VSAM Interview Questions

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Contents

VSAM Interview Questions for Freshers

1.   What is VSAM?
2.   Explain IDCAMS.
3.   What types of objects are contained in VSAM files?
4.   What is VSAM Dataset?
5.   What are the various types of VSAM files?
6.   Can you explain the file status in VSAM?
7.   What are a few of the VSAM File status codes?
8.   State difference between QSAM files and ESDS files.
9.   How are records stored in ESDS files?
10.   Explain Freespace.
11.   Can you tell me how o en you refresh your VSAM file and how you did it?
12.   State difference between VSAM and Non-VSAM Files.
13.   When should you select a VSAM file over a normal Sequential file?
14.   What is shareopts?
15.   Can an empty VSAM file be used as input to a Cobol program?
16.   What is the procedure for converting a flat file to VSAM file?

VSAM Interview Questions for Experienced

17.   What is the purpose of AMS in VSAM?
18.   Explain the AMS modal command and write its syntax.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

VSAM Interview Questions for

Experienced (.....Continued)

19.   What do you mean by Cluster in VSAM?

20.   What do you mean by Control Interval (CI) and Control Area (CA)?
21.   Explain CI Split and CA Split.
22.   On what basis do you choose the optimum values for CI and freespace?
23.   If VSAM is out of space, how do you fix the problem?
24.   Which IDCAMS commands are available for VSAM?
25.   Define VSAM Alternate Index.
26.   What are the steps to create an Alternate Index?
27.   What is the best way to load a VSAM dataset with Records?
28.   What modes of access are available for the VSAM files?
29.   How would you define a KSDS?
30.   What is GDG in VSAM?
31.   How are the GDG versions named?
32.   If a GDG exists in 3 generations, how would you reference the 1st generation in
the JCL?

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Let's get Started
As the world turns into the information age, many access methods have been
developed to access data stored in files. VSAM, also known as IBM Virtual Storage
Access Method, is among the most popular and most commonly used Access
Methods in the MVS, ZOS, and OS/390 operating systems. A new alternative to the
older access methods (like Indexed Sequential Access Method), VSAM was designed
to enhance features, make them easier to use, and overcome issues pertaining to
performance and device dependence. 
Essentially, it can be viewed as one of the most secure forms of data storage since the
disk records are stored in a proprietary/unique format that cannot be comprehended
by any other access methods. Above all, it is important to remember that interview
questions will differ from position to position. For those seeking VSAM jobs, it is
recommended that they prepare for the VSAM interview questions.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

From a very basic to an advanced level, this article provides a comprehensive list of
top VSAM interview questions and answers that can serve as a solid foundation as
they make their way up the career ladder. In light of the foregoing, we will discuss
what is VSAM, and some common interview questions to help you prepare for your
upcoming interview. 

VSAM Interview Questions for Freshers

1.   What is VSAM?
VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) is both a dataset type and an access method
for managing various types of datasets. When used as an access method, VSAM offers
greater functionality with greater performance and flexibility than other disk access
methods. In VSAM, records are maintained in a unique format that is not
understandable by other methods. VSAM organizes data as files on Mainframe
computers. This is one of the most common high-performance file access methods
used in different versions of operating systems such as MVS, z/OS, and OS/390. With
VSAM, enterprises can organize records in a file in physical order (the order they were
entered) or logical order using a key (for example, the employee ID number) or based
on their relative record numbers on DASD (Direct Access Storage Device). Record
lengths can be fixed or variable in VSAM.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

2.   Explain IDCAMS.
IDCAMS is an acronym for Integrated Data Cluster Access Method Services. VSAM
datasets can be easily manipulated with IDCAMS Utility. It can be utilized for creating,
deleting, and modifying VSAM datasets.

3.   What types of objects are contained in VSAM files?

Each file in VSAM has two objects, each of which defines its storage system.
File object: It represents a single file. File methods such as Read, Delete,
Rewrite, Write, Unlock, and StartBr can be utilized to perform these actions.
FileBrowse object: This object represents browse operations done on a file. It
involves Enable, ReadNext, ResetBr, and ReadPrv methods, and these are
performed using IDCAMS or through TSO prompts.

