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Revision Summary of DSE Mathematics (Compulsory Part)

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Revision Summary of DSE Mathematics (Compulsory Part)

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Carey Deng
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Revision Summary of DSE Mathematics (Compulsory Part) Number and Algebra Polynomials Lise ‘erms and unlike tert eg. 2r and 6x are like terms and 2x + 6x can ve simplified as (2+ vx =. 4pq? ar —pq? are like terms and 4pq” - 9g? ca:: ve sizaplified as (4 — I)pq? = 6 bacd Sac are urlike terms aad they cannot be simplified Eactosiziion 1, a?=b* =(a+by(a-b) 2. a+ 2ab+b? = (a+b) 3. a-by 4. a +b =(at+b\(a" —ab+b’) 5. a’—b' =(a—b\(a? +ab+b?) Remainder and Factor Theorems Remainder th-orem When a polynomial f(x) is divided by a linear polynomial ax+b where a#0, the remainder is a Factor theoren . -b I f(x) is a polynomial and f(— @ =0, then the polynomial ax+b is a factor of the polynomial f(x). Conversely, ifa polynomial ax-+b isafactor of polynomial f(x), then f(2 a Let f(x +4x°—3x-18. (a) Find (2) (2) = (2) +42) -3(2)-18=0 (b) Factorize f(x). Since f(2)=0, x-2 w 44x? —3x-1 Sa factor of f(x) 8=2)(X +649) = (42X43) Let f(x) =(¢-3)2x+1)+2+43. Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by x+3 The required remainder = f(-3)=[(-3) -3][2(-3) + 1] + (-3) +3 = -6(-5) = 30 Page 1 Number and Algebra Solving Quadratic Equations in One Unknown, Factor method c.g. Solve x* +2x-3=0. x 121-350 (43) -)=0 ‘ x43=0 0 orx Bor 4 Completing the square Convert it to the form of a(x* +2px+ p* Quadratic formula e.g. Solve x —7x+9=0. Using the quadratic formula, ~TN#y(-7Y -4(0) 20) Vi3 TB 7 -VI3 sie, or 2 2 2 Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation Consider the quadratic equation ax? + bx+¢ =0, where a #0. qs ax+py Substitute a=1,b 7 t A A (A =6? ~4ac) °° 4 <° Nature of roots 2 distinct real roots 1 double real root no real roots Sum and Product of Roots of a Quadratic Equation If @and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +c b sum of roots =a-+B=-2 , product of roots = af a |, where a #0, then Solving Equations Reducible to Quadratic Equations Equations of Higher Degree eg. Solve x‘ -6x? ~ . By substituting x° =u into the equation x! —6x" —7=0, we have w -6u-7=0 taiefpa’ (u-7yu+1)=0 u=7 or wwe have or x°=-1 (rejected) <4 For any real number x, x7 > 0. vi Page 2 Number and Algebra 2—x(x—1) <0 “ Multiply both sides by x: v+x=0 Exponential Ligua tons eg. Solve 2% —2'=0.......(1) Sub titute 2 w-u=0 w=) =0 00 “=I Since 2" =u, we have into (1). 2 2"y 2° =0 (rejected) or 2* = Complex Numbers Complex number a+bi, where a and 6 are real numbers and i? a+bi_ is purely real if and only if b=0. Equations with Square Root Signs eg. Solve Vx+2x=0. 4 square both sides. Check the answers sine squared both sides. 4x°-x=0 x(4x-1) =0 or x 1 = (rejected) (rejected) Logarithmic Equations e.g. Solve (log, x)’ —log, 0 (2) Substitute log,.x=a into (2) + -#=0 “=O #20 ors Since 1og,x=u, we have log » =0 oF log.a=1 Lor as3 lie i=VA. a+bi_is purely imaginary if and only if a=0 and b #0 Addition (a+bi)+(c4+di)=(ate)+(b+d)i Multiplication (a4 bil(c + di) =(a+bil(c)+(a +biN(di) c— bd) + (ad + be)i Equality atbi=c+di if andonlyif a=candb=d Subtraction (a+bi)—(c+di) =(a—c)+(b-d)i vi arbi tdi on atbi e+di Page 3 Number and Algebra Graphs of Quadratic Functions Features of the graphs of quadratic functions Consider a quadratic