THEORY OF

01
ARCHITECTURE

Dr. Runddy D. Ramilo

PhD (Architecture) UTM/Deakin U, Australia
MSc (Integrated Sustainable Design, NUS
MSc, BSc (Architecture, UE/NU
APEC + ASEAN Architect
LEED Green Associate (USGBC)
Research Fellow, UTM-ISSIC
RIBA, AIA, SIA, UAP, IDCS

01
ARCHITECTURAL
INTERIORS
Contents
 Anthropometrics
 Human space
 Colors
 Interior lighting
 Residential interiors
 Corporate and commercial interiors

1
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
The measurement and study
of the size and proportions of
the human body

Used to develop standards for

human clearances and
maneuvering space between
pieces of furniture or
equipment

The anthropometric drawing

below lists the body
dimensions that interior
designers use most often.

ANTHROPOMETRICS ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

2
ANTHROPOMETRICS ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE ANTHROPOMETRICS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

3
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE ANTHROPOMETRICS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE ANTHROPOMETRICS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

4
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
ANTHROPOMETRICS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
ANTHROPOMETRICS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

10

5
 PEOPLE AND SPACE

11

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
PEOPLE AND SPACE
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

12

6
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

13

ANTHROPOMETRICS
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
PEOPLE
BARIER AND
FREE SPACE
SPACES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
PROXEMICSSENSES
TRADITIONAL
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
PSYCOLOGY
INTERIOR OF COLORS
LIGHTINGS
INTERIOR
LIGHTING LIGHTINGS
DESIGN
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
INTERIOR FINISHING

14

7
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES PEOPLE AND SPACE
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

15

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

16

8
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

17

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

18

9
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
BODY MEASUREMENTS
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

19

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
BODY MEASUREMENTS
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

20

10
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

21

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

22

11
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES SPACE CORRIDOR REQUIREMENTS
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

23

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

24

12
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

25

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS SPACE REQUIREMENTS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

26

13
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR PWD
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

27

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR PWD
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

28

14
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR PWD
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

29

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR PWD
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

30

15
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR PWD
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

31

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
BARRIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS Pertaining to spaces, buildings, and facilities fully accessible and usable
TRADITIONAL SENSES by all people including the physically handicapped.
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

32

16
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES ERGONOMICS
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS • Applied science concerned with understanding the
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN interactions among humans and other elements of a
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
system, so people and things will interact effectively
INTERIOR FINISHING and safely.

• Based on anthropometric standards, ergonomic

products are shaped to fit the body's contours and
adjust to fit different heights and limb lengths.

• Equipment design, intended to maximize

productivity by reducing operator fatigue and
discomfort

33

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
ERGONOMICS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
Designing for humans
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

All sizes are dictated

by anthropometrics

34

17
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES PROXEMICS is the study of measurable distances
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
between people as they interact. (Edward Hall)
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

35

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES PROXEMICS
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES Nature, degree and effect of spatial separation
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES individuals naturally maintain
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

36

18
 Proxemics
Intimate distance for embracing, touching or
whispering
Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm)
Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)

Personal distance for interactions among good

friends or family members
Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm)

Social distance for interactions among

acquaintances
Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)

Public distance used for public speaking

Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.

37

SIZES OF FURNITURE
AND CLEARANCES

38

19
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
CIRCULATION SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING Passing between the wall Passing between the Watching television
and tall furniture wall and tall furniture

Dressing in front of Passing items of furniture, Putting a coat

wardrobe each table height or lower

39

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE SIZES OF FURNITURE CIRCULATION SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS 1900
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Making single size bed

Making king size bed

Making twin bed Making queen size bed

40

20
ANTHROPOMETRICS SIZES OF FURNITURE FOR LIVING AREA
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

41

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE SIZES OF FURNITURE CIRCULATION SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
c -bedside table, d- dressing table
CORPORATE INTERIORS Sitting at dressing
e-wardrobe, f-chest of drawers
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS table
INTERIOR FINISHING

Closet for husband Closet for wife

(depth 600mm) (depth 600mm) Optimum hanging space for a family of
four people

42

21
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE SIZES OF FURNITURE CIRCULATION SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Minimum clearances
of dining areas

