RESEARCH BULLETIN 1033 APRIL 1970

OUTDOOR RECREATION:
Participation, Characteristics of Users,
Distances Traveled, and Expenditures

GERALD P. OWENS

OHIO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER

WOOSTER, OHIO

in cooperation with
Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
 CONTENTS
* * * * * * * *
Introduction_------------------------------------------------------ 3
Study A~a--------------------------------------------------- 3
Sample _________ ----- ___ -_---- ------------------------------- 3

Participation in Outdoor Recreation __ ---------------------------------- 3

Household Participation Rates ______ ------------------------------ 5
Family Participation by Residence and Race_-------_ --------- _ _ _ _ _ _ 6
Overall Participation by Heads of Households_----- ____ ------- ___ - __ 7
Participation at Commercial Facilities ______________________________ 7

Outdoor Recreation at Home ______ - __ ----------- __ -_-------- __ -_- 9

Travel and Outdoor Recreation ______ -_--_-----------_----------- __ -_- 10

Distance and Travel Time _______ -_- __ -----------_---------------- 10

Characteristics of Participants ___________ .. _____ - __ -- __________________ 11

Age, Sex, Race, and Residence ____________ -_-_-- __ --_----_-_- _____ 11

Age-----------------------------------------------------12
Sex-----------------------------------------------------12
Race _____________________ -------------------------------12
Residence------------------------------------------------14
Education and Occupation __________________________ - ____________ 15
Education ________________________________________________ 15
Occupation _______________________________________________ 16

Income, Expenditures, and Life Cycle ____ .. __________________________ 17

Family Income ____________________________________________ 17
Expenditures for Outdoor Recreation ___________________________ 19
Family Life Cycle __________________________________________ 20

Other Factors Associated with Participation _________________________ 20

Favorite Activity ___________________________________________ 20
leisure Time- ______________________________________________ 21
Factors limiting Participation ____________________________________ 21

Summary_________________________ __ _ _ _ _ _ ________________________ 22

Appendix--------------------------------------------------------23

AGDEX 888
4-70-SM
 Outdoor Recreation: Participation, Characteristics of Users,
Distances Traveled, and Expenditures
GERALD P. OWENS

INTRODUCTION ginia, as well as heavily populated areas such as Co-

A great deal of expansion and development of lumbus and Cincinnati, Ohio.
outdoor recreational facilities is occurring in response Sample
A total of 800 questionnaires or schedules were
to the rapid increase in demand for outdoor recrea-
completed by interview with a random sample of
tion. Much of this expansion is in private facilities,
households in randomly selected counties in the study
although considerable development of public parks, area in March 1964. The sample was stratified by
lakes, and other facilities is underway. Many land- rural-urban residence and the urban segment was fur-
owners and other business-oriented citizens have fore- ther stratified by size of city. Thus, the proportions
seen promising opportunities in this field and are in- of rural and urban households in the sample were ap-
vesting in recreational businesses. proximately equal to the true proportions of rural and
Population trends and projections of economic urban households in the entire study area. In addi-
data to future times1 point to a continuing increase tion, households from various size cities and towns
in the use of leisure time for outdoor recreation. Rec- were proportionately represented by the sample.
reation as an industry is becoming more and more There were 776 usable schedules. Although
important to the economy. Recreation as a means these schedules contained information from only a
of using increasing leisure time is becoming more and small percentage of the households in the study area,
more important to society. fairly concise conclusions about the overall area can
be drawn. The number of schedules necessary to
The need for planning in the field of outdoor
provide reliable results was determined before the
recreation is readily apparent on an individual enter- study was undertaken and statistically acceptable pro-
prise basis, as well as on a national and regional basis. cedures were employed throughout.
Useful planning can be accomplished only by using While inferences and conclusions from this study
accurate and meaningful information. apply only to the study area (Fig. 1), the results
A previous study in this series2 described various should be of value in other similar areas.
outdoor recreation enterprises in terms of costs, re-
turns, capital and labor requirements, profits, and PARTICIPATION IN OUTDOOR RECREATION
management problems. The purpose of this study Outdoor recreation has been defined as the use
is to deal with aspects of demand for outdoor recrea- of leisure time outdoors. Since this study was con-
tion. Analysis of characteristics of recreationists, cerned with economic aspects of outdoor recreation,
their willingness to travel, their ability and willingness emphasis was placed on activities requiring some ex-
to pay for facilities, their preferences, and their actual penditure of money as well as time. The 14 activi-
participation will help operators and planners in cop- ties in this study make up a large proportion of ail
ing with the myriad problems associated with the de- outdoor recreation in America. A catch-all category,
velopment of outdoor recreation facilities. labeled "other" for convenience, reflects all other
Study Area
forms of outdoor recreation-about 9 percent in terms
The study area consisted of 52 counties in Ohio, of total participation in outdoor recreation.
12 counties in Kentucky, and 8 counties in West Vir- The outdoor activities used in this study were:
ginia (Fig. 1). Sightseeing: Looking at something of interest,
Terrain ranges from the fertile Corn Belt area with the major limitation that the sightseeing must be
of western Ohio to the rugged areas of southern Ohio, intentional. Excluded were such things as casually
Kentucky, and West Virginia. The study area con- looking from the car window during a trip. If the
tains such sparsely populated areas as Noble and Vin- person took a particular route or went out of his way
ton counties in Ohio and Mason County, West Vir- to see a particular sight, it was classified as sightseeing.
Excluded were activities such as window shopping
~For example, see Outdoor Recreation for America, Outdoor Rec-
reation Resources Review Commission, Washington, D. C., Jan. 1962. where the emphasis was not on the outdoors.
•owens, Gerald P. 1964. Income Potential from Outdoor Rec- Swimming: The ability to swim was not neces-
reation Enterprises in Rural Areas in Ohio. Ohio Agri. Exp. Sta., Res.
Bull. 964.
sary for inclusion under this activity. Bathing or play-

3
ing in the surf and surfboarding were included, but Power Boating: The recreational use of out-
skindiving or scuba diving and water skiing were listed board or inboard motorboats, power launches, and
under separate categories. yachts. Canoes, sailboats, rowboats, houseboats, rafts,
and floats were excluded.
Picnicking: Outdoor activity away from home, Canoeing, Rowing, or Sailing: Recreational use
with the primary purpose of preparing or eating a of canoes, rowboats, and sailboats.
meal outdoors. Other activities often are associated Golf: Excluded miniature golf, archery golf, and
with picnicking. activities at driving ranges and putting greens.

l;::::;:;:;:;j Rural Samp 1e

K\\'\"01 Urban Sample

- Both Rural
and Urban

\
Fig. 1.-Study Area.
4
 Fishing: The taking of fish for noncommercial persons in the study. For average activity days per
purposes. Spearfishing while skindiving was included. year per participant, total participation was divided
Fishing for commercial purposes or other nonsport hy the number of persons who participated in the acti-
fishing was not included. vity one or more times during the year.
Hunting: The search for or stalking of animals An activity day is defined as a day or part of a
in order to kill them for recreation purposes. Com- day in which the person engaged in the activity one
mercial hunting was not included. or more times. For example, one activity day of
Horseback Riding: Only recreation riding. Rid- swimming was counted if the person went swimming
ing to or from work or school or riding as part of a job one or more times during the same day. If the per-
such as a cowboy or mounted policeman was not in- son went swimming in the morning and horseback
cluded. riding during the afternoon, one activity day was
counted for each activity.
Camping: Living outdoors using for shelter a
bed roll, sleeping bag, trailer, tent, or a hut open on This study included 2756 people of all ages in
one or more sides, if the person took his bedding, cook- 776 households. Average size of household in the
ing equipment, and food with him. Camping is often study was 3.55 persons compared to an average family
done in combination with other activities such as fish- size of 3.65 in Ohio. Each person participated at least
ing, hunting, etc. When such a combination was re- once during the year in an average of 3.1 different
ported, all associated outdoor activities also were re- outdoor activities. Total participation in all outdoor
corded. Organized camping, such as Boy Scout activities by all participants was 122,687 activity days
camps, was not included. -an average of 44.52 days per person or 14.38 days
in each of the 3.1 activities.
Water Skiing: Any sport where the person was
Participation (in activity days per year) was
towed behind a boat. This included the use of aqua-
planes, water skis, or any similar apparatus. determined for each household member and is pre-
sented for the entire family as well as in a breakdown
Skin Diving and Scuba Diving: Underwater by head, spouse, children, and other household or
swimming with use of underwater breathing apparatus family members.
for recreational purposes. Excluded professional or The most popular activities, in terms of percent
occupational diving.
of population participating one or more times, were
Ice Skating: Any noncompetitive recreational picnicking, sightseeing, swimming, and fishing. The
ice skating. Competitive skating including ice hockey activities participated in most, in terms of activity
and figure skating contests was included. Skating on days per year per person, were swimming, sightseeing,
indoor ice rinks, as well as professional or other non- and picnicking (Table 1).
recreational skating, was excluded. Golf and horseback riding were quite important
Snow Skiing: Included were noncompetitive from the standpoint of activity days per year per par-
recreational use of skis on snow. Amateur competitive ticipant. Although only about 11.5 percent of the
skiing was included but professional skiing was not. total population plays golf, those who do play aver-
Other Outdoor Recreation Activities: This cate- aged 19.3 activity days per year compared with pic-
gory included any other outdoor recreation activity not nickers who averaged only 8.7 activity days per year.
clearly classifiable into one of the above categories. However, since so many more people engaged in pic-
Examples are: houseboating, skeet shooting, organized nicking, total participation in picnicking was higher
camping, gliding, horse-drawn buggy riding, trampo- than for golf. It is estimated that in 1965 there were
line jumping, farm vacationing, archery, skydiving, etc. about 1,227,000 golfers in Ohio who accounted for
Appendix Table I summarizes participation in 23,736,000 activity days of golfing. The estimated
the other category. number of picnickers was 7,152,000 with 62,364,000
activity days of picnicking.3
Household Participation Rates
Skindiving, snow skiing, and water skiing might
Two measurements of participation were used. be termed exotic sports and were engaged in by a rela-
Percent of the total population participating one or tively small percent of the total population. In the
more times during the year shows the relative appeal case of water skiers, however, the participation rate
or popularity of the activity. Average numbers of was relatively high-almost 12 times per year. The
activity days per year per person and per participant activities just mentioned are costly and are further re-
show the relative levels of participation in the total stricted by the high level of skills and physical condi-
population and among participants. For average
activity days per year per person, total participation •owens, Gerald P. 1965. Factors Affecting Demand for Outdoor
Recreation. Unpubliihed Ph.D. Di;$ertation, The Ohio State University,
(in activity days) was divided by the total number of Table 101 p. 77,

s
 TABLE 1.-Percent of Population Participating in 14 Activities and
Average Number of Activity Days per Year per Participant and per
Person.
Average Number of
Percent of Total Activity Days per
Population Year
Participating One
or More Times Per Per
per Year Person Participant