function y = ax + bs +e a>0 y ‘axe of y eymmetry) maximum aveo! , year? +bx+e ‘aco @o) (0,61 ee) Ny ax? + bee minimum (a>0) value of y The graph opens upwards. The graph opens downwards. (a) To complete the square for x” + kx, add (5 Ten 2 F v shve[ x4 sle4 2) (2) lo (b) Fora quadratic function y a.x- hk)? +k (i) if@>0, then the minimum value of y is k when x (ii) if'a<0, then the maximum value of y is & when x La is of Indices For integral indices p and q, let a, b be real numbers. For rational indices p and q, let a, b be non-negative numbers. 1. a’xa! sal 2. eT, where a #0 3. a 4 eye 5 = where b40 ra 6. ’, where a #0 7. a =1, wherea #0 8. a! =(Yay’ =a? for integers p and g where a, g> |. Page 4 Number and Algebra ‘Laws of logarithms If x=a’,a,x>0 anda, theny=log, x For M,N,a,b>0anda,b#1, 1. log, 1=0 2. log,a=l 3. log, (MN) =log, M +log, N 4. top, 10g, M lop, N N 5. log,(M*)=klog, M (k is any real number) 6 M 7. tog, N= EM here b> Oand s #1 log, @ Note: log, x is undefined for x<0. Graphs of exponential functions and logarithmic functions y yea (lor01) x y= log.x (fora> !) y= logys (for 0 .TR= Express 0.16 as a fraction. 0.16 =0.1+0.06 + 0.006 +0.0006+:-+ 014006. 1, 6 1 0.1 10°90 6 Simultaneous equations in two unknowns {* + By+C=0 ax tbyte By substitution Ax+ Bar +bx+0)+C =0 Bax? +(A+ Bb)x+(Be+C) =0 Since A, B.C,a,b.c are known, x can be find by quadratic formula. (Ax +0) Having found x, B By graphical method ‘The coordinates of intersecting points (x, y,) and (2, y,) represents the solutions. There may be 0, 1, or 2 intersecting points, depending on the number of solutions If a0,abe Graphical representation x>1 and x7 xk, f(x) & Note: ‘> is different from ‘2’. If the equation is changed to ‘f() and y=k Intersecting points should be labeled. Solve 1° +3x+2>6 x<—torx>1. * FO) ZK, then the solution is xS—4 or x21 Solving a Linear Inequalit_ in Iwo Unknowns Graphically Linear programming (a) Solve graphically the system of inequalities: (b) [rt2y22 vty s3 | x20 Hence find the maximum and minimum value of f(x,y —2y subject to the above constraints. Consider the intersecting points (xy) fy) OD 2 (0,3) 6 G@-D 6 Maximum value = Alternative method: Draw a dotted line of x-2y=0. To determine the extremes of x~2y , move the dotted line vertically and find the two critical positions such that the line is about to leave the shaded region. The value of x ~ 2y at the two extreme positions give the maximum and minimum, and minimum value = —6 jxe2y22 T ey re0 Number and Algebra Numeral in the systems ‘Numeral system Numerals Denary system 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5,6, 7, 8 and 9 <- A,B,C,D, E and 7 Binary system Oand 1 represents 10, 11, Hexadecimal system 3.4,5.6,7. 8.9. A.B. C.D. E and 12, 13, 14 and 15 Ina number, the position of each didgit has fixed place value. e.g. In 4305jo, the place value of 3 is 10°. In C8A,¢, th epace value of 8 is 16. The value of a number can be expressed in the expanded form. e.g. 4305, =4x10° +3x10° +0x10' +5x1 respectively. 1101, = 1x2 +1x2' + 1x2? +0x2' +1x1 C8A,, = 1216? +8x16' +10x1 Converting a binary number or a hexadecimal number into a denary number LILOL, = 1x24 +12? +1x2? +02! +1x1= 29 C8A,, = 12x16? + 8X16! +10x1 = 3210 Converting a denary number into a binary number or a hexadecimal number. 