4.   What is VSAM Dataset?

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 VSAM Interview Questions

In contrast to non-VSAM data sets, VSAM data sets are formatted differently. The
VSAM data sets consist of collections of records that are grouped into CI (control
intervals). VSAM stores its records within the control interval, which is a fixed portion
of storage space. The maximum length of a VSAM record is 1 cylinder. In VSAM,
records are arranged according to the index key, the relative record number or the
relative byte address.

5.   What are the various types of VSAM files?

VSAM data sets can be classified into the following types:
RRDS (Relative-record data set): It contains records ordered by relative record
number and is accessible via this number. In RRDS datasets, records are stored in
slots of a fixed length.
ESDS (Entry-sequenced data set): It contains records in the order of entry or in
sequential order and is accessible only via relative byte addresses. ESDSs are
similar to sequential data sets. Records in ESDS datasets can have variable or
fixed lengths.
KSDS (Key-sequenced data set): It contains records ordered by key field and is
accessible via key-value or relative byte address. Records in KSDS dataset can be
of fixed length or variable length.
LDS (Linear data set): It is composed of an unstructured data set whose Control
Interval (CI) size is multiple of 4K.

6.   Can you explain the file status in VSAM?

As you work with VSAM datasets, you may encounter abends during the process. You
can find the status of a VSAM file by its VSAM file status code. VSAM files need to have
at least one data record loaded into them before they can be opened for input or
updating.

7.   What are a few of the VSAM File status codes?

Listed below are the common file status codes:

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 VSAM Interview Questions

00: The operation was successful.

04: Fixed length record was invalid.
20: The key for KSDS or RRDS is invalid.
22: Duplicate primary key found.
23: Error locating the record or file.
30: Permanent I/O fault.
38: Attempting to open a locked file.
91: Invalid password or authorization.
93: Resources are unavailable.
95: Invalid or incomplete file information.
98: File Locked- Failed to open the file.
99: Record Locked - Failed to access record, etc.

8.   State difference between QSAM files and ESDS files.

Both QSAM and ESDS files store records in sequential order, i.e., according to the
entry order. However, they differ in several ways:

QSAM Files  ESDS Files

Creating these files on tape is ESDS files cannot be

possible. created on tape.

QSAM files cannot have ESDS files can have

ALTINDEX (Alternate Index). ALTINDEX (Alternate Index).

9.   How are records stored in ESDS files?

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 VSAM Interview Questions

ESDS files store records in the order they were added to the dataset. The records are
referenced by their physical address, also known as RBA (Relative Byte Address).
Assuming we have 60 bytes per record in an ESDS dataset, then RBA of the 1st record
would be 0, RBA of the 2nd record would be 60, RBA of the 3rd record would be 120,
and so on. RBA allows for sequential access to records, known as addressed access.
The data is stored in the order in which it was entered. New records are added at the
end. Records cannot be deleted from the ESDS dataset, but they may be marked as
inactive. ESDS dataset records can be of variable or fixed length.

10.   Explain Freespace.
"Freespace" is an important parameter in "Define cluster." In this parameter, we
specify the percentage of freespace (available storage) that will be reserved for the CI
(control intervals) and CA (control areas) of the data component. The default value is
0 per cent.
Syntax:

FREESPACE (CI-percent, CA-percent)

11.   Can you tell me how o en you refresh your VSAM file and
how you did it?
You can refresh the VSAM file once a day, every week, or every month, however, you
prefer. Refreshing is the same as deleting/defining the VSAM file.
Step 1: Delete existing/current VSAM file

IF LASTCC =8 ; SET MAXCC=0

Step 2: Create a new VSAM File

DEFINE VSAM-FILE_NAME (COND=(0,LT,STEP1)

Whenever you try to delete a file that doesn't exist, you get a return code of 8. The
command VERIFY can be used in TSO Prompt to verify that the file exists.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

12.   State difference between VSAM and Non-VSAM Files.

VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) and Non-VSAM files differ in the following
ways:

VSAM Files Non-VSAM Files

The ISPF facility can be

The utility is required to create,
used to create, edit, or
edit, or delete VSAM files. 
delete non-VSAM files.