Picnicking 66.8 5.8 8.7

Sightseeing 63.4 10.2 16.1
Swimming 51.9 12.5 24.2
Fishing 29.6 3.6 12.2
Power Boating 15.6 1.7 10.9
Camping 11.8 1.0 8.3
Golf 11.5 2.2 19.3
Ice Skating 10.0 0.6 5.6
Hunting 8.4 0.7 8.7
Horseback Riding 6.6 0.9 13.2
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing 6.1 0.3 5.1
Water Skiing 5.8 0.7 11.7
Snow Skiing 2.2 0.1 6.1
Skin Diving 0.7 0.1 6.6
Other 18.9 4.1 21.6

tioning required to participate. Their popularity Family Participation by Residence and Race
seems to be increasing because of the prestige assigned An analysis of activity days per year per partici-
to these activities and because increasing incomes and pant (for the various activities) by residence and race
decreasing costs are bringing them within the range indicates that:
of more people's budgets. 1. Urban and rural non-farm people partici-
The activities studied but not yet mentioned fall pated more than rural farm people in most activities
in a popularity range from picnicking down to skin except hunting, camping, and "other" (Table 2).
diving or scuba diving if percent of the population Participation rates in ice skating and camping were
participating one or more times per year is taken as a roughly comparable between the farm and non-farm
measure of popularity. By using average number of groups. Recreation habits and rates for rural non-
activity days per year per participant as a measure of farm and urban participants were very similar.
how avid the participant is in his chosen activity, the
activities can be arrayed from 24 activity days of 2. Whites participated more than non-whites
swimming down to 5 days for canoeing-rowing-sail- in all activities except sightseeing, fishing, and
ing. "other". The participation rate for hunting was simi-
Appendix Table II provides more detailed infor- lar for the two groups.
mation on participation rates in the various activities Reflection upon the context within which recrea-
by individual family members. tion takes place adds to the acceptability of the fore-
Appendix Table III shows what percent of the going analysis. Rural farm people are generally ex-
household's total participation in each activity was posed to the outdoors more than their city cousins.
accounted for by each of the various family members. Although they may value outdoor experiences quite
For example, heads of households did almost three~ highly, they probably commune with nature enough
fourths of the hunting, children about one-fourth, and while working and do not feel as much need to seek
the spouses less than 2 percent. Appendix Table III further outdoor experiences during their leisure time.
also shows what percent of each individual family Farm people also tend to subscribe to the work ethic
member's total outdoor participation was accounted more than urban people. The work ethic is an atti-
for by each activity. On the average, sightseeing ac- tude which disparages "unconstructive" use of leisure
counts for almost one-third of total outdoor participa- time.
tion of spouses while hunting accounts for only about In general, whites face fewer social and economic
0.1 percent. barriers to recreation than non-whites. Sightseeing

6
 TABLE 2.-Participation of All Family Members in Recreational Activities, by Residence and Race.
Average Number of Activity Days per Participant
Residence Race
Rural Rural All Non-
Activity N* Non-Form Farm Urban Participants White White

Sightseeing 1745 14.99 10.18 16.62 16.10 15.79 19.53

Swimming 1431 23.07 10.85 24.59 24.18 24.65 14.75
Picknicking 1840 7.21 6.73 8.97 8.72 8.78 7.70
Power Boating 431 14.58 3.46 10.63 10.90 11.19 3.18
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing 169 2.90 5.20 5.06 5.07 3.00
Golf 316 20.05 19.29 19.34 19.47 15.30
Fishing 815 13.30 8.38 12.16 12.21 11.86 16.31
Hunting 232 9.45 11.15 8.13 8.66 8.63 9.00
Horseback Riding 183 8.30 4.85 13.87 13.23 14.24 2.62
Camping 326 6.97 12.42 8.38 8.32 8.34 3.50
Water Skiing 160 35.60 2.00 9.42 11.74 11.74
Skin Diving 20 6.60 6.60 6.60
Ice Skating 277 7.96 4.50 5.33 5.55 5.67 2.75
Snow Skiing 61 3.57 6.44 6.11 6.11
Other 521 10.37 40.12 21.94 21.57 21.11 24.82

*Number of observations for each activity.

and fishing are two activities in which these barriers Pay Fishing Lakes: Small ponds, usually man-
probably are minimal for non-whites and consequent- made, stocked with mature fish, where patrons are al-
ly are participated in most by non-whites. lowed to fish for a fee. Retail sales of bait, tackle, and
Table 2 gives details of participation by residence refreshments are usually made at pay lakes.
and race and shows average participation by all par- Vacation Farms: Ordinary farms which take in
ticipants in the study for comparison. paying guests, usually only one family at a time. The
Overall Participation by Heads of Households appeal to guests is taking part in rural life as contrast-
Another analysis of participation involves aver- ed with the planned and organized activities of a dude
age number of activity days (in all activities combin- ranch.
ed) by heads of households. All but four of the 776 Shooting Preserves: For a fee, hunters are allow-
heads of households reported some outdoor activity. ed to shoot upland game birds, and sometimes ducks,
The head of household influences family recreation as which have been artificially propagated and stocked in
a participant (he accounts for about one-third of total the shooting areas. Guides and dogs are furnished.
family participation) as well as a decision maker. Bird cleaning service and sales of ammunition are
Average total participation for all participants usually available.
in the study was 44.52 activity days per year per par- Organized Camps: Dormitory housing, meals,
ticipant. Heads of households averaged 42.8 activity
supervised outdoor activities, crafts, and woodlore in-
days per year. They generally participated at a fair-
struction are provided to youth groups, usually on a
ly high rate until about age 45, after which their rate
began to decline somewhat; a sharp decline to a new weekly fee basis.
plateau occurred at about age 55. Figure 2 shows Campgrounds: Tent and trailer spaces are pro-
this in detail. vided for a fee. Sanitary facilities, water, and elec-
Participation by heads of households usually in- tricity are usually available.
creased with education (Figure 3). This may be due Picnic Areas: Facilities for individual, family, or
to higher incomes which are closely associated with group picnicking, including tables, fireplaces, shelter,
higher education (Figure 4). sanitary facilities, and water. The facilities must be
Participation at Commercial Facilities
privately owned; public parks are not included.
Seven types of privately owned facilities provide Riding Stables: Horses, saddles, trails, and in-
most of the commercial recreation in southeastern struction are provided for a fee. Horse boarding and
Ohio and, along with privately owned marinas) most training is a common sideline to this type of enter-
of the commercial recreation in Ohio. prise.

7
 60

~
ell
so
(1.)
><
~
(1.)
40
p..
Vl

0
t? 30
>-
+J
•r-i
> 20
•r-i
.j..)

~
10

20 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61
and to to to to to to to to and
under 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 over
Age in Years
Fig. 2.-Relatitonship of Age and Participation of Head of Household.

60
~
ell
(1.)
>< 50
~
(1.)
p..
Vl
40
~ 35.1
0
>- 30
.j..)
•r-i
25.6
>
•r-i
.j..)
(.) 20
<

10

9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
or to and
less 11 over
Years of Formal Education
Fig. 3.-Relationship of Education and Participation of Head of Household.

8
 2 4 6 10 8 12 14 16 18 20
Family Income - Thousands of Dollars per Year
(y = a+ bx + cx 2 , a= 10.627, b = .52832, c = -.0010747)
Fig. 4.-Relationship of Family Income to Overall Family Participation.

This study included an investigation of partici- 3) . Riding stables and pay lakes had the highest
pation or attendance at these types of privately owned participation rate or number of participations per
recreation enterprises. A previous study reported on year. However, riding and fishing are relatively
costs, returns, capital requirements, and management short-term experiences for which one participation
techniques for these same businesses.4 would be counted each day. In the cases of organ-
In this instance, participation was measured as ized camps, vacation farms, and campgrounds, one
a recreation experience by any member of the family. participation may, and probably does, account for up
For example, if an entire family went on two camping to 1 week or more of actual attendance.
trips during the year, two participations would be Outdoor Recreation at Home
counted even though they were gone a full week on Respondents were asked how often their families
each trip. A 2-hour stay at a pay lake by head of participated in certain outdoor activities in their own
household was counted as one experience. yards. The four activities, in order of their relative
Pay fishing lakes and picnic areas attracted the frequency or occurrence were: cookouts, badminton,
highest percentage of households, while vacation farms horseshoes, and swimming. About 78 percent of the
and shooting preserves attracted the lowest (Table families surveyed participated at least once in one or
•see footnote 2. more of these activities or listed some "other" activity.

TABLE 3.-Participation at Seven Types of Commercial Outdoor

Recreation Enterprises.
Households Reporting Number of Participations per Year
One or More
Participations During Average
the Year
Per Household Per Household
Adlvity Number Percent* Total In Stucly Participating

Pay Fishing Lakes 113 14.6 666 0.86 5.9

Vacation Farms 2 0.3 2 1.0
Organized Camps 70 9.0 152 0.20 2.2
Shooting Preserves 20 2.6 60 0.07 3.0
Campgrounds 33 4.3 152 0.20 4.6
Picnic Areas 89 11.5 328 0.42 3.7
Riding Stables 55 7.1 721 0.93 13.1

*There were 776 households in the study.