29, =11101, 3210, =C8A,, 2129 remainder L remainder Alden 7 16_200------10 (A) T ATO T 112-8 + AB T 16_Ov-12 (C) 7 Adee d T Ove T ‘Transformations of functions The following table summarizes the transformations of the graph of a function y= f(x) and the corresponding transformations of the function, ‘Transformation of the graph ‘Transformation of the function Translate upwards by k units y= fQ+k ‘Translate downwards by & units y= fQ)=k Translate leftwards by k units y=f(xtk) Translate rughtwards by k units Reflect about the x-axis Reflect about the y-axis Enlarge along the y-axis & times the original, where k >1 Reduce along the y-axis & times the original, where 01 F(kx) Reduce along the x-axis i times the original, where O alt. 2s, AB/ CD int. 2s, ABCD A 8 5 A 8 30 b =50" ‘80 6+ 150" = 180" c ‘0 . e é ° Page 13 Measures, Shape and Space Zsum of W\ atb+c=180° ext. Zof A base Zs isos. A A IfAB = AC, then 2B= LC sides opp. eq. 25 A If ZA= ZC. then AB=BC prop. of isos. A If AB = AC and one of tue following prop. of equil. A conditions If AB = BC =AC, then ©D= DC LA= LB= ZC = 60° ZBAD = ZCAD oe AD 1. BC 8 c Pyth. theorem Converse of Pyth. th 4 In AABC, if In AABC, if c C= 90°, then Je 2p? a+b? =? a + J a Mid-pt. Thm. Intercept Thm. ‘ . at If AM = MB and AN = NC, then MN I BC and MN tee 4 B c: D B Fr If ABI CD! EF, then BD: DF =AC:CE Z sum of polygon fo Sum of all interior angles of n-sided polygon = (n—2)x180° sum of ext. Zs of polygon Sum of all exterior angles of n-sided convex polygon = 360° prop. of trapezium ZP+ ZR=180" 20+ ZS =180" opp. sides equal 4 —f 8 © AD = BC and AB = DC Page 14 Measures, Shape and Space opp. Zs of //gram. a diag. of //gram 4 o 4A=s /Cand Ne AO = CO and Lf Lox] “sso e 8 6 prop. of rhombus. f I A prop. of /gram propor etn’ diagonals bisect 7 pop. of / gram 8 ats D interior ang [> <| equal diagonals NY diagonals are L a —eN ¢ prop. of square A ° MY prop. of rhombus ’ prop of rectangle Tine from centre | chord bisets chord If ON 1 AB, then AN a Wh - equal chords, equidistant Fine joining centre to ‘rom cenite mid-pi. of chord | chord Pi ; If AN = BN, then IoM 1 AB. ON LCD and OM= ON, then AB = CD. ON LCD and AB : on LAB CD, then OM = ON. chords equidistant from centre are equal 4 If OM LAB, q=2) Zin semi-circle If ABisa diameter, A s 2 then ZAPB = 90°, If ZAPB = 90°, then AB isa diameter. Zsin the same segment The angles in the same segment of a ° circle are equal. \ ) ic. way If ZAOB = ZCOD, then AB=CD Page 15 Measures, Share and Space equal 2. equal chods ZAOB = ZCOD, equal arzs_ equal Zs It AB=CD, then © then AB= CD ‘ZAOB = ZCOD aqua ares, ual chords equal chords, equal Zs It AB=CD, then 4 Koy IfAB=CD, then ‘AB=CD VY) ZAOB = COD cal hod egal as ares prop. to Zs at centre IAB =CD, then _ B-@ AB:CD=x:y ares prop. to Zs at o* opp. 2s, eyelie quad. ~ ZA + ZC = 180° and ° AB:CD=m:n = 180° oul cele quad ‘Converse a Zs in the same segment _ If p=q,then A, B,C EDCE= 2A and D are coneyclic. i opp. Zs supp. D i a Le 2 a ic a+ c= 180° (or b+d=180"), then A, B, Cand Dare conc clic. ext, Z int. opp. Z > A q 3 Ci If p=q, then A, B,C and D are concyclic. tangent | radius @. If PQ is the tangent to the cirele at T, then PQ. OT. converse of tangent | radius: ©. If PQ | OT, then PQ is the tangent to the circle at 7. Page 16 Measures, Shape and Space tangent properties If two tangents, TP and TQ, are drawn toa circle from an external point T and touch the circle at P and 9 respectively, then @ TP TQ. (i) 2PUT = ZOOT, (iii) 2PTO = ZQTU Zin alt_segment ‘A tangent-chord angle of a circle is equal to an angle in the alternate segment. ZATQ = ZABT converse of Z in alt, segment . If ZATQ = ZABT, then