Supports data stored on a disk

Both disks and tapes can
and cannot handle data stored
be used to store files.
on other devices like tapes.

Non-VSAM files can be

A VSAM file can be an KSDS, BSAM files, flat files,
ESDS, LDS, or RRD. QSAM files, sequential
files, etc.

A well-organized index Data retrieval is slow due

facilitates fast data retrieval. to the unorganized index.

Data retrieval can be sequential, Only sequential data

linear, dynamic, or random. retrieval is supported.

The index and alternate index

There is no index support.
are supported.

It is possible to share datasets Datasets are locally

across regions and systems. stored.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

13.   When should you select a VSAM file over a normal Sequential

file?
There are a number of scenarios in which a VSAM file would be preferred over a
Sequential file. Here are a few:
When performing multiple operations on a file based on a specific key value.
When performing multiple operations on a file, such as updating a specific
record or removing files.
Whenever you need a file whose contents will need to be modified (update,
delete, insert records) frequently.
Where multiple operations are required like different ways of accessing records
either sequentially, with a key, or dynamically.

14.   What is shareopts?
VSAM Share Options determine how users can access VSAM datasets. By using these
options, different users/jobs can be granted different levels of access to a single VSAM
dataset. As part of the DEFINE statement, the SHAREOPTS parameter is written as
SHAREOPTS (a,b). Here, a represents the cross-region share option, which indicates
how two or more users/jobs on the same MVS system can share a file, and b
represents the cross-system share option, which indicates how two or more
users/jobs on different MVS systems can share a file.  In most cases, this value is 
SHAREOPTS(2 3).
If the cross-region value is 2, multiple users can simultaneously process the file
provided that only one of them is an updater. The value 3 for the cross-system
indicates the file can be processed by any number of jobs/users (VSAM does not
ensure integrity).

15.   Can an empty VSAM file be used as input to a Cobol

program?

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 VSAM Interview Questions

A VSAM file that contains no records or an empty VSAM file cannot be opened for the
purpose of being used as an input to the COBOL program. Users will no longer be able
to access them. Rather, an empty file may be opened for output purposes. COBOL
writes a dummy record into the file and deletes it once the user opens it.

16.   What is the procedure for converting a flat file to VSAM file?

In order to convert flat files into VSAM, follow the steps below:
Step1: Decide what is going to be your primary key. Alternatively, you can use
the entire record as your primary key.
Step2: Sort the file by the primary key, or the entire record if no primary key is
specified. Drop duplicates using a SORT statement.
Step3: Next, you must run a JCL command (IDCAMS - Define Cluster) with step-2
results/output (sorting mechanisms) as input.
Step4: Finally, to load the flat file into VSAM, use the IDCAMS REPRO command.

VSAM Interview Questions for Experienced

17.   What is the purpose of AMS in VSAM?
An AMS (Access Method Service) is a service program that performs a wide range of
functions on VSAM/Non-VSAM datasets and catalogues. AMS includes a powerful
utility program known as IDCAMS that can be invoked via a standard JCL and is able
to carry out a slew of AMS functions through its commands. AMS deploys two kinds of
commands:
Functional commands: These are commands that demand real action, like
DEFINE CLUSTER, REPRO, VERIFY, DELETE, BLDINDEX, and LISTCAT.
Modal commands: These are commands that specify conditions for executing
functional commands such as "IF-THEN-ELSE". A TSO (Time Sharing Option)
user can only use functional commands, not modal commands.