9
 About 70 percent of the households had at least
one cookout and about 20 percent had 25 or more
cookouts during the year. This activity was far more
popular than the other activities (Table 4).
Less than 9 percent of the families swam in a
pool in their yard but half of this 9 percent (4.6%)
swam 25 days or more. The use of semi-permanent
Gi facilities such as plastic wading pools was included in
E this category.
0
::c Badminton and horseshoes were popular backyard
activities. Ten percent of the families participated
in other backyard activities but information was not
obtained on what these activities were.
The data in Table 4 show the relative importance
of the four activities. The "other" category is prob-
ably understated because respondents' recall was not
stimulated by example. More activity in this cate-
gory would be recorded if children's play had been
included. Many popular adult pastimes, such as gar-
dening, were not mentioned by name. Tether ball,
archery, croquet, and many other activities were en-
gaged in at home (Appendix Table I).
TRAVEL AND OUTDOOR RECREATION
Distance from prospective customers or partici-
pants is a major concern for planners and operators
of facilities for outdoor recreation. One must know
how much people participate, where they live, and
how far they are willing to travel for the various out-
door experiences.
A generally applicable rule of thumb is that
people travel farther for the longer term experiences.
They will travel farther for camping, which usually
lasts several days, than for swimming or picnicking,
which usually last only a few hours.
Distance and Travel Time
Extensive data were obtained in this study on
distances people traveled in order to participate in
the 14 activities. Respondents were asked how far
'V
c they usually traveled, one way, and how long it took
0
to get there. Obtaining distance and travel time
data for each participation in each activity was im-
practical because of limited interview time and be-
cause of difficulty of recall by respondents. Instead,
each respondent reported the usual time and distance
to the activity in which he participated. As a result,
reported distances may tend to be understated in some
categories due to the exclusion of unusual longer trips,
such as vacation travel.
The shortest average and median distances were
for ice skating, swimming, and golf (Table 5). These
activities and picnicking are short-term activities
which usually last less than 1 day. Facilities for these
activities are relatively numerous and generally avail-
able within a few miles of most participants.

10
 TABLE 5.-Miles Traveled and Average Travel Time for Participation
in 14 Outdoor Activities.
Modal Average Miles
Mean Median Range per Hour

Sightseeing 83.3 45 41-50 33.0

Swimming 14.2 5 1-2 26.9
Picnicking 21.5 15 7-10 30.2
Power Boating 55.1 15 7-10 36.4
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailmg 76.6 25 7-10 42.2
Golf 8.6 7 7-10 29.5
Fishing 57.7 20 7-10 36.9
Hunting 78.4 40 41-50 39.6
Horseback Riding 34.7 15 7-10 33.7
Camping 124.1 60 71-100 37.8
Water Skimg 55.0 15 7-10 36.3
Skin Diving 77.0 15 34.6
Ice Skating 4.9 3 1-2 17.7
Snow Skiing 127.2 70 51-70 41.2

Longest average and median distances were for Much of the travel for ice skating, swimming, and
snow skiing, camping, and hunting. These are rela- golf is in city traffic or on foot or bicycle, which ex-
tively long-term experiences, although one can go ski- plains the slower average speeds. Some longer trips
ing or hunting in less than 1 day. There are rela- such as skiing and hunting were by air or relatively
tively few ski slopes, however, and considerable travel fast automobile travel on freeways and turnpikes.
is necessary for most skiers in the study area. Vaca- More than half of the outdoor recreation in the
tion type ski trips of several hundred miles are com- study area took place within 20 miles of participants'
mon. Many serious hunters make longer trips to bet-
homes and a significant percentage occurred within 10
ter hunting areas.
miles. Therefore, the areas of intense demand are
Distance for sightseeing is understandably quite within or very near population centers.
long, even though sightseeing is a relatively short-term
Appendix Table IV provides more detail and
experience. Distance lends enchantment and many
illustrates travel patterns.
sightseers bypass nearby attractions in order to visit
more distant sites. Most sightseeing involves travel CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS
by automobile. Socio-economic characteristics of recreationists
Average distance is total one-way mileage for are important to an understanding of recreation pref-
the activity divided by number of trips. Average erences, habits, and patterns.
speed in miles per hour is also shown (Table 5). Two types of analysis of characteristics were un-
About 50 percent of the participants traveled the dertaken. First, participants in the various outdoor
median distance or less in order to participate. For activities were described in terms of age, sex, race,
example, 50 percent of all golfers traveled 7 miles or residence, education, occupation, income, expendi-
less in order to participate. The modal range is the tures, and stage of family development. Descriptions
range of distances in which most travel reports fell. of high level participants are also given to point out
Almost one-third of all swimming was within 1 to 2 differences between avid and average participants.
miles. This is the modal range for swimming, since Second, participation rates of respondents were com-
the next most frequently reported category was 7 to pared with their socio-economic characteristics to de-
10 miles ( 19 percent) . termine effects of the various characteristics upon par-
Average speed is closely related to average dis- ticipation.
tance. The shortest average distance and slowest Age, Sex, Race, and Residence
average speed were for ice skating. Longest average
The following data are presented for all partici-
distance was for snow skiing, which had the second
pants and for high level participants in each of the 14
highest average rate of speed. A notable exception
activities :
was sightseeing, which had a relatively slow average
speed while being third highest in average distance. • Average age
Sightseers travel slowly in order to take in the sights. • Distribution of sex (percent male and female)

11
 e Distribution of race (percent white and non- average relationships between age and participation
white) rates as determined by curvilinear regression for the
• Distribution of residence (percent rural non- seven significantly related activities.
farm, rural farm, and urban) Sex
High level participants in each activity were se- The entire population of the United States is al-
lected if their participation, in activity days per year, most evenly divided between males and females. Be-
was equal to or above the following standards: cause of the slightly longer female life expectancy,
there are slightly more females than males but the
Activity Days proportion does not deviate more than 1 percent from
Activity Participation
fifty-fifty. In this study, 50.07 percent of all people
Sightseeing 20
Swimming 33 were males and 49.93 percent were females.
Picnicking 12 In this study, slightly more than 54 percent of
Power Boating 15 all participants (in all activities) were males. Hunt-
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing 7 ers, golfers, and fishermen were mostly males. Slight-
~H ~ ly more women than men participated in sightseeing,
Fishing 15
Huntlng 11
picnicking, horseback riding, and ice skating (Table
Horseback Riding 6 6).
Camping 12 The cultural definitions and expectations of so-
Water Skiing 12 ciety which shape behavioral norms for men and wo-
Skin Diving 10 men provide an explanation for these patterns of out-
Ice Skating 6
Snow Skiing 8
door recreational behavior by sex. For example,
women traditionally are not expected to pursue game
Approximately 25 percent of all participants in or fish for the purpose of killing them. In earlier so-
each activity met or exceeded these standards. High cieties this was man's vocation and in today's society
level participants accounted for more than half of the it is almost exclusively his sport.
total participation in each activity. Analysis of participation rates of both sexes re-
Age vealed that males participated significantly more (at
Lowest average ages were for participants in ac- a higher rate) in hunting, fishing, golf, power boating,
tive sports such as ice skating, horseback riding, swim- and canoeing-rowing-sailing. Females did not par-
ming, snow skiing, and water skiing. Although there ticipate significantly more than males in any activity
were older participants in these activities, the appeal (Table 6).
was more to younger, more active people (Figure 5). Race
Highest average ages were for participants in The population of Ohio was 91.8 percent white
relatively less strenuous sports such as golf, hunting, and 8.2 percent non-white in 1960. The percentages
and fishing and in passive pursuits such as sightsee- determined for the study area were 91.73 percent
ing ( Figure 6) . white and 8.27 percent non-white.
Pre-teen and early teen participation in golf and This study shows that non-whites were not pro-
hunting, the activities with highest average ages, is portionately represented as participants except in
limited by skill level requirements and physical abili- horseback riding, picnicking, sightseeing, and perhaps
ties. fishing. Non-whites were more than proportionately
Average ages of high level participants in the ac- represented in the "other" category. Non-whites were
tive sports of ice skating, horseback riding, and swim- not proportionately represented as high level partici-
ming are even lower than for all participants. On pants except in fishing (Table 7).
the other hand, high level participants in golf, hunt- Participation rates for whites were also higher
ing, and fishing are older than all participants in these than for non-whites except in sightseeing, fishing,
activities. hunting, and the "other" category (Table 2).
Average age of all participants in all activities Analysis of variance indicates that non-whites
was 28.95 years (Table 6). participated significantly more than whites only in
Age was significantly related to participation in sightseeing. Whites participated at a significantily
only seven activities-swimming, canoeing-rowing- higher rate than non-whites in swimming, picnicking,
sailing, horseback riding, ice skating, golf, hunting, canoeing-rowing-sailing, camping, and ice skating.
and fishing. Sightseeing, picnicking, power boating, The overall family participation rate was also signifi-
and camping are open to all age groups, including the cantly higher for whites.
very young and very old, and were not found to be Social and economic barriers are probably the
significantly related to age. Figures 5 and 6 show major reason for lower participation by non-whites.

12
 Ul
>..
20 A B
ell
0 16 til 1. 00
+J
>.. 12 ~ .7S
0
•r-i
:> >..
·r-i
+J
8 +J
•r-i
.so
~
"
t.l
-< 4 >
•r-i .2S
+J
t.l

so 70 -<
10 30 10 30 50 70
Years of Age Years of Age
SWIMMING CANOEING - ROWING - SAILING
(y = a+ bx + cx2, a= 18.331, (y = a + bx + cx2 , a = .105,
b = -.05714, c = -.0032869) b = .01328, c = -.0001508)
Ul
c Ul
D
~ 2.0 ~ 1. 00
0 0
>.. 1.5
+J
>.. • 75
+J
•r-i 1.0 •r-i .50
>
•r-i >
•r-i
+J
t.l
.5 "t . 25
-< -<
10 30 50 70 10 30 50 70
Years of Age Years of Age
HORSEBACK RIDING ICE SKATING
(y = a+ bx + cx2, a= .571, (y = a + bx + cx 2 , a = . 793,
b =
.04745, c = -.0008413) b = .00161, c = -.0002332)
Fig. 5.-Relationship of Age and Participation in Four Outdoor Activities.

5 A 5

~
Ul til B til
~ 4 ~ 2 ~ 4
0 0 0
>.. 3
+J
>.. 1.5
-!-)
>.. 3
-!-)
•r-i •ri ·ri
>
•ri
2 > 1
•ri > 2
•r-1
-1-)
1 -!-)
.s -!-)
1
~
C) C)
< <
10 30 50 70 10 30 50 70 10 30 so 70
Years of Age Years of Age Years of Age
GOLF HUNTING FISHING
(y = a+ bx + cx 2 , a= -1.138, (y =a+ bx + cx 2 , a= -.185, (y =a+ bx + cx 2 , a= 1.266,
b = .24327, c = .0028784) b = .07342, c = -.009574) b = .15721, c = -.0018193)
Fig. 6.-Relationship of Age and Participation in Three Outdoor Activities.