43

ANTHROPOMETRICS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Sizes of circular table
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Kitchen equipment
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Kitchen: a-cooker, b-fridge-freezer, c-

dishwasher, d- washing machine, e- sink
with single drainer, f-sink with double
drainer, g-large storage cupboard, h-wall-
hung storage cupboard

44

22
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE SIZES OF ACCESSORIES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
Alternative storage arrangements for
mens’s clothing
Wine storage: a metal rack
for 75 bottles

Wardrobe for long

Food storage: a tins and jars, b packets, Half-height hanging
coats and dresses
c vegetable rack, d bread bin for jackets, etc

45

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
CIRCULATION SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Getting in & out of the car

Luggage

46

23
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
KITCHEN LAYOUTS
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES These plans illustrate the basic types of
COLORS kitchen layout. These plans can be readily
COLOR SCHEMES
adapted t o various structural or spatial
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
situations, but they are all based on a work
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
triangle that connects the three major
CORPORATE INTERIORS
kitchen centers:
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
A – Refrigerator center for recovering
INTERIOR FINISHING
and food preparation:

B – Sink center for food preparation and

PARALLEL WALL clean-up;

C – Range center for cooking and

serving

L-TYPE

47

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS KITCHEN LAYOUTS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES These plans illustrate the basic types of
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS kitchen layout. These plans can be readily
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
adapted t o various structural or spatial
LIGHTING DESIGN
situations, but they are all based on a work
CORPORATE INTERIORS
triangle that connects the three major
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
kitchen centers:
INTERIOR FINISHING

A – Refrigerator center for recovering

and food preparation:

Wall B – Sink center for food preparation and

Oven clean-up;
U - SHAPE
C – Range center for cooking and
serving

SINGLE WALL

48

24
 ANTHROPOMETRICS RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS KITCHEN DIMENSIONS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS Space above cabinets may be
COLOR SCHEMES closed off with a fascia or be
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS used to store rarely used items.
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN Cabinet should
CORPORATE INTERIORS project to be flush
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS with front of
INTERIOR FINISHING refrigerator

3” toe space

49

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
EQUIPMENT
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Kitchen Finishes
Refrigerator
TRADITIONAL SENSES Cooker
COLORS Sink
COLOR SCHEMES Faucet
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS Cooker hood
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS Counter top (600 wide)
LIGHTING DESIGN Top hung cabinet (350 width)
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS MATERIALS
INTERIOR FINISHING
Counter top: granite, solid surface tiles
Cabinets: MDF, Marine plywood, solid
wood, plyboard
Finishes: Spray paint (QDE), Laminate
veneer, varnish for timber

PAINTS

Acrylic Semi-gloss for walls

Enamel Spray paint high gloss for cabinets

Power socket

300 above floor for ref.

150 above counter

50

25
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES Kitchen Design
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

51

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Kitchen Design Day lighting is always
Preferred
PROXEMICS Ventilation
TRADITIONAL SENSES In addition to general
Range center may be
COLORS
Ventilated by a hood with area lighting, task lighting
COLOR SCHEMES
an exhaust fan. is required over each of the work
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
centers and over
LIGHTING DESIGN • Vertically through roof Counter tops.
CORPORATE INTERIORS •Directly through exterior
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS wall
INTERIOR FINISHING • Horizontally to outside
soffit above
wall cabinets.

Provide
clearance
for projecting
Provide heat hardware at
resistant corner
Surface next
to cook top. PLUMBING Heating
Water supply and Supply register is
Counter top surfaces : waste lines for usually located
the sink, waste under a base
• Ceramic tile disposal unit, and cabinet
dishwasher are
• Marble or granite required.
• Synthetic stone
• Stainless steel
• Solid surface

52

26
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
BARIER FREE SPACES
BATHROOM Day lighting is always
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES Bathrooms require natural or desirable
COLORS mechanical ventilation
COLOR SCHEMES A single overhead light fixture
• Operable windows or
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS is usually not acceptable. Auxiliary
skylights provide lighting is required over the tub
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
natural ventilation. or shower, over the lavatory and
CORPORATE INTERIORS vanity counter, and over any
compartmentalized toilet spaces.
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
Plumbing walls should have
sufficient depth to accommodate
the required water supply and
waste lines and vents.