18.   Explain the AMS modal command and write its syntax.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

The IDCAMS utility can process more than one AMS command in a single execution.
Thus, AMS sets a condition code a er every command execution and also a
maximum condition code value for each execution. The syntax for the AMS Modal
command is given below. Only IDCAMS can be used for this purpose and not the TSO
prompt.
Syntax:

IF {LASTCC | MAXCC} {operator} {numeric value}

THEN {command} |
DO {command set} //(such as DEFINE, PRINT, DELETE, etc...)
END
[ELSE {command} |
DO
{command set}
END]

Here, in the IF statement, the condition code to be tested is specified as either

LASTCC or MAXCC.
The LASTCC is the condition code from the last command that was executed
(such as delete) just before the IF structure was executed.
A MAXCC is a condition code returned by any of the previous functions.
Operators can be GT or >, LT or <, EQ or = , NE or ¬= (not equal to), GE or >= , LE
ro <=.

19.   What do you mean by Cluster in VSAM?

The VSAM consists of datasets used to store the data and are referred to as clusters.
Index, sequence set, and data portion of a dataset are all grouped into clusters. Each
VSAM cluster occupies an area divided into contiguous areas called CI (Control
Intervals). A VSAM cluster consists of two main components:
Index Component: This component consists of the index part. VSAM retrieves
records from the data component using the index component.
Data Component: This component contains the data. It contains the actual
data records.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

20.   What do you mean by Control Interval (CI) and Control Area

(CA)?
In the data component of the VSAM cluster, each data record is stored as a part of a
unit called the Control Interval (CI), and each Control Interval is stored in a unit called
the Control Area (CA).
Control Interval (CI): It is a contiguous storage area that VSAM uses to store
data records and other control information. A block represents a unit of data
being transferred between memory and storage devices in non-VSAM data
management methods. CI presents a unit of data transferred between the
storage device (DASD) and memory (buffer) in VSAM. A control interval size is
specified at the time the cluster is defined. The size of Control Intervals is
measured in bytes. For example, 2 kilobytes.
Control Area (CA): A control area consists of several CI (Control intervals).
Depending on the number of records, a VSAM dataset consists of one or more
CAs. Data records are grouped into CIs, and Control Intervals are grouped into
CAs. Sizes of Control Areas are measured in cylinders or disk tracks.

21.   Explain CI Split and CA Split.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

CI and CA split occur when new data records are inserted. When a record is to be
inserted in a CI and there is not enough space to fit it, the CI will be split.
CI SPLIT: Essentially, it refers to the movement/transfer of some records from
an existing CI to a free CI within the same CA when an addition or update is not
feasible in the existing CI.
CA SPLIT: It refers to the movement/transfer of half of the records from one CA
to another one when an addition or update is not feasible in the existing CI.  This
results in two CAs that are around half full rather than one full and one empty.

22.   On what basis do you choose the optimum values for CI and
freespace?
The Control Interval (CI) size should depend on the length of the record and the type
of processing. In most cases, CI is 4K. In cases where the record length exceeds 1K,
choose CI sizes of 6K or 8K. If more insertions are anticipated, then FREESPACE (CI-
percent, CA-percent) should be large. Set the value to (20-20) when updates are
heavy.

23.   If VSAM is out of space, how do you fix the problem?

If VSAM is running out of space, you can fix the issue as follows:
Create a new VSAM dataset with additional space allocated.
Copy the old VSAM file into the new VSAM dataset using the IDCAMS REPRO
command.
Alter/rename/delete an old VSAM dataset using IDCAMS.
With IDCAMS, the new VSAM dataset can be altered/renamed to the original
VSAM dataset's name.

24.   Which IDCAMS commands are available for VSAM?

A number of operations can be carried out on VSAM datasets using VSAM commands.
Here are some of the most useful VSAM commands:

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 VSAM Interview Questions

Alter: Modifies VSAM file attributes (cluster, path, catalogue, etc.)

Repro: Loads the VSAM dataset with data.
Listcat: Obtains VSAM dataset catalogue details.
Verify: Checks and fixes VSAM files that have not been properly closed.
Print: Prints VSAM dataset’s content.
Delete: Delete VSAM and non-VSAM datasets, as well as the catalogues.

25.   Define VSAM Alternate Index.

Additional indexes are created for ESDS/KSDS datasets in addition to the primary
index. Alternate indexes enable records to be accessed by using more than one key.
The key of the alternate index is not necessarily unique; it can have duplicates.