13
Residence In this study, 84.44 percent of all persons were
Households in towns or cities of 2500 persons or urban, 4.03 percent were rural farm, and 11.53 per-
more were classified as urban. The 1959 Census of cent were rural non-farm. Rural farm people were
Agriculture definition of a farm was used to classify not proportionately represented in any of the 14 acti-
vities except hunting. Rural non-farm people were
rural people as farm or non-farm. The sample was
very well represented among hunters and fishermen
stratified according to the proportion of rural to ur-
and were at least proportionately represented in pic-
ban residents in the study area as reported in the 1960 nicking, power boating, camping, and snow skiing.
Census of Population. However, most of the 24 Urban people accounted for especially high pro-
schedules which had to be discarded were from rural portions of all participants in golf, skin diving, and
areas. As a result, the sample of rural households canoeing-rowing-sailing. The percentage of urban
was slightly low in proportion to the actual rural seg- participants was about average in power boating and
ment of the study area. picnicking but low in hunting and fishing (Table 7).

TABLE 6.-Characteristics of Participants in 14 Recreational Activities by Age, Sex, and Education.

Age Sex Education
Average Percent Percent Average
N* Years N Male Female N Years

Sightseeing
All Participants 1732 29.08 1745 48.36 51.63 1079 12.39
High Level Participants 503 28.97 507 48.12 51.87 310 12.64
Swimming
All Participants 1425 23.13 1431 50.03 49.96 729 12.94
High Level Participants 355 18.32 358 48,32 51.67 109 13.25
Picnicking
All Participants 1826 27.19 1840 49.29 50.70 1077 12.18
High Level Participants 478 25.45 482 49.17 50.82 267 12.38
Power Boating
All Participants 429 28.82 431 54.98 45.01 283 12.64
High Level Participants 108 29.81 108 60.18 39.81 72 13.43
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
All Participants 169 28.51 169 55.02 44.97 106 13.48
High Level Participants 43 34.00 43 58.13 41.86 30 14.63
Golf
All Participants 316 34.39 317 70.66 29.33 269 14.07
High Level Participants 98 38.83 98 69.38 30.61 89 14.20
Fishing
All Participants 810 29.39 815 68.34 31.65 499 11.79
High Level Participants 213 33.60 216 70.37 29.62 154 11.23
Hunting
All Participants 232 34.03 232 94.82 5.17 189 11.81
High Level Participants 60 34.67 60 95.00 5.00 49 11.12
Horseback Riding
All Participants 183 20.55 183 46.44 53.55 82 13.22
High Level Participants 59 19.36 59 38.98 61.01 25 13.00
Camping
All Participants 321 26.41 326 54.60 45.39 162 12.19
High Level Participants 86 24.47 89 59.55 40.44 40 12.83
Water Skiing
All Participants 158 24.96 160 53.12 46.87 116 13.62
High Level Participants 41 26.51 41 58.53 41.46 29 13.34
Skin Diving
All Participants 20 26.25 20 60.00 40.00 15 13.13
High Level Participants 6 23.33 6 50.00 50.00 3 13.33
Ice Skating
All Participants 274 20.03 277 44.76 55.23 116 13.94
High Level Participants 85 17.92 88 44.31 55.68 26 13.85
Snow Skiing
All Participants 61 23.93 61 52.45 47.54 46 14.63
High Level Participants 15 26.73 15 60.00 40.00 11 14.81
Other
All Participants 519 28.82 521 59.88 40.11 334 12.62

*N==Number of observatiOn$ included in the comtsponding average or brec;~kdown,

14
 Average participation rates were generally higher participants who were 18 years of age or older. Data
for urban people than for rural people (Table 2). for all and high level participants are shown in each of
Furthermore, rural farm people generally had even the 14 activities. This section deals only with partici-
lower participation rates than rural non-farm dwellers pants 18 years of age or older because most younger
except in hunting, camping, and "other" activities. persons have not yet finished their education and prob-
Rural farm people participated at higher rates than ably are not employed.
their city cousins in these activities.
Education
Education and Occupation Education was closely related to participation in
Average years of formal education and a distri- nine activities. Education would definitely be con-
bution of occupations are shown in this section for sidered an important factor affecting participation ex-

TABLE 7.-Characteristics of Participants in 14 Recreational Activities by Race and Residence.

Race Residence
Percent Percent Percent Rural Percent Rural Percent
N* White Non-White N Non-Farm Farm Urban

Census-Ohio 1960 91.8 8.2 21.3 5.3 73.4

All Persons in Study 2756 91.73 8.27 2756 11.53 4.03 84.44

Siahtseeing
All Participants 1745 91.81 8.19 1745 9.79 3.03 87.18
High Level Participants 507 95.27 4.73 507 8.87 1.77 89.36
Swimming
All Participants 1431 95.46 4.54 1431 9.08 1.88 89.04
High Level Participants 358 98.61 1.39 358 8.10 0.27 91.63
Picnicking
All Participants 1840 91.64 8.36 1840 11.68 3.42 84.90
High Level Participants 482 92.74 7.26 482 7.05 1.86 91.09
Power Boating
All Participants 431 96.29 3.71 431 12.99 3.48 83.53
High Level Participants 108 100.00 108 10.18 89.82
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
All Participants 169 99.40 0.60 169 6.50 93.50
High Level Participants 43 100.00 43 2.32 97.68

Golf
All Participants 317 96.85 3.15 317 5.67 94.33
High Level Participants 98 97.95 2.05 98 7.14 92.86
Fishing
All Participants 815 92.15 7.85 815 14.96 3.19 81.85
High level Participants 216 90.75 9.25 216 13.88 2.31 83.81
Hunting
All Participants 232 93.54 6.46 232 20.68 8.18 71.14
High Level Participants 60 93.33 6.67 60 20.00 10.00 70.00
Horseback Riding
All Participants 183 91.26 8.74 183 5.46 3.82 90.72
High Level Participants 59 93.23 6.77 59 6.77 1.69 91.54

Camping
All Participants 326 99.39 0.61 326 11.04 2.14 86.82
High level Participants 89 100.00 89 6.74 4.49 88.77
Water Skiing
All Participants 160 100.00 160 9.37 1.87 88.76
High level Participants 41 100.00 41 21.95 78.05

Skin Diving
All Participants 20 100.00 20 100.00
High Level Participants 6 100.00 6 100.00
Ice Skating
All Participants 277 95.67 4.33 277 9.02 2.16 88.82
High level Participants 88 100.00 88 19.31 3.40 77.29
Snow Skiing
All Participants 61 100.00 61 11.47 88.53
High Level Participants 15 100.00 15 100.00

Other
All Participants 521 89.25 10.75 521 6.14 1.53 92.33

*N=Number of observations induded in thfll ~orrfllSponding average or breakdown,

.15
cept that education is also closely related to occupa- Professional people accounted for a relatively high
tion and income and all three of these factors seem proportion of participants in all activities except fish-
to be interrelated. Since participation increased with ing, hunting, and picnicking. Professional people had
education, a question could be raised as to whether especially high proportions in golf and ice skating.
this higher participation rate was due to the higher Participation rate of professional people was fair-
education levels or to the higher income levels which ly low. Perhaps this is because their leisure time is
probably resulted from the better jobs of people with limited, even though they have the desire and income
better educations. to participate.
The following observations are presented to illu- Managers, officials, and proprietors were the next
strate average education levels of adult participants best represented group, with above average representa-
in the various activities and not to show cause and tion in seven activities. Picnicking, fishing, hunting,
effect relationships. water skiing, skin diving, and ice skating were below
Average years of formal education for adult par- average and swimming was about average. This
ticipants in all activities were 12.42 years. group ranked especially high in horseback riding.
Highest educational levels were for participants Overall participation rate was fairly low for this group,
in golf, snow skiing, ice skating, and water skiing. as it was for professional people.
Lowest educational levels were for those who fish, Clerical people ranked fourth in terms of repre-
hunt, picnic, and camp (Table 6). sentation by participants in all activities. They were
In general, the activities showing lower educa- high in swimming, picnicking, horseback riding, water
tional levels of participants were those with relatively skiing, skin diving, ice skating, and snow skiing and be-
low costs to participate. Activities showing higher low average in the other activities. They were especial-
educational levels were higher cost activities except ly well represented in horseback riding, skin diving, and
for ice skating. The activities with higher education- snow skiing and their participation rate was quite high.
al levels were relatively active and those with lower Operatives were average or below average in all
educational levels were of a less strenuous nature. activities except hunting, fishing, sightseeing, and
swimming. Their participation rate was about aver-
Occupation
age or slightly below.
Occupations of all persons 18 years of age and Craftsmen ranked sixth and were average or be-
over were classified according to the 1960 Census of low average in all activities except hunting, fishing,
Population: and camping. Their overall participation rate was
1. Professional, technical and kindred workers also fairly low.
2. Farmers and farm managers Farmers were under-represented in all activities
3. Managers, officials and proprietors, except except picnicking and hunting. Their participation
farm rate was quite low.
4. Clerical and kindred workers Service workers were high in fishing, about aver-
5. Sales workers age in picnicking, and low in all other activities. Their
6. Craftsmen and kindred workers participation rate, however was quite high.
7. Operatives and kindred workers The sample of private household workers was too
8. Private household workers small to yield reliable results but this category seemed
9. Service workers, except private household to be lowest of all in terms of representation in the
Unemployed persons (students, housewives, re- various activities.
tired persons), common laborers, and employed per- Appendix Table V gives details of occupations of
sons under 18 were not classified. participants in the form of a percent distribution of
Persons in the sales class accounted for about 10.2 occupations by activities, as discussed in this section.
percent of all employed persons in the study. How- It also shows the percentage distribution of occupations
ever, about 22 percent of the people who went water for high level participants. Appendix Table VI deals
skiing one or more times during the year were sales only with occupations of participants who are heads of
people. By the same token, sales people were at least households.
proportionally represented in all activities except horse- From an overall standpoint, occupation was rather
back riding, camping, and ice skating. closely related to participation. However, this rela-
Sales people seemed to be highest in terms of the tionship is useful in predicting or projecting participa-
relative percentages of participants in all activities. tion only if there are noticeable differences in the oc-
Their overall participation rate (activity days per year cupational structure from one area to another or if
in all activities, as determined in a separate analysis) there will be significant changes in the occupational
was also quite high. structure over time.

