INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL

ENGINEERING
 Engineering
• Ingenious means ‘Clever person’ in Latin
• Engineer cleverly uses the available natural resources
for the benefit of mankind
• Provides comfort to mankind and makes life
comfortable
• Application of scientific and mathematical
knowledge and rational thinking to improve living
standards
 Civil Engineering

• Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering

• All engineering works other than for military purposes were
grouped in to Civil Engineering
• Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics & present day Information
technology followed it
• A professional engineering discipline that deals with
• design
• analysis
• construction
• maintenance
• of infrastructural facilities such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads
etc.
 Civil Engineering

• Applies physical, mathematical and scientific principles for the

convenience of civilization
• Began b/w 4000 BC and 2000 BC (during Ancient Egypt,
Mesapotamia, Indus Valley Civilizations)
• John Smeaton was the first self proclaimed Civil Engineer who
built Eddystone Light House in 1771
Civil Engineering is Everywhere

Civil Engineering is a
composite of many specific
disciplines that include
structural engineering,
water engineering, waste
material management and
engineering, foundation
engineering etc. among
many.
 DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINERING
Hydraulics,
Architecture &
Water Resource &
Town Planning
Irrigation Engineering

Building Remote Sensing & GIS

Materials

Construction Structural
Civil Engineering
Technology Engineering

Environmental
Surveying
Engineering

Geotechnical Transportation
Engineering Engineering
 Architecture & Town Planning
• Giving beauty to buildings is architecture
– Enhancing aesthetics of building
– Maintaining heritage
– Ensuring functionality of building

• Proper planning of towns & cities

– Planning the layout and roads
– Separating commercial, residential, academic and
industrial areas
– Planning green belt
– Planning sewage disposal units, water treatment plants
and water storage units

Presently separated from Civil Engineering

 Building Materials Technology
• Deals with materials used for construction
• Include brick, tiles, soil, cement, stone, sand, steel, aggregates,
glass, wood, plastics etc. include construction materials
• Some are natural and many are man made
• Deals with the proper use of desired material economically and
safely
• Mechanical properties of these materials shall be sufficient to
avoid failure and excessive deformation and provide durability
• Chemical properties shall be to maintain good environment
Building Materials Technology
Construction Technology
& Management

• Deals with planning, scheduling and execution of construction

activity
• Comprises of men, material, time and money management
• Emphasis will be on
– new construction practice
– use of appropriate and local technology, safety of men and material
– utilization of marginal materials etc.
 Construction Technology
& Management
• Construction managers:
– Review contracts
– Order materials
– Hire and schedule sub-
contractors

• The job of a construction

manager is to:
– Provide quality control and
– ensure project is
completed on time and
within budget
 Environmental Engineering
Deals with :
• Treatment of chemical, biological & thermal waste
• Technique of water collection, purification and supply
• Waste water (sewage) collection, treatment and disposal
• Remediation of contaminated sites – waste disposal / accidental
contamination
• Pollution reduction – air, soil, water, noise etc
• Also gathers potential impacts of proposed projects

• Synonyms – Sanitary engineering, Public Health Engineering ,

Environmental Health Engineering etc
Environmental Engineering
 Geotechnical Engineering
• All structures are founded on ground.
• Forces from structure are safely transferred to soil.
• Essential to understand ground behavior and interaction
between soil and structure

• Involves design & construction of :

– Foundations
– Slopes
– Retaining Structures
– Highway pavement design
– Embankments and earth dams
– Tunnels, underground structures and deep cuts
 Geotechnical
Engineering
• To assess the quality of soil or
rock to carry the structure
• Proper knowledge of
geotechnical engineering is
necessary for safety and stability
of structures
RETAINING WALL
EMBANKMENT
 For a geotechnical engineer,

Super Structure

Ground Level

Foundation
or
Substructure
Foundation Soil

Foundation Soil and sub-structure should resist forces

without failure or excessive deformation
•Hydraulics deals with mechanics of
water (fluid) flow Hydraulics, Water
•Water resource engineering deals Resource &
with identification & utilization of Irrigation
available water resources minimizing
the loss Engineering
•Manages the use of surface water
and ground water
•Also deals with
•ground water utilization
•ground water recharge and
•rain water harvesting
 Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation
Engineering
• Irrigation engineering - deals with water management for agricultural
purpose
• Dams are constructed at desired locations to store water when supply
from river is good and utilize it during draught.
• Canals are built for the purpose.
• During excess input, water is allowed to main river through the body of
dam to avoid flooding
 Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation
Engineering
• Water management
involves the use of
hydrologic and hydraulic
principles to design:
– Drainage systems
– Detention/retention
ponds
– Navigational
waterways
– Flood control
structres, dams, and
lakes.
 Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation
Engineering
Some problems
encountered in water
resources engineering :
• Floods
• Sediment transport
• Water supply
• Wave forces
• Hydro machinery
• Protection and
restoration of surface &
ground water
 Remote Sensing & GIS
• One of the new fields
• Advancement in space technology, availability of GPS etc enhanced the
scope of geographic information system (GIS)
• Good mapping technique helps to get required information accurately and
quickly to effectively manage and monitor the available resources for optimal
use.
• GIS is a hightech equivalent of map. It represents a means to locate ourselves in
relation to world around us. It deals with measurement, mapping, monitoring
and modeling of geographic information around us.
 Structural Engineering

Burj Dubai Lotus Temple

Milau Bridge
• Structure is the assemblage of two or more basic elements
such as beam, slab, column, truss, frame, shells etc.
• All structures are subjected to forces caused by nature and
man
– Natural forces – earthquake, wind
– Man made forces – automobile traffic, cargo, loads etc
• Create new designs Structural
• Improve load resistant characteristics Engineering
of existing structures

• Involves determination of support

reactions, member forces and
moments, deflection and
deformations.

• Based on forces determined, plan the

size, shape and material for members
for safety and serviceability
requirements

• Repair, rehabilitation and

maintenance of structures

• Dams, Bridges, Stadiums,

Auditoriums, Multi-storeyed
buildings are analysed & designed
 Surveying
• Activity involved in collection of
topographic features of a
location for future construction
• Feasibility survey, alternate and
most suitable method is
evolved
• Helps in environmental impact
assessment
 Surveying

Objectives of Surveying

•To collect topographic data

•Calculation and analysis of data, plotting
survey data to create design maps
•Provision of line, grade and other
layout works

Total Station
• Involves planning, design, construction Transportation
and maintenance of transportation
facility. Engineering
• Roads, railways, airports, harbours etc
• Design of pavement structure, cross
drainage works, intersections, culverts,
bridges, tunnels etc
• Maintenance and up gradation of docks,
harbors, airports, railway system based
on requirements and population growth
 Deals with Transportation system
Planning And high way material design
Roads, Bridges & Dams