26.   What are the steps to create an Alternate Index?

The steps for creating an Alternate Index are as follows:
Step1: Define Alternate Index
DEFINE ALTERNATEINDEX command is used to define an alternate index.
Syntax:

DEFINE ALTERNATEINDEX -
(NAME(alternateindex-name) -
RECORDSIZE(average maximum)) -
FREESPACE(CI-Percentage,CA-Percentage) -
RELATE(vsamfile-name) -
UPGRADE / NOUPGRADE -
KEYS(length offset) -
CISZ(number) -
NONUNIQUEKEY / UNIQUEKEY -
DATA - (NAME(vsamfile-name.data)) -
INDEX - (NAME(vsamfile-name.index))

Here,

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 VSAM Interview Questions

DEFINE ALTERNATEINDEX define Alternate Index.

NAME specifies the Alternate Index name.
RELATE specifies the VSAM cluster name for which the alternate index is created.
NONUNIQUEKEY / UNIQUEKEY; NONUNIQUEKEY signifies that duplicate entries
may exist for the alternative index, while UNIQUEKEY indicates the alternate
index is unique.
UPGRADE / NOUPGRADE; NOUPGRADE specifies that an alternate index shall be
unchanged if the base cluster is changed, while UPGRADE specifies that it shall
be modified if the base cluster is changed.
Step2: Define Path
Using the Define Path, the alternate index can be related to the base cluster. Defining
a path includes specifying its name and the alternative index it is related to.

DEFINE PATH -
NAME(alternateindex-path-name) -
PATHENTRY(alternateindex-name))

Here,
NAME specifies the Alternate Index Path Name
PATHENTRY Specifies Alternate Index Name.
Step3: Building Index
The alternate index is built using the BLDINDEX command. It reads the entire VSAM
indexed data set (or base cluster) and extracts essential data to build the alternate
index.

BLDINDEX -
INDATASET(vsamcluster-name) -
OUTDATASET(alternateindex-name))

Here,
INDATASET specifies the VSAM Cluster Name
OUTDATASET specifies the Alternate Index Name.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

27.   What is the best way to load a VSAM dataset with Records?

Using the REPRO command, data can be loaded into a VSAM dataset. This command
can also be used to copy data between VSAM data sets, as well as to copy data from
sequential files to VSAM files. The IDCAMS utility loads datasets using the REPRO
command.
Syntax:

REPRO INFILE(in-ddname)
OUTFILE(out-ddname)

Here, 
in-ddname represents the DD name of the input dataset which has records.
out-ddname represents the DD name of the Output Dataset, into which the input
dataset records will be copied.

28.   What modes of access are available for the VSAM files?

The following three modes of access are available for VSAM files:
Sequential Access: Enter the code ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL in the FILE-CONTROL
entry for sequential access. Records within indexed files can be accessed based
on the key field selected (either the primary key or an alternate key), and records
within relative files can be accessed based on their relative record numbers.
Random Access: Enter the code ACCESS IS RANDOM in the FILE-CONTROL entry
for random access. Records within indexed files can be accessed based on the
value entered in a key field, and records within relative files can be accessed
based on the value entered in the relative key.
Dynamic Access: Enter the code ACCESS IS DYNAMIC in the FILE-CONTROL entry
for dynamic access. In dynamic access, sequential and random access are both
combined within the same program. By using dynamic access, a single program
can be written to perform both sequential and random operations, allowing
some records to be accessed in sequential order and others based on their keys.

29.   How would you define a KSDS?

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 VSAM Interview Questions

To create KSDS dataset, IDCAMS DEFINE CLUSTER command is used with INDEXED
parameters. A few other important parameters are RECORDSIZE, KEYS, etc.
Syntax: Here is the JCL to create a KSDS dataset with minimum parameters.