16
 TABLE 8.-Median and Average Family Income of Heads of House-
holds Who Participated in 14 Outdoor Activities.
N Median Average
All Ohioans in 1959 (Census Data) $ 6,171

Activity
Sightseeing
All Participants 503 $ 6,825 $ 7,782
High Level Participants 148 6,925 8,404
Swimming
All Participants 304 7,375 8,393
Picnicking
All Participants 498 6,650 7,357
High Level Participants 122 6,625 7,430
Power Boating
All Participants 136 6,750 7,957
High Level Participants 33 8,875 9,694
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
All Participants 46 8,200 9,226
High Level Participants 12 10,000 11,167
Golf
All Participants 165 8,550 9,442
High Level Participants 58 9,525 10,424
Ftshing
All Participants 317 6,550 7,353
High Level Participants 99 6,475 7,579
Hunting
All Participants 163 6.425 7,517
High Level Participants 41 6,950 7,412
Horseback Riding
All Participants 31 7,150 7,358
High Level Participants 8 7,000 6,875
Camping
All Participants 79 6,950 7,667
High Level Participants 19 7,100 7,500
Water Skiing
All Participants 43 6,925 8,086
High Level Participants 11 8,925 10,864
Skin Diving
All Participants 9 7,350 7,500
High Level Participants 2 8,500 8,500
Ice Skating
All Participants 31 8,700 9,248
High Level Participants 8 8,750 9,125
Snow Skiing
All Participants 14 6,825 8,014
High Level Participants 6 8,900 10,333

Income, Expenditures, and Life Cycle Discussion in this section is based primarily on
Family Income median and average incomes calculated from mid-
Family income is all income of family members points of the above ranges of family incomes.
from wages, salaries, commissions, tips, net business Median annual family income for all participants
and farm income, social security, pensions, veterans in all activities was approximately $6,950.
payments, rent (minus expenses), interest, dividends, Median annual family incomes were above aver-
unemployment insurance, welfare payments, and other age for participants in swimming, canoeing-rowing-
sources. sailing, golf, horseback riding, skin diving, and ice
Respondents were not asked for precise income skating. They were below average for picnicking,
figures but were asked in which of the following ranges power boating, fishing, and hunting. Median family
their family income fell: income was about average for participants in sight-
$ 0- 999 $ 5,000- 5,999 seeing, camping, water skiing, and snow skiing (Table
1,000- 1,999 6,000- 6,999
2,000-2,999 7,000- 9,999
8 and Appendix Table VII).
3,000-3,999 10,000-14,999 Highest median family incomes were for partici-
4,000-4,999 15,000 and above pants in ice skating and golf.

17.
 Lowest median family incomes were for partici- Average and median family incomes of high level
pants in hunting and fishing. participants were generally higher than incomes of all
Highest average family incomes were for partici- participants. The greatest differences between in-
pants in golf, canoeing-rowing-sailing, and ice skat- comes of all participants and incomes of high level
ing. participants were in power boating, snow skiing, water
Lowest average family incomes were for partici- skiing, and canoeing-rowing-sailing. The difference
pants in fishing, picnicking, and horseback riding. was considerable in these activities and in all four in-

(/') (/')
>... A (? B
cd
Cl Cl
>...
.j..l 8 >...
.j..l 8
·.-1 •.-1
>
·.-1
>
•.-1
.j..l .j..l
() ()
< 6 6
<
r-: r-:
0
•.-1
4 0
4
•r-1
~
.j..l
cd
p.., p..
·.-1 •r-1
() ()
•.-1 2 •r-1 2
.j..l .j..l
~ ~
cd ro
0... 0...

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Family Income - 000 Dollars Family Income - 000 Dollars
PICNICKING GOLF
(y = d + bx + cx2, a+ 2.190 (y =a+ bx + cx 2 , a= .300
b = .7405, c = -.0002948) b = .2340, c = .0000902)
(/') 1. 0
c Ul D
~ ~
Cl Q
>... .8
.j..l
>... 80
.j..l
•r-1 •r-1
>
•r-1
;::.
•r-1
.j..l .j..l
() ()
< .6 < 60
r-: § 40
0
·r-1 .4 •r-1
.j..)
ro
p... ~
p...
•r-1 •r-1
u .2 ()
•r-1
.j..)
•r-1 20
.j..)

~ ~
0... p..

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Family Income - 000 Dollars Family Income - 000 Dollars
HUNTING OVERALL FAMILY PARTICIPATION
(y = a + bx + cx2, a = .918, (y =a+ bx + cx2, a+ 10.627,
b = -.00190, c = -.0000045) b = .52832, c = -.0010747)
Fig. 7.-Relationship of Family Income and Participation in Three Outdoor Activities and
Overall Family Participation.

18
stances, income of high level participants exceeded greatest rate of increase was in the income range of
that of all participants. $0 to $12,000 per year, after which the increase was
Analysis of the relationships between income and somewhat slower.
participation may be more valuable than attempts to
Expenditures for Outdoor Recreation
explain the differences in income among activities.
Generally, people with higher family incomes partici- Each household was requested to supply infor-
pated more than people in lower-income families (Ap- mation on amounts of money they spent for all out-
pendix Table VIII). Figures 7A, 7B, and 7C illus- door recreation equipment and for all other outdoor
trate three types of relationships. For golf, participa- recreation purposes (fees, travel, licenses, etc.) . The
tion increased as income increased. For hunting, par- amounts reported could not be allocated to specific
ticipation decreased as income increased. For pic- recreation activities, but average family expenditures
nicking, participation increased with income up to for all outdoor activities were tabulated by heads of
about $9,000 or $10,000 per year and then began to households who were participants in the various acti-
decline as income continued to increase. vities.
Figure 7D shows that overall family participa- Expenditures were generally higher for partici-
tion (participation of all family members in all out- pants in the costlier activities (Table 9). For ex-
door activities) increased as income increased. The ample, average family expenditures of heads of house-

TABLE 9.-Family Expenditures for Outdoor Recreation.

N* Equipment Other Total

Sightseeing
All Participants 503 $112 $166 $278
High level Participants 148 144 197 341
Swimming
All Participants 304 144 198 342
High level Participants 30 258 295 553
Picnicking
All Participants 498 111 159 270
Hlgh level Part1cipants 122 176 198 374
Power Boating
All Participants 136 197 256 453
High Level Participants 33 423 445 868
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
All Participants 46 134 279 413
High level Participants 12 175 213 388
Golf
All Participants 165 152 235 387
High level Participants 58 177 280 457
Fishing
All Participants 317 115 169 284
High level Participants 99 117 184 301
Hunting
All Participants 163 140 154 294
High Level Participants 41 143 163 306
Horseback Riding
All Participants 31 87 213 300
High level Participants 8 138 175 313
Camping
All Participants 79 197 196 393
High Level Participants 19 258 192 450
Water Skiing
All Participants 43 348 272 620
High level Participants 11 568 391 959
Skin Diving
All Participants 9 200 233 433
High Level Participants 2 200 450 650
Ice Skating
All Participants 31 97 284 381
High Level Participants 8 88 269 357
Snow Skiing
All Participants 14 221 254 475
High level Participants 6 283 192 475

*N=Number of observations.

'19
 ....~ 1. Single person living alone
::r: 2. Pre-child married couple
3. All children under 10
4. Some children over 10
5, Children living at home, all over 10
6. All children away from home; both parents
at home
~ 7. Husband or wife alone
~------------------------------
Marriage > Family Dissolution 8. Husband or wife only (with children)
9. Unrelated individuals living together
Fig. B.-Relationship of Overall Family
Participation to the Normal Family Life Cycle. Families with children under 10 (category 3)
had a rather low overall participation rate. How-
ever, 23 percent or more of all participants in 13 of
holds were much higher for water skiers ( $959) than the 14 activities were from this category, even though
for picnickers ( $270). only 20.88 percent of all families in the study were
Average expenditures of high-level participants in category 3. More than 30 percent of all swimmers,
were higher than expenditures of all participants in horseback riders, water skiers, skin divers, ice skaters,
most activities. and snow skiers were in category 3 (Appendix Table
Expenditures for outdoor recreation equipment IX). This indicates that they participated in several
were generally lower than expenditures for other out- outdoor activities, although not at a very high rate.
door recreation purposes. Water skiing was an ex- Family participation was relatively high when
ception, probably because unusually costly equipment the family was formed by marriage but dropped off
is required for this activity. sharply as children were born (Figure 8). Partici-
In Table 9, double counting of family expendi- pation increased as the children matured and then
tures exists to the extent that heads of households en- began a gradual decline until the family was broken
gaged in more than one outdoor activity. by death of head or spouse. Single persons living
The following ranks activities by average income alone, husband or wife only (with children), and un-
and expenditures from high to low: related individuals living together were not included
Income Expenditures in the "normal" family life cycle.
Golf (highest) Water Skiing (highest)
Overall participation rates of single persons and
lee Skating Snow Skiing unrelated individuals living together were below aver-
Canoeing Power Boating age. Overall participation of husband or wife only
Swimming Skin Diving (with children) was slightly above average, probably
Water Skiing Canoeing because young widows, widowers and divorcees fit in-
Snow Skiing Camping
Power Boating Golf to this category.
Sightseeing lee Skating
Camping Swimming Other Factors Associated with Participation
Hunting Horseback Riding Favorite Activity
Skin Diving Hunting
Horseback Riding Fishing
The "favorite outdoor activity or sport" of all
Picnicking Sightseeing persons 12 years of age or older was reported in this
Fishing (lowest) Picnicking (lowest) study. Respondents made their own interpretations
of the question. Replies ranged from the common-
These rankings suggest that:
place (attending outdoor sports events and swim-
a) Lower income people tended to participate ming) to the exotic (flying and deep sea diving).
in the lowest cost activities (skin diving was The five most often mentioned favorite activities
an exception) . of heads of households were fishing, golf, attending
b) Middle income people tended to participate sports events, hunting, and swimming, in that order.
in the higher cost activities. Wives preferred swimming, sightseeing, fishing, gar-
c) High income people tended to participate dening, and golf. Children and other family mem-
in the moderately costly activities. bers preferred swimming, attending sports events,
Family Life Cycle fishing, tennis, and golf.
For purposes of this study, each head of house- The ranking of overall favorite activities of all
hold was placed into one of the following family life family members combined is shown on page 21 with a
cycle classifications according to the stage of develop- ranking of the activities actually engaged in most by
ment of his (or her) current family situation. all family members.

