Name: ________________________________________________ AP Biology

Mr. Croft

Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide

An Introduction to Metabolism
Section 1
1. Define metabolism.

2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic.

a. Which reactions release energy? ____________________

b. Which reactions consume energy? ____________________

c. Which reactions build up larger molecules? ____________________

d. Which reactions break down molecules? ____________________

e. Which reactions are considered “uphill”? ____________________

f. What type of reaction is photosynthesis? ____________________

g. What type of reaction is cellular respiration? ____________________

h. Which reactions require enzymes to catalyze reactions? _________________

3. Contrast kinetic energy with potential energy.

4. Which type of energy does water behind a dam have? A mole of glucose?

5. What is meant by a spontaneous process?

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Section 2
6. What is free energy? What is its symbol?

7. For an exergonic reaction, is ΔG negative or positive?

8. Is cellular respiration an endergonic or an exergonic reaction? What is ΔG for this

reaction?

9. Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? What is the energy source that drives

it?

10. To summarize, if energy is released, ΔG must be what?

Section 3
11. List the three main kinds of work that a cell does. Give an example of each.
a.

b.

c.

12. Look at Figure 6.8 of an ATP molecule in your textbook.

a. which bond is likely to break?

b. by what process will that bond break?

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 c. explain the name ATP by listing all the molecules that make it up.

d. When the terminal phosphate bond is broken, a molecule of inorganic

phosphate Pi is formed, and energy is ____________________.

e. For this reaction: ATP à ADP + Pi, ΔG = ____________________

f. Is this reaction endergonic or exergonic? ____________________

FYI: An essay question on the 2009 AP Biology exam asked students to identify
the molecules that make up ATP.

13. What is energy coupling?

14. In many cellular reactions, a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to some
other molecule in order to make the second molecule less stable. The second
molecule is said to be ____________________.

15. Look for this amazing bit of trivia on page 124: If you could not regenerate ATP by
phosphorylating ADP, how much ATP would you need to consume each day?

Section 4
16. What is a catalyst?

17. What is activation energy (EA)?

18. Refer to Figures 6.12 and 6.13 to answer the following questions
a. What effect does an enzyme have on EA?

b. Is ΔG positive or negative? _____

c. How is ΔG affected by the enzyme?

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19. Define each of the following terms:
enzyme:

substrate:

active site:

products:

20. What is meant by induced fit?

21. Explain how protein structure is involved in enzyme specificity.

22. Enzymes use a variety of mechanisms to lower activation energy. Describe four of
these mechanisms.
a.

b.

c.

d.

23. Many factors can affect the rate of enzyme action. Explain each factor listed here.
a. initial concentration of substrate:

b. pH:

c. temperature:

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24. Recall that enzymes are globular proteins. Why can extremes of pH or very high
temperatures affect enzyme activity?

25. Name a human enzyme that functions well in pH 2. Where is it found?

26. Distinguish between cofactors and coenzymes. Give examples of each.

27. Compare and contrast competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors.

Section 5
28. What is allosteric regulation?

29. How is allosteric regulation somewhat like noncompetitive inhibition? How might it
be different?

30. Explain the difference between an allosteric activator and an allosteric inhibitor.

31. Although it is not an enzyme, hemoglobin shows cooperativity in binding O2.

Explain how hemoglobin works at the gills of a fish.

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32. Refer to Figure 6.19 and answer the following questions:
a. What is the substrate molecule to initiate this metabolic pathway? ___________

b. What is the inhibitor molecule? ____________________

c. What type of inhibitor is it? ____________________

d. When does it have the most significant regulatory effect? _________________

e. What is this type of metabolic control called? ____________________

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