PQis the tangent to the circle at T. Special lines in a triangle AD is the median of BC in ABC. A lw CDis the altitude of AB in AABC. e J oS Special points of a triangle Intersecting point of 3 medians — Centroid ~ Incentre Page 17 CDis the angle bisector of “ACB in AABC A _V/ 8 c MN is the perpendic.slar bisector of AC in ABC. : Intersecting point of 3 angle bisectors “ BX B c Measures, Shape and Space Intersecting point of 3 altitudes Intersecting point of 3 L bisectors —Orthocentre —Circumecentre A z ¥ B Cc 1, These 4 points exist for any triangle. Sut they may or may not coincide, *. There exists exactly one circle with in-centre as centre such that it touches all the 3 sides of the triangle. (i.c. the 3 sides are tangents.) 3. There exists exactly one circle with circumference as centre such that it passes through all the 3 vertices of the triangle. Coordinates Geomey Let the points A, B be (1,,y,) and (1,,y,) respectively. Distance formul, If AP- PB=m:n, then aa men Straight lines Slope of AB = Bo Let m,,m, be slopes of lines Ls, L2 respectively and Li, L2 are not Then Ly//L,m, =m, L, LLy,mm,=—1 Equation of straight lines Point slope form yoy, =x) General form Axt By+C =0 Slope =— > if B#0 (if B=0. is undefined) B intercept = if A#0 (if A =O, the line does not cut the x-axis) yrintereept = if B40 (if B=0, the linen does not cut the y-axis) Page 18 Measures, Shape and Space Equation of a circle Let (i,k) be the centre and r be the length of the radius. Centre-radius form (x hy +(y-ky =r General form xtyh+ Det Ey+F =0 Polar coordinates Are) 6 (a-clockis) polar axis Polar coordinates of P= (1,8), r=OP, tan@=slope of OP ‘Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle @ sin g = 2PPasite side hypotenuse adjacent side ypotenuse opposite side of £080 = cme ypotenuse \ypot A d tan g = OPPasite side ‘adjacent side of @ jacent side ‘Trigonometric ratios any angle ign of trigomometric ratios ’ 2nd Quad. Ist Quad. {Sine} cau tie (Tangent) (Cosine) 3rd Quad. 4th Quad, Trigonometric identities 1 tan@ eo 2. O+ cos" cos 3. sin(90° -6) =cos@ 4. cos(90° 8) =sing 5. tan(90°—9) = 6. sin(90° +0) = cos tan@ 7. c0s(90" +0) =—sind 8. tan(90" +@)=—— tnd Page 19 Measures, Shape and Space 9. sin(180°-@)=sin@ 10. cos(180°—8) =-cos@ 11. tan(180°—@) =—tano 12. sin(180°+0) =—sina 13. cos(180°+@) =-cos 14. tan(180°+ 6) = tan 15. sin(-@) 17. tan(—#) = tan(360°- 6) sin(360°~8 16. cos(8) = cos(360°—0) = cos 8 18. sin(360°+ 0) =sing 19. cos(360°+8) = cos 20. tan(360°+0) = tan@ Graphs of trigonometric functions Graphs of y = sinx y K r Measures, Shape and Space Sine Formula abe sind sinB sinc A Cosine Formula e +b? —2abcosC c b Area of a triangle I . Area =—absinC B. = c Heron's Formula Area =Js(s—a)(s—b)(s—c) where Angle between a line ane a plane A. Projection on a plane (a) Projection of a point on a plane ) Projection of a line on a plane 8 Pp ¥ LRT If PQ is perpendicular to any strai,ht line (Ly and Ls) on passing through Q, then (@) FQis perpendicular to z, Gi) Qis the projection of Pon x, If AB inter.ects at A, and C is the projection of B on x, then (@ BCis perpendicular to x, (ii) AC is projection of AB on = BCis the distance between B and = (iii) PQ is the shortest distance between Pand x B. Angles between lines and planes (a) Angle @between two intersecting straight (b) Angle Obetween a straight line and a lines. plane. A D ; e c B Gis the acute angle formed by the two lines. +t is called the angle of intersection. (©) Angle @between