20
 Ranking of Ranking of d:tract from available leisure time. Time spent trav-
Favorite Activity Actual Participation
Swimming
ehng to and from work was inversely related to over-
Swimming
F1shing Sightseeing all family participation; the more travel time, the
Attending Outdoor Picnicking lower the participation rate.
Sports Events F1shmg Number of days of annual paid vacation was not
Golf Golf
Sightseeing Boating significantly related to overall family participation but
Gardening Camping wa'S positively related to camping-a relatively long-
Hunting Horseback Ridmg term family activity which is usually engaged in as
Tennis Hunting part of a vacation trip. Families in which the head
Camping Water Skiing
Picnicking Ice Skating of household had longer vacations tended to camp
Outdoor Games Skin Diving more.
Boating Snow Skiing
Horseback Riding Factors Limiting Participation
Water Skiing Respondents were asked, "What were the most
Snow Skiing important factors that limited your and your family's
The preceding rankings are fairly similar, indi- participation in outdoor recreation?" Limiting fac-
cating that, in general, people are able to indulge tors, listed in order of the incidence of replies to this
their preferences in outdoor recreation. question, were:
Participation in gardening, tennis, outdoor Limiting Factor Percent of Replies
games, and attending outdoor sports events was not Lack of time 30
measured in this survey. These four activities were Lack of money 14
mentioned among the 15 "favorite" activities and, as Health and age 13
Other recreation preferred 11
shown by Appendix Table I, were engaged in quite Small children in family 8
often. Lack of facilities 6
Dissatisfaction with facilities 5
Leisure Time
Time conflict 4
Several questions were asked during the inter- Lack of or inadequate transportation 2
view with regard to leisure time. Although no score O~M 7
or measurement of leisure time could be obtained, Lack of time was the limiting factor mentioned
several interesting relationships between participation most often, which might lead one to conclude that
and leisure time factors were noted. shorter scheduled work weeks would result in higher
The most important leisure time factors are hours participation rates. Yet just the opposite was true
in work week, time spent traveling to and from work, in the short run, at least. Participation was positive-
and hours per week committed to school, church, and ly associated with length of work week.
social activities by head of household. These factors
Lack of (or inadequate) transportation was men-
were compared with overall family participation and
found to be significant ( 99 percent level). They tioned least often as a factor limiting participation.
were also compared with participation in the various Traffic and road conditions were not found to be sig-
activities and were found significant in several in- nificantly related to participation.
stances. Health of head of household and spouse was as-
Overall family participation was related positive- certained in terms of good, fair, and poor. Little or
ly to hours of work week and leisure time committed no significance was found between health and par-
to school, church, and civic activities. This indicates ticipation in the various activities. However, health
that people active at work and in civic affairs are also of head of household and health of spouse were re-
likely to be more active in outdoor recreation, which lated at the 5 percent level to overall family partici-
might not be suspected in view of the fact that longer pation. Participation was higher if health of head of
work weeks and more civic commitments certainly household and spouse was good.

21
 SUMMARY Significant relationships were found between par-
In this study of outdoor recreation, 77 6 families ticipation in the various outdoor activities and a
provided data on participation in 1963. This sam- number of participant characteristics. For example,
ple represented a cross section of the urban and rural males accounted for somewhat more than 50 percent
population of southern Ohio and nearby areas of West of all outdoor recreation, especially in hunting, golf
Virginia and Kentucky. These data indicate tthat and fishing. Average ages were highest for partici-
participation varies widely according to social and pants in golf, hunting, fishing, and sightseeing. Low-
economic characteristics of participants. The study est average ages were for ice skaters, equestrians, and
was conducted to determine relationships between swimmers.
participation and characteristics in order to advise Participation was closely related to a socio-eco-
private individuals and public officials on present and nomic scale consisting of three interrelated factors-
future needs for recreational development. education, occupation, and income. In general,
The most popular outdoor activities, according people with higher-paying occupation, higher incomes,
to percent of population participating, were picnick- and higher educational levels participated more.
ing, sightseeing, swimming, and fishing. The most Golfers and snow skiers had relatively high edu-
avid participants, according to number of activity cational levels compared to fishermen and hunters.
days per participant, were swimmers, golfers, sight- Golfers also had the highest average incomes. Sales,
seers, equestrians, fishermen, and water skiers, in that professional, and managerial workers participated at
order. Participation of urban and rural non-farm a higher level than farmers and service workers.
people was generally higher than for farm people. Leisure time factors affecting overall family par-
Whites paxticipated more than non-whites in most ticipation most were time spent by head of household
activities. traveling to and from work and hours in the work
Recreationists traveled farther for longer term week of the head of household. Family participation
experiences such as camping than for shorter term declined as travel time increased but generally in-
activities such as swimming. The speed of travel for creased as work week of head of family increased.
recreation was closely associated with distance. High- Lack of time was the most important factor limit-
est average speeds were for the longer trips. ing participation, followed by lack of money.

22
 APPENDIX
TABLE 1.-"0ther" Activities.
Number Percent
Activity of Days of Total

Outdoor Games and Sports

Baseball 85
Tennis 51
Football 29
Basketball 9
"Ball" 3
Volleyball 4
Kickball 1
Croquet 4
Badminton 6
Horseshoes 4
Miniature Golf 3
Shuffleboard 1
Archery 6
Jarts 2
Outdoor Bowling 2
Boxing
Total 211 62

Spectator Sports
Baseball 32
Football 8
"Ball Games" 2
Auto Races 5
Total 47 14

Miscellaneous
Gardening 23
Walking and Hiking 14
Sledding and Sleigh Riding 9
Bicycling 7
Shooting-trap, skeet, target 4
Outdoor Photography 4
Track 4
Flying 3
Roller Skating {outdoor) 3
Drag Racing 2
Stock Car Racing 2
Go-carl Racing
Motorcycling 2
Traveling I
Running Dogs 2
Trapping
Sun Bathing
Total 83 24
Grand Total 341

23
 TABLE 11.-Average Number of Activity Days of Participation per Year per Person and per Participant,
by Household Member.
Head Spouse Children Other
Per Per Per Per
Per Partici· Per Partici· Per Partici· Per Partici·
Person pant Person pant Person pant Person pant
Sightseeing 10.69 16.50 11.10 16.40 9.71 15.86 3.95 9.96
Swimming 5.47 13.97 8.32 19.25 19.81 29.69 2.13 22.33
Picnicking 5.29 8.24 5.73 8.58 6.39 9.13 2.51 6.58
Power Boating 1.82 10.40 1.62 10.45 1.76 11.5T 0.16 10.00
Canoeing-Rowing-Soiling 0.36 6.00 0.27 5.03 0.31 4.54 0.19 6.00
Golf 4.62 21.72 2.11 21.97 0.85 12.64 0.83 17.33
Fishing 5.70 13.95 2.63 13.13 3.00 T0.39 0.57 7.20
Hunting 1.88 8.93 0.04 6.00 0.42 8.16
Horseback Riding 0.58 14.45 0.54 20.44 1.30 1T.98
Camping 0.82 8.05 0.83 8.43 1.22 8.39
Water Skiing 0.58 10.44 0.48 10.90 0.88 12.71 0.16 10.00
Skin Diving 0.06 5.44 0.04 7.25 0.04 7.71
Ice Skating 0.16 4.00 0.22 4.14 1.01 6.04 0.13 4.00
Snow Skiing 0.16 9.07 0.11 5.85 0.13 4.73 0.22 14.00
Other 4.94 22.03 2.20 16.04 4.66 23.57 2.49 15.70

TABLE 111.-Percent of Household's Activity Accounted for by Each Family Member and Percent of lndiw
vidual's Activity Accounted for by Each Outdoor Activity, by 14 Activities.
Percent of Household's Percent of Individual's
Total Activity Days of Participation Total Activity Days Accounted
Accounted for by Each Family Member for by Each Activity

Head Spouse Children Other Total Head Spouse Children Other

Sightseeing 29.52 26.78 42.81 0.89 100 24.80 30.61 18.87 29.64
Swimming 12.29 16.31 71.01 0.39 100 12.69 22.93 38.49 15.95
Picnicking 25.54 24.19 49.29 0.98 100 12.26 15.8T 12.41 18.81
Power Boating 30.12 23.35 46.32 0.21 TOO 4.23 4.46 3.41 1.19
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing 32.28 21.75 44.57 1.40 TOO 0.82 0.76 0.60 1.43
Golf 58.63 23.36 17.16 0.85 100 T0.7T 5.81 1.64 6.19
Fishing 44.43 17.93 37.28 0.36 100 13.2T 7.26 5.82 4.29
Hunting 72.51 1.49 26.00 TOO 4.35 0.12 0.82
Horseback Riding 18.50 T5.20 66.30 100 1.34 1.50 2.52
Camping 23.46 20.84 55.70 100 1.90 2.30 2.37
Water Skiing 23.90 17.40 58.17 0.53 100 1.34 1.33 1.7T 1.19
Skin Diving 37.12 21.97 40.91 100 O.T5 0.12 0.08
Ice Skating 8.06 9.69 81,73 0.52 TOO 0.37 0.6T 1.97 0.95
Snow Skiing 34.05 20.38 41.82 3.75 TOO 0.38 0.31 0.24 1.67
Other 34.05 T3.25 51.31 1.39 100 11.45 6.07 9.05 18.69

TOO 100 100 100

24
 TABLE IV.-Percent Distribution and Cumulative Percent of Miles Traveled, One Way, for Participation in 14 Outdoor Activities.
71~ 101- 151- 201· 301- 401- 501- 701- 1001·
N* 1·2 3-4 5-6 1-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51-70 100 150 200 300 400 500 700 1000 2000

Sightseeing 464 0.2 0.7 0.7 3.9 5.2 6.3 6.9 9.0 9.5 20.1 6.3 16.1 6.9 1.5 3,2 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.2 0.4
0.9 1.6 5.5 10.7 17.0 23.9 32.9 42.4 62.5 68.8 84.9 91.8 93.3 96.5 97.4 98.1 994 99.6 100.0

Swimming 404 32.7 8.2 10.4 19.1 10.9 7.2 2.5 1.2 2.2 1.7 1.2 1.7 0.7 0.3
40.9 51.3 70.4 81.3 88.5 91.0 92.2 94.4 96.1 97.3 99.0 99.7 100.0 100.0