Finishes:

Wall:
• Glazed Ceramic tile
• Marble or granite

Floor:
Backing for • Unglazed Ceramic tile
the tub or shower • Marble or granite
enclosure should
be moisture
resistant

53

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
TOILET ACCESSORIES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

54

27
 SIZES OF OFFICE
FURNITURE

55

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES Space programming
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
750

PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
500

INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
1000
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
600

INTERIOR FINISHING

750
950
Average reach of a person sitting at a desk. To With space for paper on one side
reach outer area user has to bend but not stand up

750 1200
600

600

Basic space for writing and typing With space for paper on both sides

56

28
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES Space programming
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN 1.2m main passage
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
1.0 M secondary passage
.8 M minimum

.45m side return 1.2-1.5m

.60m table top

57

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Space programming
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES 700-750
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

58

29
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Space programming
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
Space requirements for Informal Meetings
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

59

Circulation Space
1000

600

400
450

700

1500 750 1200 1500 Min 1500

1000
450

600

600

600

1100 900 700 2000 1300 to

1500
Space and circulation requirements of filing and other office equipment

60

30
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS Space programming
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

OPEN PLAN

61

COLORS

62

31
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
COLOR WHEEL
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

63

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
COLOR MIXING
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

64

32
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE COLOR MIXING
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Red= passion, rage Green= refreshing, sedating

Orange= energy, stimulating Blue= peaceful, conducive to think
Yellow= attention, happy Violet= sophistication, melancholy

WARM COOL

65

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

66

33
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

67

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS TERMS TO KNOW
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS Hue : Another name for
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
color
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS Chroma : Intensity or
INTERIOR FINISHING
saturation of color
Value : The lightness or
darkness of a color.
Tint : Color + White
Tone : Color + Grey
Shade : Color + Black
Key Color : Dominant color in a
color scheme or
mixture.

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34
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
WHAT IS A COLOR SCHEME
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
Color Scheme is a combination of colors that harmonize with
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS each other.
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS Mono-chromatic:Using one color (hue) throughout, utilizing that colors
INTERIOR FINISHING various tints, tones and shades. When using a mono-chromatic scheme using
multiple textures creates character and maintains unity.

Complimentary: Using two colors (hues) that are opposites such as red and
green or violet and yellow. Choose varying tints tones and shades which will
give the bold dramatic effect you are looking for.

Analogous: Using three colors (hues) that are neighboring each other on the
color wheel. These schemes can be warm or cool since colors are adjacent on
the color wheel.

Triadic: Using three colors (hues) that are equal distance apart on the color
wheel, such as red, yellow and blue or using secondary colors yellow-green,
blue-violet, and red-orange.

69

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES PICKING A COLOR SCHEME
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES PICK a Pattern: Starting with a pattern is the easiest way to create a
COLORS color palette for your decor. Choose a pattern from any object you
COLOR SCHEMES already have and love such as a pillow, picture or piece of furniture. This
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS will be your color palette !
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
SEE 3 Colors: Select a light, medium and dark color from your pattern to
CORPORATE INTERIORS
be used as your foundation. You may want to go to a hardware store and
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
select color chips from the paint department that match your pattern to
INTERIOR FINISHING carry with you in case you come across a great find and need to know if it
matches.

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35
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PICKING A COLOR SCHEME
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES LMD: Light, Medium and Dark - How you use these colors can affect the overall appearance
COLORS of your room.
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
•Light- Is the Background- this is usually easy to achieve since most rentals are equipped
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
with light to off-white walls.
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
•Medium- Large furniture and windows - Since the color of these objects will blend with the
above lighter selection, the medium furniture will ground the room and give it a foundation.
INTERIOR FINISHING

•Darker- Accessories. Since your eye is drawn to a darker more intense color you will be able
to arrange you accessories in a manner to guide the eye flowing through your room.

