated the relationship of mindfulness with well-being

and psychological distress, whereas self-regulation mediated only the

relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being.

b. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples without pets in terms of

environmental mastery and failed to reject the null hypothesis.

Therefore, it implies that he or she possesses an average sense of

expertise and a master in controlling the environment.  

c. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples without pets in terms of personal

growth and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, it implies

that the control group’s posttest and pretest has no significant

relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to personal

growth.

116
 d. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples without pets in terms of positive

relations of others and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, it

implies that the control group’s posttest and pretest has no significant

relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the

respondent’s positive relations to others.

e. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples without pets in terms of purpose in

life and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, it implies that

the control group’s posttest and pretest have no significant relationship

to their psychological well-being specifically to the purpose in life. The

control group showed an average level of purpose in life satisfaction,

meaning they either possess a sense of goal in life or not at all.

f. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples without pets in terms of

self-acceptance and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, it

implies that the control group’s posttest and pretest has no significant

relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to the

respondent’s self-acceptance.

8. Test of difference between pretest and posttest mean scores of the

experimental group’s psychological well-being:

a. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples with pets in terms of autonomy and

117
 failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the result implies that

the experimental group’s pretest and posttest have no significant

relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to autonomy

since the respondents had an average result; meaning that pets can

cause the control group and experimental group to possess either

dependence and independence.

b. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples with pets in terms of environmental

mastery and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the result

implies that the experimental group’s pretest and posttest have no

significant relationship to their psychological well-being specifically to

autonomy since the respondents had an average result; meaning that

pets can cause the control group and experimental group to possess

either dependence and independence.

c. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples with pets in terms of personal

growth and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the result

implies that the experimental group’s pretest and posttest mean

scores of same sex couples with pets have no significant relationship

to their psychological well-being specifically to personal growth. 

Perhaps, the experimental group has an average level of personal

growth because these individuals have a moderate sense of realizing

his or her potential.

d. There was no significant difference between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples with pets in terms of positive

118
 relation with others and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore,

the result implies there is only an average score and no high or low

positive relation with others.

e. There was no significant relationship between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples with pets in terms of purpose in

life and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the result

implies that both individuals in the control and experimental group

have a moderate sense of realizing his or her tendency to derive

meaning from life's experiences.

f. There was no significant relationship between pretest and posttest

mean scores of same sex couples with pets in terms of

self-acceptance and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the

result implies that both individuals in the control and experimental

group have a moderate sense of realizing his or her tendency to

derive meaning from life's experiences.

RECOMMENDATION 

Based on the findings and emphasize presented, the following

recommendation are suggested:

1. The researchers should consider the equal population distribution in order to

obtain the desired results of comparing the demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of sex in all variables. Future researchers should

consider the importance of the data or information about the participants in

terms of demographic profile such as monthly family income in order to gain

119
the desired result. 

120
2. The researchers should broaden the research locale in order to explore new

findings and elaborate the results of the study. By expanding the research

locale, the intervention can be carried out over a lengthy period of time for it

to be effective. 

3. The researchers should include the family environment, the occupation of the

couples as well as their preference. In addition, the future researcher should

also consider correlates life satisfaction and psychological well-being.

4. The researchers should deepen in the LGBT+ community in order to attain

more substantial information to improve the psychological well-being of the

members. 

5. The researchers suggest having insufficient time to strengthen the validity of

the study. Also, future researchers may require specific pets e.g. only for dogs

or cats.

6. The researchers suggest conducting intervention through face-to-face and not

virtually.

7. Based on the computed scores of psychological well-being the researchers

suggest to provide deeper intervention for the variables above.

121
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 APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Research Instrument

Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale

129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
Appendix 2. SPSS Output

Experimental Group

Autonomy

Environmental Mastery

138
Personal Growth

Positive Relations with others

139
Purpose in Life

Self-acceptance

140
Control Group

Autonomy

Environmental Mastery

141
Personal Growth

Positive relations with others

142
Purpose in Life

Self-acceptance

143
Appendix 3. Demographic Profile Sheet

Demographic Profile Sheet

The demographic profile sheet shown below contains the information that

researchers need in order to collect sufficient data to support the study. Due to the

emergence of pandemic and limited physical interactions, the form was answered

through a virtual platform, specifically Google Forms.

