LEARNING TASK: STS

Review the history of science and make a timeline highlighting the major discoveries
and developments in science.

YEAR DISCOVERER DISCOVERIES

1543 Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric Model
Heliocentrism (also known as the Heliocentric model) is the
astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve
around the Sun at the center of the universe. Historically,
heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the
Earth at the center.
1589 Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution
Darwin proposed that species can change over time, that new
species come from pre-existing species, and that all species
share a common ancestor. In this model, each species has its
own unique set of heritable (genetic) differences from the
common ancestor, which have accumulated gradually over very
long time periods.
1600 William Gilbert Earth’s Magnetic Field
In 1600, four hundred years ago William Gilbert, later physician
to Queen Elizabeth I of England, published his great study of
magnetism, "De Magnete"--"On the Magnet". It gave the first
rational explanation to the mysterious ability of the compass
needle to point north-south: the Earth itself was magnetic.
1666 Isaac Newton Law of Gravity
Newton's law of universal gravitation is usually stated as that
every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a
force that is proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centers.
1712 Thomas Savery, Steam engine
Thomas Newcomen, Steam engine contributed substantialy to the Industrial
and James Watt Revolution.
1800 Alessandro Volta The Electric Battery
Italian Alessadnro Volta makes the first battery (known as a
Voltaic pile).
1803 Henry and Sealy Papermaking Machine
Fourdrinier The machine is an industrialised version of the historical hand
paper-making method, which could not satisfy the demands of
developing modern society for large quantities of printing and
writing materials. A patent was granted on 24 July 1806, for a
machine that could make a long continuous web of paper.
1830 Michael Faraday Electricity
In 1831, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, the
principle behind the electric transformer and generator. This
discovery was crucial in allowing electricity to be transformed
from a curiosity into a powerful new technology.
1840 Samuel Morse and Electric Telegraph
other inventors Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse and other
inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance
communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over
a wire laid between stations.
1846 William Morton Anesthesia
William Thomas Green Morton was an American dentist and
physician who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled
ether as a surgical anesthetic in 1846. The promotion of his
questionable claim to have been the discoverer of anesthesia
became an obsession for the rest of his life.
1849 James Francis Water Turbine
A water turbine is now used in many of the world’s hydropower
plants. Hydroelectricity is the most commonly used in form of
renewable energy today, supplying about 20% of the world’s
electricity.
1860 Louis Pasteur Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food
by heating it to kill off bacteria. This has a tremendous effect on
public health.
1869 Dmitri Mendeleev Periodic Table
Mendeleev realized that the physical and chemical properties of
elements were related to their atomic mass in a ‘periodic’ way,
and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar
properties fell into vertical columns in his table. It is one of the
most important discoveries in chemistry.
1895 Wilhelm Conrad X-rays
Rontgen German Physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discovers X-rays.
This goes right through some substances, like flesh and wood,
but are stopped by others, such as bones, and lead. This allows
them to be used to see broken bones or explosives inside
suitcases, making it useful for doctors and security officers. It
was awarded the first-ever noble prize in physics in 1901.
1905 Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity
This explains the relationship between speed, time, and
distance. The complicated theory states that the speed of light
always remains the same – 186,000 miles/second regardless of
how fast someone or something is moving toward or away from
it. This theory became the foundation for much of modern
science.
1922 Niels Bohr Quantum Theory
Niels Bohr won a 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research
on the structure of an atom and his work in the development of
the quantum theory.
1927 Georges Lemaitre Big-Bang theory
Lemaitre proposed that the physical world began as a single
particle, the “primeval atom”, which dissolved in an explosion,
resulting in space and time, as well as the universe ongoing
expansion.
1928 Alexander Fleming Penicillin
 Antibiotics were developed because of this finding, dramatically
reducing the number of infections-related deaths.
1967 Jane Cooke Wright Anti-cancer Agents
Wright studied the association between patient and tissue
culture response and devised new cancer treatment delivery
methods. Hundreds of medications were examined for their
ability to eradicate human cancers, and researchers studied
how these drugs could be tested in cell culture. Her work
transformed cancer research and how doctors treat cancer
patients.
2004 Andre Konstantin Graphene
Geim It’s a super-conductive carbon sheet built from single-atom thick
sheets. It is the world’s thinnest material, as well as one of the
strongest and hardest. It is a superior alternative to silicon with
numerous applications.
2007 Dr. Gero Hutter Advancement in HIV Cure
Even though HIV/AIDS remains one of the world’s worst
diseases, no definitive cure has been developed. However, on
the said year, Hutter was the first to effectively cure Timothy Ray
Brown, an HIV’AIDS patient, by transferring bone marrow from
an HIV-immune patient.