Picnicking 489 7.8 8.8 8.6 18.6 15.4 10.6 6.5 4.7 5.9 5.9 3.3 2.9 0.8 0.2
16.6 25.2 43.8 59.2 69.8 76.3 81.0 86.9 92.8 96.1 990 99.8 1000 100 0

Power Boating 1.46 6.2 3.4 9.6 17.1 8.9 10.2 5.5 5.5 4.8 3.4 48 7.5 4.8 2.1 .4.1 07 1.4
9.6 19.2 36.3 45.2 55.4 60.9 66.4 71.2 74.6 79.4 86.9 91.7 93 8 97.9 98 6 1000 100.0

COnoeing.Rowlng--Saillng 57 1.8 5.3 1.8 19.2 7.0 10.5 7.0 3.5 8.8 5.3 10.5 3.5 35 1.8 35 35 3.5
7.1 8.9 28.1 35.1 45.6 52.6 56.1 64.9 70.2 80.7 84 2 87.7 89 5 93 0 96.5 100 0 100 0

Golf 185 9.7 16.8 22.7 25.9 16.2 6.0 1.1 1.1 0.5
26.5 49.2 75.1 91.3 97.3 98.4 99.5 100.0 100 0

Rshlng 332 4.2 4.8 7.5 14.8 13.6 9.4 7.2 5.1 5.7 3.3 7.9 6.6 24 1.5 2.4 0.3 0.9 2.1 03

~
9.0 16.5 31.3 44.9 54.3 61.5 66.6 72.3 75.6 83.5 90.1 92 5 94.0 96.4 967 97 6 99.7 100.0 100 0

Hunting 148 2.0 3.4 5.4 8.1 4.1 6.7 8.8 6.1 10.1 12.8 7.4 11.5 2.7 27 3.4 2.0 1.4 1.4
5.4 10.8 18.9 23.0 29.7 38.5 44.6 54.7 67.5 74.9 864 89.1 91.8 95.2 97.2 98.6 100.0 100.0

Horseback Riding 81 6.2 6.2 16.1 19.8 13.6 12.4 12 2.5 62 12 40 12 12 4.9 12 1.2
12.4 28.5 48.3 61.9 74.3 75.5 78.0 84.2 85.4 90 3 91 5 92.7 97.6 98.8 100.0 1000

COm ping 113 2.7 2.7 0.9 1.8 7.9 62 6.2 4.4 7.1 7.1 53 19.3 53 9.7 53 18 27 09 1B 09
5.4 6.3 8.1 16.0 22.2 28.4 32 8 39.9 47.0 52.3 71.6 76.9 86.6 91 9 93 7 96.4 97 3 99.1 100.0

Water Skiing 77 6.5 6.5 15.6 16.8 9.1 7.8 9.1 3.9 3.9 2.6 6.5 1 3 2.6 52 1.3 1.3
13.0 28.6 45.4 54.5 62.3 71.4 75,3 79.2 81.8 88.3 89.6 92.2 97.4 98 7 1000 100.0

Skin Doving 1l 18.2 18.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 18.1
36.4 45.5 54.6 63.7 72.8 81.9 100.0 100.0

Ice Skating 100 41.0 20.0 13.0 19.0 5.0 1.0 1.0
61.1 74.0 93.0 98.0 99.0 100.0 100.0

Snow Skiing 35 8.6 5.7 2.9 2.9 5.7 2.9 37.0 14.3 5.7 5.7 57 2.9
14.3 17.2 20.1 25.8 28.7 65.7 80.0 85.7 91.4 97.1 100.0 100.0

Olher 228

•N=Number of repom.
 TABLE V.-Percent Distribution of Participants 18 Years of Age or Older in Each Occupation Classification,* by Overall Study Results and by
14 Outdoor Activities.
Professional, Managers, Craftsmen, Household Service
Technical Farmers Officials Clerical Sales Foremen Operatives Workers Workers, Etc.
Nt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

All employed adults in study

if 18 years old or older:!: 814 21.62 3.32 13.27 12.04 10.20 24.19 6.76 0.86 7.74
Sightseeing
All Participants 534 24.55 2.99 14.24 11.24 9.73 22.48 7.86 0.74 6.17
High level Participants 144 20.15 3.47 18.07 7.63 11.81 25.00 9.02 0.69 4.16
Swimming
All Parttcipants 370 25.15 1.08 13.24 14.32 11.62 21.90 7.29 -- 5.40
High level Participants 39 33.33 - 12.82 5.12 12.82 28.23 5.12 2.56
Picnicking
All Participants 521 21.70 3.64 11.90 12.85 10.55 24.79 6.71 0.57 7.29
High Level Participants 130 17.70 2.30 11,53 13.85 13.08 24.63 4.61 - 12.30
Power Boating
All Participants 136 25.75 2.94 14.70 9.55 12.50 23.54 6.61 - 4.41
High level Participants 37 18.92 - 13.51 13.51 18.92 27.04 5.40 - 2.70
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
All Parttcipants 55 29.10 - 14.54 7.27 18.18 23.65 5.45 - 1.81

Golf
High level Participants 14 21.42 - 7.14 7.14 35.74 14.28 7.14 - 7.14

All Participants
Htgh Level Participants
182
60
37.38
43.35
-- 14.28
11.66
10.98
8.33
18.70
18.33
14.83
18.33
3.29 - 0.54

Fishing
t-)
0. All Participants 294 19.06 2.38 10.54 5.44 12.93 32.99 8.50 - 8.16
High level Participants 91 10.99 - 10.99 2.19 7.69 41.77 10.99 - 15.38
Hunting
All Participants 154 14.29 5.84 11.69 3.89 10.38 37.03 11.04 - 5.84
High Level Participants 38 10.52 2.63 10.52 5.26 10.52 47.40 7.89 - 5.26
Horseback Riding
All Participants 44 27.29 2.27 22.72 27.29 6.81 6.81 2.27 - 4.54
High level Participants
Camping
14 28.57 - 28.57 35.72 - 7.14

All Participants
High level Participants
77
18
33.78
55.57
1.29
5.55
15.58
-
6.49
-
5.19
5.55
29.89
16.67
3.89
11.11
-- 3.89
5.55
Water Skiing
All Participants 59 23.75 1.69 10.16 15.25 22.05 20.33 5.08 - 1.69
High level Participants 14 21.42 - 14.28 - 28.57 35.73
Skin Diving
All Po rticipants 14 28.57 - - 35.73 14.28 14.28 - - 7.14
High level Participants
Ice Skating
3 - - - 33.34 33.33 33.33

All Participants 56 39.30 1.78 1.78 19.65 8.92 21.43 3.57 - 3.57
High level Participants
Snow Skiing
13 23.08 - - 23.08 15.38 23.08 7.69 - 7.69

All Participants 23 26.09 - 17.40 26.09 13.04 13.04 4.34

Htgh level Participants 10 20.00 - 20.00 30.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

*Occupation Codes-Census Classification: 6. Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers

I. Professional, Technical, and Kindred Workers 7. Operatives and Kindred Workers
2. Farmers and Farm Managers 8. Pnvate Household Workers
3. Managers, Officials, and Proprietors, except Farm 9. Service Workers
4. Clerical and Kindred Workers tN=Number of observations included in the corresponding breakdown.
5. Sales Workers :j:Excludes students, retired persons, housewives, and common laborers.
 TABLE VI.-Percent Distribution of Heads of Households in Each Occupation Classification,* by Overall Study Results and by 14 Outdoor Activities.
Professional, Managers, Craftsmen, Household Service
Technical Farmers Officials Clerical Sales Foremen Operatives Workers Workers, Etc.
Nt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

All employed heads of households

in study if 18 or over:j: 597 21.10 4.02 15.91 5.53 10.89 29.98 7.54 - 5.03

Sightseeing
All Heads of Households 400 22.50 3.75 17.50 6.00 10.75 27.00 8.75 - 3.75
High Level Heads of Households 115 18.27 3.47 20.00 4.34 13.05 28.71 9.56 - 2.60
Swimming
All Heads of Households 266 24.83 1.12 16.91 6.01 13.53 25.96 8.64 - 3.00
High Level Heads of Households 28 32.16 - 17.85 - 17.85 25.00 3.57 - 3.57
Picnicking
All Heads of Households 392 21.18 4.08 15.05 6.37 11.47 29.61 7.65 - 4.59
Hlgh Level Heads of Households 98 19.39 3.06 14.28 8.16 15.30 29.61 5.10 - 5.10
Power Boating
All Heads of Households 107 28.05 3.73 17.75 3.73 14.02 25.25 6.54 - 0.93
High Level Heads of Households 28 21.42 - 17.85 3.57 25.00 28.59 3.57
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
All Heads of Households 42 28.59 - 19.04 - 19.04 26.19 7.14
High Level Heads of Households 10 30.00 - 10.00 - 40.00 10.00 10.00
Golf
All Heads of Households 151 35.10 - 16.55 5.96 21.20 17.88 3.31
High Level Heods of Households 52 40.40 - 13.46 5.76 19.23 21.15
Fishing
,.,.
N All Heads of Households
High level Heads of Households
257
77
18.67
11.68
2.72
-
11.28
11.68
3.89
1.29
13.23
7.79
36.60
46.80
8.17
10.38
-
-
5.44
10.38
Hunting
All Heads of Households 142 14.10 6.33 12.67 3.52 9.15 38.75 11.26 - 4.22
High Level Heads of Households 33 9.09 3.03 12.12 3.03 9.09 51.52 6.06 - 6.06
Horseback Riding
All Heads of Households 26 19.25 3.84 34.63 15.38 11.53 11.53 3.84
High Level Heads of Households 6 - - 50.00 33.33 - 16.67
Camping
All Heads of Households 63 28.60 1.58 17.46 4.76 4.76 36.50 4.76 - 1.58
High Level Heads of Households 15 46.67 6.67 - - 6.67 20.00 13.33 - 6.66
Water Skiing
All Heads of Households 39 23.09 2.56 12.82 5.12 28.20 23.09 5.12
High level Heads of Households 11 27.27 - 18.19 - 27.27 27.27
Skin Diving
All Heads of Households 9 44.45 - - 22.22 11.11 22.22
High level Heads of Households 2 - - - 50.00 - 50.00
Ice Skating
All Heads of Households 30 36.67 3.33 3.33 6.67 16.67 30.00 3.33
High Level Heads of Households 7 28.57 - - 14.29 28.57 28.57
Snow Skiing
All Heads of Households 14 28.58 - 28.58 7.14 21.42 7.14 7.14
High Level Heads of Households 6 16.67 - 33.32 16.67 16.67 - 16.67