Gender

( ) Lesbian ( ) Transgender

( ) Gay ( ) Other

( ) Bisexual

Have pet/s:

( ) Yes ( ) No

144
Appendix 4. Schedule of Intervention

Safe space along with pets was a module that the researchers used, this was

implemented as an intervention program to those respondents who were willing to

participate in a two-days. It was based on 4a approach consisting of activity, analysis,

abstraction, and application. It was for offline and online purposes in helping the

individual to know their pets more. Every activity involves tasks that will discuss how

to treat a pet better and stimulate their body by walking with their pets. The analysis

consists of questions based on the activity which is to know what they feel and learn

after the activity. Abstraction discusses the goal while doing the safe space along

with pets. The application focuses on the experience of the respondents where it

involves activities that will tap their feeling and psychological well-being and where

abstraction applies. 

The researchers had a briefing first about the specific background of the

study through online on the use of Google Meet and administer the pretest after that.

Researchers preferred a g-form containing the different schedule where it will be

available. January 16, 2023 from 5:00 pm and 7:00 pm. The second day was

January 17, 2023 from 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm. So, the intervention was implemented

after the program according to their chosen time. 

Table 8. Schedule Intervention

Date Time Date Time

5:00 pm to 6:00 pm 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm

January 16, 2023 January 17, 2023

6:00 pm to 7:00 pm 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm

145
Appendix 5. Intervention Modules

Safe Space Along with Pets

Module 1: Pets Involvement in Life

(Getting to Know your Pet)

Objectives

● To define the advantages of knowing your pet.

● To determine the relationship between pets and its owner (same-sex couple).

● To be able to create a bond with pets.

Activity: " Pet Owner’s Emotions Test: The Summary of Hachiko Movie”

Analysis:

1. What was your first thought about the movie?

2. What did you feel while watching (as a pet owner)?

3. What did you feel after watching the movie?

4. How do you feel for your pet while watching the summary of the Hachiko movie? 

5. Did you relate in this movie?

6. What lesson did you learn from this activity?

Abstraction:

Marjorie Garbel, is a Professor of English and of Visual and Environmental in

the William R. Kenan, Jr., and Studies at Harvard University, gives out a quote to the

pet owners and lovers of pets stating that “if you have a dog, you will most likely

146
outlive it. To get a dog is to open yourself to profound joy, and prospectively, to

equally profound sadness.” which reflects the real-life situation while living with pets.

As pets grow, pet owner’s love for their pets grows as well. There is a bond and

attachment that is formed between the two (pet, and the owner). Thus, taking care of

a pet can have a positive psychological impact towards the psychological well-being

of the owner. However, the life expectancy of pets is not guaranteed to be as long as

humans have. Therefore, the effect of losing a pet can lead to negative psychological

wellbeing due to profound sadness. Creating this activity by having the participants

watch the summary of the Hachiko movie will aid them to understand and know how

their psychological well-being is affected as a pet owner. This activity will also help

the participants to identify the effects of pets in their psychological well-being.

Application:

Directions: Provide a paper and make a bucket list of activities that you want to do

with your pet/s.

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Module 4: Building Relationships

(Relationship Built Thru Pets)

Objectives

● To determine the effects of pets in building relationships with others.

● To discuss the importance of having a good relationship with others.

● To understand the importance of walking your pet every day.

Activities: “Meet and Greet with Other Pets”

Analysis:

1. What are your thoughts on the activity?

2. What did you feel seeing your pet interact with other pet?

3. What new experiences and thoughts have you learned from other pet

owners?