two intersecting planes ABis the line of intersection of 7 and 7, Gi) is the acute angle between two intereseting straight lines on the planes, and which are perpendicular to AB. C. Line of greatest slope Lines of greatest slope (a) ABis the line of intersection of the planes ABCD and ABEF. (0) PX, Li, Land Ls are perpendicular to AB. “they are lines of greatest slope of the inclined plane ABEF. Angle of elevation and angle of depressi_n Gis the acute angle between the straight line and its projection on the plane. Page 21 Data Handling Favourite colours of a ‘group of children. Red 20% Angle of the sector representing the colour “Blue” © = 360° 40% = 144°. Histograms e.g. The histogram on the right is constructed from the frequency distribution table below. Stem-and-leaf diagram es. Weights of 10 dogs Stem (10 kg) leaf (I kg) 1) 5 6 2,117 3)3 4 6 4] 2 s|4 Tne aata presentea avove are: 15kg, 16kg, 21 kg, 21 kg, 27 kg, 33 kg, 34 kg, 36 kg, 42 kg, 51 kg. Hourly wages paid by 55 restaurants Frequency polygon ‘Time spent | Classmark | No. of (min) (min) customers: 11-20 155 9 21-30 2 31-40 16 41-50 8 1-60 4 61-70 2 Hourly Clas Clas. | Freqie.cy a> wage | boundaries | macn ds (s) iS) (3) 5 25-29 | 245-205 27 15 5 0 3530 | 34.5305 37 U1 2 40-44 [305-445 [42 4 ° 45-49 | 445-495 a7 3 7 BR 7 a a7 Hourly wage (8) e.g. The following table shows the amount of time spent by 60 customers in a supermarket. Time spent by 60 customers in a supermarket 8 Frequency fas 195 255 985 485 695 605 755 “Tene (rin) Page 22 Data Handling Cumuiative frequency polygon The following table shows the age distribution of 50 teachers in a school Age 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-34 | 35-39 | 40-44 | 45-49 Frequency | 2 9 18 ii 6 a The cumulative frequeney table of the above data iy constructed below Agelessthan | 19.5 | 245 | 295 | 345 | 305 | 445 | 405 ‘Cumulative 0 > rm 29 40 46 0 Frequency ‘The cumulative frequency polygon of the above data is constructed below ‘Age of 50 teachers in @ schoo! (Cumulative traquency ids als as als ws als as Age Measures of central tendency Mean ty tay teeta, Ungrouped mean ¥ n Sat fost fo tet Ae, St ft heer h tay tet We Grouped mean ¥ Weighted mean ¥ Median Donations by a group of students For ungrouped data, if number of data, n, is: () odd, median = middle datum 100 (ii) even, median = mean of the 2 middle data For data grouped into classes, the median can be 50 determined from its cumulative frequency 5 polygon/curve, Feo e.g. The cumulative frequency polygon on the right 3 shows the donations by a group of students toa 3 4g charity fund. From the graph, the number of § students is 100. From the graph, the median ~ 4, donation by the group of students is $52. Mode ° The data item with the highest frequency. 2 4608100 Model class Donation ($) The class with the highest frequency wage 23 Data Handling Dispersi Range Ungrouped data: range = largest datum ~ smallest datum Grouped data: range = highest class boundary — lowest class boundary. Inter-quartile range Ungrouped data: ‘A sel ol data aranged in ascending onder ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 Lover pana Steams Ue iala inter-quartile range = upper quartile (Q5) — lower quartile *Q,) Grouped data: she quartiles can be read from the corresponding cumulative frequency polygon (or curve). inter-quartile range = upper quartile (Q) ~ lower quartile (Q)). Box and-whisker diagram The box-and-whisker diagram is an effective way to present the lower quartile, the upper quartile, the median, the maximum and the minimum values about a data set 25%of the data_26% ofthe cata es 25% the dan, M35 tho ata Tanna cower —Wadan Upper Tas Wivman Lower Medan Upper Maximum aanie agnie quanto quanto Standard deviation tht herent he Standard Scure For a set of data with mean x and standard deviation ¢, the standard score z of a given datum xis x given by 2 o Normal distribution Characteristics of a normal curve: 1. It is bell-shaped. 