PICK - SEE - LMD Use it whenever you are trying to pull together a color coordinated room!

71

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
MATERIAL BOARD
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

72

36
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
MATERIAL BOARD
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

73

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
COLOR PALETTES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

74

37
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

75

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE COLOR PALETTES
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

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38
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES COLOR SCHEME
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Earth color scheme Green color scheme

77

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES COLOR SCHEME
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Yellow color scheme

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39
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES COLOR SCHEME
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Violet color scheme

79

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES COLOR SCHEME
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Heavy timber

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40
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS Use of neutral colors in interiors
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

81

PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS

82

41
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS Red
INTERIOR FINISHING

warmth, love, anger, danger,

boldness, excitement, speed,
strength, energy,
determination, desire,
passion, courage

83

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
Orange

cheerfulness, low cost,

affordability, enthusiasm,
stimulation, creativity, aggression,
food

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42
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
Yellow
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
attention-grabbing, comfort, liveliness,
cowardliness, hunger, optimism,
overwhelm, Summer, comfort,
liveliness, intellect, happiness, energy,
conflict

85

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
Green
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
durability, reliability, environmental,
luxurious, optimism, well-being, nature,
calm, relaxation, Spring, safety, honesty,
optimism, harmony, freshness

86

43
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS Blue
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

peace, professionalism, loyalty,

reliability, honor, melancholia,
boredom, coldness, Winter, depth,
stability, professionalism, honor, trust

87

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
Purple
INTERIOR FINISHING

power, royalty, nobility, elegance,

sophistication, artificial, luxury,
mystery, royalty, elegance, magic

88

44
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS Black
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Elegance, sophistication, formality,

power, strength, illegality,
depression, morbidity,
night, death

89

USE OF COLORS IN RETAIL AND BUSINESS

Here are some ways in which colors are used in retail and business:

Red Creates urgency - often used in sales and impulse sales

Green Easy, calm - used to relax people
Blue Creates trust - used by financial institutions such as banks
Navy blue Cheaper - selling to price-sensitive
Royal blue Urgency - selling to impulse buyers
Pink Romantic - selling to women and girls
Yellow Grabbing attention - used in displays and windows
Orange Energizing - used to push for action, as in impulse buying
Purple Calm - used in anti-aging products
Black Power - selling luxury, aggressive products, or to impulse buyers

Color can even change what you taste. Customers who bought 7-Up cans that had
their color changed to yellow reported that the drink tasted more lemony.

90

45
 INTERIOR LIGHTING

91

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Lighting design
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS Lighting design is the planning of our visual environment. Good lighting
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS design aims to create perceptual conditions which allow us to work
COLOR SCHEMES effectively and orient ourselves safely while promoting a feeling of well-
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
being in a particular environment and at the same time enhancing that
LIGHTING DESIGN same environment in an aesthetic sense.
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Perception
Most of the information we receive about
the world around us is through our eyes.
Light is not only an essential prerequisite
and the medium by which we are able
to see. Through its intensity, the way it is
distributed throughout a space and
through its properties, light creates specific
conditions which can influence our
perception.

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46
ANTHROPOMETRICS
Perceptual psychology
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
Presenting a model of the eye to demonstrate the similarities to the
COLORS workings of a camera does not provide any explanation as to how
COLOR SCHEMES
the perceived image comes into being – it only transports the
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS object to be perceived from the outside world to the cortex.
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS Perception of a shape
INTERIOR FINISHING based on shadow formation
alone when contours are missing.

Recognizing an overall
shape by revealing
essential details.

Matching a color to the respective pattern

perceived. The color of the central grey point adjusts
itself to the black or white color of the respective
perceived pattern of five

93

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES Light and light sources
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

94

47
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Incandescent lamps
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING The incandescent lamp is a thermal
radiator.

The filament wire begins to glow

when it is heated to a sufficiently high
temperature by an electric current.

As the temperature increases the

spectrum of the radiated light shifts
towards the shorter wavelength
range – the red heat of the filament
shifts to the warm white light of the
incandescent lamp.