4. How do you benefit from engaging in this activity?

5. What lesson did you learn from the activity?

Abstraction:

According to the World Health Organization, children 5-17 years old should

receive 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise every day. Adults 18-65 years

old should engage in moderate exercise for 30 minutes 5 days a week and engage in

strengthening exercises twice weekly. Seniors over 65 should also participate in

moderate exercise 5 days a week and add flexibility and balance routines. Walking

your dog is a great start to fulfilling these recommendations. In fact, research at the

University of Western Australia illustrated that while only 4 out of 10 people achieve

148
150 minutes of weekly exercise, 7 out of 10 dog owners reached that goal.

Application:

Take a picture of what you and your pets encounter during your little journey.

149
Appendix 6. Curriculum Vitae

HAZEL ANDREA R. ALFONTE

Block 36 Lot 16, P4, Soldiers Hills 4, Molino 6
City Of Bacoor, Cavite, 4102
0961 159 4409
[email protected]

OBJECTIVE

To showcase my learning skills and capabilities, that will allow me to grow

professionally.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth: November 27, 2000

Place of birth: Antipolo City
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Born Again Christian

SKILLS

● Graphic Designing
● Video Editing
● Organizational skills
● Public Speaking
● Flexible
● Administrative skills

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY Cavite State University – Imus Campus

Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Cavite Civic Center Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
(2020 – Present)

SECONDARY Bacoor National High School - Molino Main

Junior High School
Molino 6, City of Bacoor, Cavite

PRIMARY First Books Learning Center

Soldiers Hills 4, Bacoor, Cavite
(2013-2014)

150
ACHIEVEMENTS

● Academic Scholar First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

Second Semester A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

First and Second Semester A.Y. 2021-2022

● With Honors
Senior High School
Grade 11, A.Y. 2018-2019

● Graduated with Bronze Medal

Senior High School
Grade 12, A.Y. 2019-2020

● With Honors
Junior High School
Grade 9, A.Y. 2016-2017

● Bacoor City Scholar

Special Science Curriculum
Junior Highschool A.Y. 2014-2017
Grade 7-10

Senior High School

Grade 11 - 12, A.Y. 2018-2020

AFFILIATES

● Samahan ng mga Mag-aaral ng Sikolohiya

Member ∙ 2023 – Present

● CvSu Imus-Honor Society

Member 2023 – Present

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Eman Dasalla
Philippine Normal University
Manila, Philippines
0929 949 254
Hazel Andrea R. Alfonte

151
SARAH NICOLE M. ARRIESGADO
Block 1 Lot 17 Salinasville II, Salinas 1
City Of Bacoor, Cavite, 4102
0967 280 2579
[email protected]

OBJECTIVE

To land a job in an organization that provides career growth, a stimulating learning

environment for developing and putting into practice new ideas for the company’s
development. Self-motivated, demonstrate strong work ethic and creative ability.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth: April 27, 2001

Place of birth: Metro Manila
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

SKILLS

● Initiative and perform task properly

● Proficient in verbal and written communication
● Attention to details
● Active listening skills
● Self-management skills
● Computer literate

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY Cavite State University – Imus Campus

Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Cavite Civic Center Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
(2020 – Present)

SECONDARY University of Perpetual Help System Dalta-Molino

Molino 3, City of Bacoor, Cavite
Senior High School
(2018-2020)

Del Pilar Academy

General E Topacio St. City of Imus, Cavite
Junior High School
(2014-2018)

PRIMARY Real Elementary School

Real 1, City of Bacoor, Cavite
(2008-2014)

152
ACHIEVEMENTS

Academic Scholar Full Academic Scholar

First and Second Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

First and Second Semester A.Y. 2021-2022

Junior Highschool A.Y. 2015-2018

Grade 8-10

AFFILIATES

● HUMSS Synergy
Member ∙ 2020
● Samahan ng mga Mag-aaral ng Sikolohiya
Member ∙ 2023 – Present

CHARACTER REFERENCES
Leo Cyrill A. Abergas
Reconciliation analyst,
Macquarie Corporation
[email protected]