2. Ithas reflectional symmetry about x= x. 3. The mean, median and mode are all equal to x. Page 24 Data Handling Probability Theoretical probability In the case of an activity where all the possible outcomes are equally likely, the probability of an event E, denoted by P(E), is given by Theoretical probability P(E) = number of outcomes favourable to the event total number of possible outcomes where 0< P(E) <1. Note that P(impossible event) = 0 and P(certain event) = 1 Experimental probability The experimental probability P(E) of an event E is defined as follows: PE number of ti nes event E occursin an experiment total number of trial P(E) = relative frequency of event E For a large number of trials, the experimental probability is close to the theoretical probability which is deduced from theories Permutation An arrangement of a set of objects selected from a group in_a definite order is called a permutation. (i) The number of permutations of m distinet objects is n!. e.g. Arrange 5 students in a row. Number of arrangements = 5! = 120 Gi) The number of permutations of n distinet objects taken r at a time, denoted by P", is nt Cae e.g. Choose 5 out of 7 students. and arrange them in a row. Number of arrangements = P? = 2520 Combination A selection of r objects from n distinct objects regardless of their order is called a combination, 1 ‘The number of combinations of » distinct objects taken r at a time, denoted by Cis —"—— (a=nir e.g. Choose 2 from a list of 12 friends to invite to a party. Number of ways of choosing = 6 Additional law of probability Mutually exclusive events — events that cannot occur at the same time., Ifevents A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(AUB)= P(A) + P(B) Ifevents E,, E,, Ej. E, are mutually exclusive events, then PCE, UO Ey OE, "UE, = P(E) + PEy) + P(E) ++ PEE) If events A and B are not mutually exclusive, then P(AUB)= P(A)+ P(B)=P(AMB) where PLAN B)#0 Multiplication Law of Probability If the probability that one event occurs is not affected by the occurrence of another event, these two events are called independent events. Multiplication law of probability for independent event If A and B are two independent events, then P(A B) = P(A)x P(B) If the probability that one event occurs is affected by the occurrence of another event, these two events are called dependent events. Page 25 Data Handling Multiplication law of probability for dependent events: If A and B are two dependent events, then P(AMB)=P(A)xP(BIA), where P(B1 A) is the probability that event B occurs given that event A has occurred. Expected value (ie expectation) E(X) = Bx, + yxy + Bx, +--+ Px, where RP. are probabilities of events E,, E). and 4,7 are the corresponding value of E,, Ey, Complementary events If A and A’ are complementary events, then (1) A’ happens if A does not happen and B does not happen if A happens; Q) P(AMA}=0 (ic. mutually exclusive); (3) P(A) =1-P(A) Page 26

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