DEFINE CLUSTER (NAME(ksds-file-name) -

VOLUMES(volume-serial) -
INDEXED -
RECORDSIZE (average maximum) -
[FREESPACE(CI-Percentage,CA-Percentage)] -
KEYS(length, offset) -
CISZ(number) -
DATA - (NAME(ksds-file-name.data)) -
INDEX - (NAME(ksds-file-name.index))

Here,
INDEXED Parameter indicates that the created file is KSDS.
All remaining parameters are almost the same as in ESDS or KSDS.

30.   What is GDG in VSAM?

Generally, a GDG (Generation Data Group) comprises a collection of related non-VSAM
data sets that are chronologically arranged. These datasets are grouped together
based on a common name known as the GDG base, and each dataset associated with
the GDG base is called a GDG version. A GDG base can have up to 255 generations.
They are highly effective tools for processing data sets created on a periodic basis,
i.e., monthly, weekly, daily, and hourly. Each processing cycle results in a new
generation of the dataset. GDG can be used for a myriad of purposes, such as
Invoicing, Statistics, Reporting, Back-Up, Audit Trails, etc.

31.   How are the GDG versions named?

For identifying a specific generation of a GDG, an absolute generation and version
number are used. GnnnnVmm is the format of the generation and version numbers.
Syntax:

ABC.PQR.XYZ.GnnnnVmm

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 VSAM Interview Questions

Here,
XYZ.ABC.PRS.GDG represents GDG Base.
Gnnnn represents the Generation number (Value range: 0000 – 9999).
Vmm represents Version number (Value range: 00 – 99).
Example:
If the GDG base name is SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG, then the datasets should be
named as follows:
SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG.G0001V00
SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG.G0002V01, and so on.
Here, 
SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG.G0001V00 is the generation data set 1, version 0 in
the generation data group SCALER.DATAI.SAMPLE.GDG.
SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG.G0002V01 is the generation data set 2, version 1, in
the generation data group SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG.
The latest/current version of the GDG is SCALER.DATI.SAMPLE.GDG(0). The current
generation of GDG is called generation(0), previous versions are called
SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG(-1), and so on. SCALER.DATA.SAMPLE.GDG(+1) is the next
generation to be created a er the current generation.

32.   If a GDG exists in 3 generations, how would you reference

the 1st generation in the JCL?
Generation(0) refers to the current GDG generation, Generation(-1) refers to the GDG
generation just prior to the current generation, and Generation(+1) refers to the GDG
generation following the current generation.
When a GDG exists in 3 generations, then the 3rd generation is the current
generation, and therefore, we refer to it using generation(0) in JCL.
The generation (2nd generation) right before the current generation (3rd
generation) is referenced with generation(-1) in JCL.
Lastly, the generation (1st generation) just before the 2nd generation is
referenced using generation(-2) in JCL.

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 VSAM Interview Questions

Conclusion

In the 1970s, VSAM was introduced to replace the older IBM file-access methods with
greater functionality, and ease-of-use, and to reduce device-dependency issues. The
organized index in VSAM makes it easy to access data, and it also supports many
datasets within one cluster. For those preparing for an interview in this niche, the
above-listed VSAM interview questions will be beneficial to both experienced and
new candidates. 
With this collection of 30+ solved VSAM questions, you can prepare for technical
interviews as well as online selection tests during campus placements and interviews.
Having this arsenal of tricky VSAM questions in hand, you'll be able to handle
objective type and multiple-choice questions on this topic with ease.
Learning VSAM will be easier if you are conversant with COBOL, although it is not
required. The attentive interviewer rarely plans to ask you a specific question during
the interview; instead, they start by asking some basic questions about the subject,
followed by further questions based on the discussion and your response. Candidates
should have solid conceptual knowledge, as well as the ability to communicate
confidently and clearly. It's a great way to build confidence and prepare for various
interview scenarios by taking a mock interview. Good preparation and a bit of
cleverness will easily get you through this interview.

Useful Resources

https://www.interviewbit.com/jcl-interview-questions/
https://www.interviewbit.com/cobol-interview-questions/
https://www.interviewbit.com/mainframe-interview-questions/
https://www.interviewbit.com/technical-interview-questions/

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