Sarah Nicole M. Arriesgado

153
JHOANNA AIRA O. BONIFACIO
3-126 Sulok St. Panapaan 3,
City Of Bacoor, Cavite, 4102
0965 842 8329
[email protected]

OBJECTIVES

To gain my skills and knowledge on being a punctual worker that will provide an
opportunity for career growth, leadership, and skills development.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth: August 20, 2001

Place of birth: Manila
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Evangelical Christian

SKILLS

● Proficient in communication skills in English and Tagalog

● Ability to perform task properly
● Ability to interact with all kinds of people
● Leadership experience
● Problem Solving Abilities

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY Cavite State University – Imus Campus

Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Cavite Civic Center Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
(2020 –Present)

SECONDARY St. Peregrine Institute of Cavite

Banalo, Cavite, Philippines
Junior High School
(2014-2018)

St. Matthew Academy of Cavite

Niog 1, City of Bacoor, Cavite
Science Technology Engineering Mathematics
(2018-2020)

PRIMARY St. Matthew Academy of Cavite

Niog 1, City of Bacoor, Cavite
Grade 1-6
(2008-2014)

154
ACHIEVEMENTS

Academic Scholar Partial Academic Scholar

First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

Second Semester A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

First and Second Semester A.Y. 2021-2022

Bacoor City Scholar Junior Highschool A.Y. 2015-2018

Grade 8-10

Senior High School

First Semester, A.Y. 2018-2019
Second Semester A.Y. 2019-2020

AFFILIATES
● Supreme Student Government
- Grade 8 Councilor 2015
● SPI Supreme Student Government
- Secretary 2017
● Pitches & Notes
-Coordinator 2017
● Student Body Organization
- Business Manager 2018
● Elite FIL Society
- Sentinel 2018
● Sci-Math Organization
- Member 2018
● Sci-Math Organization
- Peace Officer 2019
● Elite FIL Society
- Member 2019
● Samahan ng mga Mag-aaral ng Sikolohiya
Member ∙ 2023 – Present

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Joseph T. Rebay - Academic Coordinator

St. Matthew Academy of Cavite
E-mail: [email protected]

Jhoanna Aira O. Bonifacio

155
DAN REV B. CADAY
1088 Cajulis St. Binakayan - Kanluran
Kawit, Cavite, 4102
0995 314 6731
[email protected]

OBJECTIVES

To be employed in a company that fosters camaraderie, a company where I can

apply my knowledge and skills, and to become an asset of the company to achieve
the company’s goals and objectives.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth: March 01, 2001

Place of birth: Cavite City
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Born Again Christian

SKILLS

● Has the initiative in every task given.

● Expertise using microsoft teams.
● Flexible and can work in different environments.
● Knowledgeable in using Google docs, google sheet, and google slides
● Good in decision making.
● Knows how to abide and respects others and observe
● Can assess and observe people and working environment
● Have the knowledge and passion in doing researches

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY Cavite State University – Imus Campus

Cavite Civic Center Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
Bachelor of Science in Psychology
(2020 – Present)

SECONDARY Philippine Christian University-Manila

1648 Taft Avenue cor Pedro Gil St., Manila
Senior High School
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) Strand
(2018-2020)

Del Pilar Academy

General E Topacio St. City of Imus, Cavite
Junior High School
(2014-2018)

PRIMARY
Potol Sta. Isabel Elementary School

156
 Sta. Isabel Kawit, Cavite
(2012-2014)

ACHIEVEMENTS

● Consistent academic scholar in Cavite State University – Imus Campus

since 2020
● Consistent academic achiever in Philippine Christian University – Manila
since 2018
● Consistent academic achiever in Del Pilar Academy since 2014
● Scholar ng Bayan 2022 – Present
● TDP (CHED) Grantee 2020 - Present
● Contender of the Year Awardee 2022
● Eco-Fashionista 2019 Top 16
● Conduct Awardee
● Leadership Awardee at Del Pilar Academy
● Cadt-1 Platoon Leader - Alpha 1st
● 3rd runner up Math Olympics