*Occupation Codes-Census Classification: 6. Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers

1. Professional, Technical, and Kindred Workers 7. Operatives and Kindred Workers
2. Fanners and Farm Managers 8. Private Household Workers
3. Managers, Officials, and Proprietors, except Farm 9. Service Workers
4. Clerical and Kindred Workers tN=Number of observations included in the corresponding breakdown.
5. Sales Workers :j:Excludes students, retired persons, housewives, and common laborers.
 TABLE VII.-Percent Distribution of Family Incomes of Heads of Households Who Are Participants for Ohio (Census Findings) and by 14 Outdoor
Activities (Study Findings).
Percent Distribution
$1000- $2000- $3000- $4000- $5000 $6000- $7000- $10,000- $15,000-
N $0-999 1999 2999 3999 4999 5999 6999 9999 14,999 and More

State of Ohio, 1959* 3.7 5.7 6.3 7.7 10.7 13.8 12.4 23.5 11.7 4.5

Sightseeing
All Participants 503 7.55 2.18 2.38 4.57 7.15 11.72 17.11 23.87 14.73 8.74
High Level Participants 148 6.08 2.02 1.35 2.70 6.75 15.54 16.90 20.29 14.86 13.51
Swimming
All Participants 304 5.92 0.65 0.98 2.63 6.90 11.85 17.77 26.99 15.79 10.52
High Level Participants 30 - - - 6.67 - 10.00 13.33 33.33 16.67 20.00
Picnicking
All Participants 498 7.83 2.40 2.81 5.02 8.03 13.06 16.87 24.10 13.66 6.22
High level Participants 122 5.73 0.81 3.27 5.73 5.73 20.50 13.12 28.72 9.02 7.37
Power Boating
All Participants 136 8.08 4.41 1.47 3.67 11.02 9.55 16.18 19.14 13.24 13.24
High level Participants
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
33 6.07 3.03 3.03 - 9.09 3.03 12.12 21.21 21.21 21.21

All Participants 46 4.34 2.17 -- 2.17 2.17

-
6.52 21.75 26.09 21.75 13.04
High level Participants 12 - - - 8.33 16.67 25.00 25.00 25.00
Golf
..,
CD
All Participants
High level Participants
165
58
7.27
5.17
-
-
-- 1.21
-
4.24
6.89
6.67
1.72
15.75
8.62
26.67
32.77
23.65
24.15
14.54
20.68
Fishing
All Participants 317 6.94 1.26 1.89 6.62 9.77 14.82 15.47 24.32 12.61 6.30
High Level Participants 99 4.04 1.01 2.02 6.06 11.11 17.17 18.18 20.21 12.12 8.08
Hunting
All Participants 163 2.45 1.84 2.45 8.58 11.04 16.57 16.57 20.88 11.65 7.97
High Level Participants
Horseback Riding
41 4.87 - 2.43 7.31 12.20 17.09 7.31 34.17 7.31 7.31

All Participants 31 9.67 3.22 - 6.45 12.90 6.45 9.67 29.06 19.36 3.22
High level Participants
Camping
8 - - - 12.50 - 25.00 12.50 50.00

All Participants 79 1.26 2.53 2.53 5.06 3.79 12.66 24.06 32.93 10.12 5.06
High Level Participants
Water Skiing
19 - - - - 5.26 15.78 26.31 47.39 5.26

All Participants 43 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 11.62 13.96 16.28 25.60 13.96 9.30
High Level Participants 11 - - - - - 9.09 9.09 45.46 9.09 27.27
Skin Diving
All Participants 9 - - - - 22.22 11.11 11.11 44.45 11.11
High Level Participants 2 - - - - - - - 100.00
Ice Skating
All Participants 31 3.22 3.22 - 3.22 3.22 6.45 9.67 35.51 25.82 9.67
High Level Participants 8 - - - - - 12.50 - 62.50 25.00
Snow Skiing
All Participants 14 7.14 - - - - 14.28 35.74 21.42 14.28 7.14
High Level Participants 6 - - - - - - 16.67 50.00 16.67 16.66
Other
All Participants 174 8.04 2.30 2.30 4.59 6.32 8.62 21.26 24.15 13.23 9.19

*1960 Census of Population.

 TABLE VIII.-Participation in 14 Activities and Overall Family Participation at Nine Income Levels.
Activity Days Participation at Nine Annual Income Levels
$1,000 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $16,000 $20,000

Sightseemg 6.951 7.505 8.555 9.531 10.431 11.256 12.006 13.281 14.255
Swimming 0103 2.258 6.302 9.996 13.338 16.329 18.968 23.193 26.014
Prcmckmg 2.901 3.553 4.680 5.572 6.227 6.647 6.831 6.491 5.208
Power Boating 0.163 0.336 0.716 1.137 1.601 2.107 2.656 3.880 5.273
Canoeing-Rowing-Sari mg 0.166 0.107 0.115 0.157 0.233 0.343 0.487 0.877 1.403
t-3 Golf 0.057 0.204 0.780 1.429 2 149 2.942 3.807 5.753 7.988
'()
Frshing 3.185 3.308 3.500 3.621 3.669 3.644 3.548 3.138 2.439
Hunting 0.898 0.878 0.835 0.788 0.737 0.683 0.625 0.499 0.358
Horseback Ridmg 0.073 0.177 0.394 0.624 0.866 1.121 1.388 1.959 2.580
Camping 0.042 0.208 0.633 0.959 1.185 1.313 1.341 1.100 0.462
Water Skiing 0.079 0.016 0.213 0.422 0.643 0.875 1.119 1.641 2.210
Skin Divrng 0.096 0.057 0.007 0.056 0.088 0.104 0.104 0.055 0.058
Ice Skating 0.126 0.004 0.239 0.443 0.615 0.755 0.864 0.985 0.978
Snow Skiing 0.057 0.017 0.054 0.112 0.156 0.188 0.206 0.204 0.149
Overall Family Participation 15.802 20.763 30.040 38.457 46.014 52.712 58.549 67.646 73.303
TABLE IX.-Percent Distribution of Participation in 14 Outdoor Activities by State of Family Development.
State of Family Development*
N 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

All Families 771 2.46 6.10 20.88 16.99 25.94 17.77 4.02 5.19 0.65

Sightseeing
All Participants 499 2.00 6.21 23.85 18.84 25.06 16.23 2.20 5.41 0.20
High Level Participants 146 1.36 6.16 25.35 21.24 18.50 19.87 0.68 6.84
Swimming
All Participants 303 2.31 9.90 30.37 18.48 27.39 6.60 1.32 3.63
High Level Participants 29 10.34 37.94 13.79 27.59 10.34
Picnicking
All Participants 495 1.81 5.25 24.45 21.62 23.64 15.36 2.42 5.05 0.40
High Level Participants 121 0.82 6.61 24.80 27.28 19.84 14.88 1.65 3.30 0.82
Power Sooting
All Participants 135 0.74 7.40 26.67 20.01 25.93 12.59 5.18 1.48
High Level Participants 33 6.06 18.18 18.18 39.40 12.12 3.03 3.03
Canoeing-Rowing-Sailing
All Participants 46 2.17 8.69 23.92 23.92 21.74 15.22 2.17 2.17
High Level Participants 12 8.33 8.33 25.00 16.66 33.35 8.33
Golf
All Participants 164 3.04 9.75 28.67 15.25 28.06 12.20 0.60 2.43
High Level Participants 58 8.62 8.62 13.79 13.79 32.77 15.52 1.72 5.17
Fishing
All Participants 316 0.94 4.43 24.37 23.42 25.96 16.78 1.58 2.21 0.31
High Level Participants 99 2.02 5.05 19.19 21.21 30.31 20.20 2.02
Hunting
All Participants 162 0.61 6.17 29.63 24.70 25.31 12.35 1.23
High Level Participants 41 7.31 34.16 21.95 21.95 14.63
Horseback Riding
All Participants 31 6.45 9.67 32.27 19.36 16.13 6.45 9.67
High Level Participants 8 12.50 12.50 25.00 12.50 12.50 25.00
Camping
All Participants 77 1.29 5.19 19.48 16.88 39.00 15.58 1.29 1.29
High Level Participants 18 5.55 16.66 33.34 38.90 5.55
Water Skiing
All Participants 43 2.32 16.27 39.55 18.60 20.94 2.32
High Level Participants 11 9.09 27.27 18.18 45.46
Skin Diving
All Participants 9 11.11 22.22 33.34 22.22 11.11
High Level Participants 2 50.00 50.00
Ice Skating
All Participants 31 3.22 41.95 16.12 22.59 6.45 9.67
High level Participants 8 12.50 25.00 12.50 25.00 25.00
Snow Skiing
All Participants 14 7.14 14.28 57.16 7.14 7.14 7.14
High level Participants 6 16.67 16.67 50.00 16.66

* 1. Single Person living Alane 6. All Children Away from Home,

2. Pre-child Married Couple Both Parents at Home
3. All Children Under 10 7. Husband or Wife Alone
4. Some Children Over 10 8. Husband or Wife Only (with Children}
5. Children Living at Home All Over 10 9. Unrelated Individuals living Together

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Ohio's major soil types and climatic Jackson Branch, Jackson, Jackson Coun-
conditions are represented at the Research ty: 344 acres
Center's 11 locations. Thus, Center scien- Mahoning County Farm, Canfield: 275
tists can make field tests under conditions acres
similar to those encountered by Ohio Muck Crops Branch, Willard, Huron Coun-
farmers. ty: 15 acres
Research is conducted by 13 depart- North Central Branch, Vickery, Erie Coun-
ments on more than 6200 acres at Center ty: 335 acres
headquarters in Wooster, nine branches, Northwestern Branch, Hoytville, Wood
and The Ohio State University. County: 247 acres
Southeastern Branch, Carpenter, Meigs
Center Headquarters, Wooster, Wayne County: 330 acres
County: 1953 acres Southern Branch, Ripley, Brown County:
Eastern Ohio Resource Development Cen- 275 acres
ter, Caldwell, Noble County: 2053 Western Branch, South Charleston, Clark
acres County: 428 acres