Depending
on lamp type and wattage the
temperature

95

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Incandescent lamps
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Reflector lamp with pressed glass bulb

and efficient parabolic reflector (PAR
lamp)

decorative lamp, general service lamp, reflector lamp with soft

glass bulb and ellipsoidal or parabolic reflector, producing medium
beam characteristics.

suitable for exterior application due to its high resistance

to changes in temperature; high-power pressed-glass reflector
lamp.

96

48
ANTHROPOMETRICS Halogen lamps
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Halogen lamp for mains voltage with screw cap
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
and outer envelope. The outer envelope
COLORS means that the lamp can be operated without
COLOR SCHEMES a protective glass covering. Low-voltage
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
halogen lamp with pin base and axial filament
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
in a quartz glass bulb
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
Halogen cycle: combination of evaporated tungsten
and halogen to produce tungsten halide in the
peripheral area. Splitting of the tungsten halogens
back to the filament.

Like almost all conventional incandescent

lamps, halogen lamps can be run on
mains voltage. They usually have special
caps, but some are equipped with an E 27
screw cap and an additional glass envelope
and can be used in the same way as
conventional incandescents.

97

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
Discharge lamps
BARIER FREE SPACES
In contrast to incandescent lamps, light from discharge lamps is not produced
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
by heating a filament, but by exciting gases or metal vapours.
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
Fluorescent lamps
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
The fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure discharge lamp using mercury vapour.
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Compact fluorescent lamps are mainly available in the form of

tubular lamps, in which each lamp has a combination of two or
four discharge tubes.

98

49
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
High-voltage fluorescent tubes
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES High-voltage
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES fluorescent tubes
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
have a considerably
LIGHTING DESIGN lower luminous
CORPORATE INTERIORS
efficacy than
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING Conventional
fluorescent lamps,
but they have a long
lamp life.

99

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS Low-pressure sodium lamps
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES Low-pressure sodium lamps are
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
comparable to fluorescent lamps in
LIGHTING DESIGN the way they are constructed and
CORPORATE INTERIORS how they operate. In this case
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
sodium vapour is excited instead of
INTERIOR FINISHING
mercury vapour.
High-pressure mercury lamps

High-pressure mercury lamps have a

short quartz glass discharge tube that
contains a mixture of inert gas and
mercury. Electrodes are positioned at
both ends of the discharge tube. In close
proximity

100

50
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES Self-ballasted mercury lamps
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
Self-ballasted mercury lamp with a quartz
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES glass discharge tube for high-pressure
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS mercury discharge and an additional filament
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS that takes on the function of pre-resistance
LIGHTING DESIGN
and supplements the spectrum in the red
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
range. The elliptical bulb is frequently
INTERIOR FINISHING
provided with a coating of light-diffusing
material.

Metal halide lamps are a further development

Metal halide lamps of mercury lamps and are therefore
similar to these with regard to construction
and function. Apart from mercury they
also contain a mixture of metal halides.
In contrast to pure metals, halogen
compounds have the advantage that they
melt at a considerably lower temperature.

101

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Reflectors
PROXEMICS Reflectors are probably the most important elements in the construction of
TRADITIONAL SENSES
luminaires for controlling light. Both reflectors with diffusely reflecting surfaces –
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES mostly white or with a matt finish – and highly specular surfaces are used.
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

102

51
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Luminaires
PROXEMICS Downlights
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS As the name implies, downlights direct light predominantly downwards.
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
Downlights are usually mounted on the ceiling. They may be recessed,
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS which means that they are hardly visible as luminaires and only effective
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
through the light they emit.
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

103

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Directional spotlights provide accent
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
lighting of specific areas or objects. By redirecting the light beam they can
COLORS be used for different lighting tasks. Their light distribution is narrow to
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
medium.
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Directional spotlight with

adjustable reflector lamp and
darklight reflector. Directional
spotlights can generally be
rotated 360° and inclined to
40°. This means that the
directional spotlight can be
directed at both horizontal and
vertical
surfaces.