SEMINARS

● CvSU – Imus Campus Gender and Development 2022: Equality Works for
All Gender, A Family Thanksgiving Day, 2022
● Pasko Na Naman: Paggunita sa Pamanang Lahi sa Lungsod ng Imus,
● Kapihan at Kwentuhan: Usapang Mental Health at Online Class sa
Panahon ng Pandemya, 2020

AFFILIATES

● Samahan ng mga Mag-aaral ng Sikolohiya

Member ∙ 2023 – Present
● XChange Youth Organization
Member 2022 – Present
● Inter-School Christian Fellowship
Member 2014-2018

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Will be provided upon request.

Dan Rev B. Caday

157
AREYA MARIE C. GALLETA
Justineville, Panapaan VII
City Of Bacoor, Cavite, 4102
0935 359 8366
[email protected]

OBJECTIVES

To expand my ability, knowledge and skills that will help me to build my long term
goal and personal career. Allowing me to employ my learning, experience and share
these with others.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth: April 23, 2002

Place of birth: Metro Manila
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Catholic

SKILLS

● Average background in leadership analysis.

● Critical thinking and problem solving.
● Oral and written communication.
● Quantitative and qualitative research.
● Patience and active listening.
● Emotional Intelligence.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY Cavite State University – Imus Campus

Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Cavite Civic Center Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
(2020 – Present)

SECONDARY Arellano University – Jose Abad Santos Campus

Senior High School
Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics
Taft Avenue, Pasay City
(2018-2020)

General Emilio Aguinaldo National High School

Junior High School
LTO, Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
(2014-2018)

PRIMARY Palico Elementary School

LTO, Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
(2008-2014)

158
ACHIEVEMENTS

Academic Scholar Full Academic Scholar

First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

Second Semester A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

First and Second Semester A.Y. 2021-2022

AFFILIATES

● T.L.E: Cookery
Vice President 2016 – 2017
● Boy Scouts of the Philippines
Member 2015 – 2016
● CvSu Imus-Honor Society
Member 2023 – Present
● Samahan ng mga Mag-aaral ng Sikolohiya
Member 2023 – Present

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Will be provided upon request.

Areya Marie C. Galleta

159
CLYDE JASMINE M. PAREJA
Block 4 Lot 1 Josefina St., Casimiro Baytown Village,
Habay 1, City Of Bacoor, Cavite, 4102
0905 103 4493
[email protected]

OBJECTIVES

To offer my knowledge, expertise, and skills to the company's development and

progress; to improve my abilities and have more opportunities for personal
development and career advancement.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of birth: February 07, 2002

Place of birth: Pasig City
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

SKILLS

● Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Skills

● Keen observational and listening skills.
● Proficient in written and verbal communication
● Adaptability and flexibility
● Accuracy and attention to detail
● Computer literate

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY Cavite State University – Imus Campus

Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Cavite Civic Center Palico IV, Imus City, Cavite
(2020 – Present)

SECONDARY Ruther E. Esconde School of Multiple Intelligences,

Inc.
Junior and Senior High School
Poblacion, City of Bacoor, Cavite
(2014-2020)

PRIMARY Escuela La Madrid Of Cavite

03 Pinahan, Bacoor, 4102 Cavite
(2013-2014)

Bacoor Unida Evangelical School

Banalo, City of Bacoor, Cavite
(2010-2013)

Theresian School of Cavite

Habay, City of Bacoor, Cavite
(2007-2010)

160
ACHIEVEMENTS

Academic Scholar Partial Academic Scholar

First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

Second Semester A.Y. 2020-2021

Full Academic Scholar

First and Second Semester A.Y. 2021-2022

AFFILIATES

● Samahan ng mga Mag-aaral ng Sikolohiya

Member ∙ 2023 – Present

● CvSu Imus-Honor Society

Member 2023 – Present

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Abigail P. Cabigao
Faculty, College of Medical
Technology University of Perpetual
Help System Data - Molino
0926 722 1923

Clyde Jasmine M. Pareja

161