104

52
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
Uplights
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS Up-downlights combine a downlight and an uplight in one fixture.
TRADITIONAL SENSES These luminaires are applied for the simultaneous lighting of floor
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES and ceiling or for grazing lighting over a wall surface. They are
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS available in wall and pendant versions. .
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING Wall-mounted combined
uplight and downlight

Wall lights

105

ANTHROPOMETRICS
Lighting Systems
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
1. Cornice Lighting
TRADITIONAL SENSES a system where light sources are
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
shielded by a panel parallel to the
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS wall and attached to the ceiling to
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS distribute light downwards over the
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
wall. This is considered as direct
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS lighting.
INTERIOR FINISHING

2. Cove Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a ledge to distribute
light upwards over the ceiling and
upper wall. It is a form of indirect
lighting.

3. Valance Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall usually across the top of a
window. This provides light both
upwards and downwards over the
wall.
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53
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE LAYERED LIGHTING SYSTEM
BARIER FREE SPACES A framework for understanding composition and achieving aesthetics in lighting
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES design
COLORS 1. General Lighting / Ambient Lighting
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
– Overall lighting
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS – provides light for visual recognition
LIGHTING DESIGN
– to support convenient occupant circulation
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
Dramatic – Used in Museums and Boutique Stores
INTERIOR FINISHING – Low, to create significant contrast with the display
and to heighten drama

Relaxed – Uplighting

2. Task Lighting – For Reading, Writing, Chopping

– Surroundings not less than 1/3 of work surface

Average Illuminance Needed per Task:

Sewing, Household, Prolonged Reading, 300 lux or 30 footcandles
Food Preparation
Casual Reading, Stairs Usage 150 lux or 15 footcandles
Washing and Bathroom Activities 100 lux or 10 footcandles
Bedroom and Living Room Acvitivities 50 lux or 5 footcandles

107

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES 3. Focal Lighting / Accent Lighting
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
– illuminate features; displays such as artwork, architectural
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS features, retail display
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
– Draw attention to favorite objects or points of interest
CORPORATE INTERIORS – Accent Lights, Wall Washers
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING
– Theatrical Equipment
– Tracklighting

4. Decorative Lighting
– More decorative than functional
– like jewelry; ornamental
– Chandelier, Sconce, Lantern, Pendant
– Not suitable for task

108

54
ANTHROPOMETRICS LIGHT COLORS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

109

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
Ceiling-Mounted Downlights
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
Luminaires
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
(Or Lighting Fixtures)
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
is the device which supports the
LIGHTING DESIGN source or sources of electric light
CORPORATE INTERIORS and redirects or helps to control the
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
light rays from the source. Control
INTERIOR FINISHING
of the rays is necessary to secure
even distribution, to avoid glare, to
cut-off direct rays to the eyes, and
eliminates disturbing reflection of
the rays from polished surfaces.

110

55
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Spotlights Pendants
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

111

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Wall Lights Task and Table Lights
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

112

56
ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Floor Lights Fluorescent Fittings
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

113

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Oddities Exterior Lights
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

114

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES Louvred luminaires
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
Louvred luminaires are designed for linear light sources such as fluorescent
COLOR SCHEMES lamps or compact fluorescent lamps. Their name derives from their anti-dazzle
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS attachments that may be anti-glare louvres, light controlling specular reflectors or
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
prismatic diffusers.
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS Being fitted with linear light sources of low luminance louvred luminaires
INTERIOR FINISHING produce little or no modelling effects. They generally have wide-beam light
distribution, with the result that louvred luminaires are predominantly used for
lighting wide areas.

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Mounting options for louvred luminaires:
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
recessed ceiling, surface, mounting on
TRADITIONAL SENSES tracks, walls, floor-standing or pendant
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
mounting.
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Wallwashers
BARIER FREE SPACES
illuminate walls and depending on how they are designed –
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
also a part of the floor. Stationary wallwashers are available as recessed and
COLORS surface-mounted luminaires.
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

Ceiling washlights

are designed for brightening or lighting

ceilings and for indirect ambient lighting.
They are installed above eye height on
the wall or suspended from the ceiling.
Ceiling washlights are generally equipped
with tungsten halogen lamps for mains
voltage or with high-pressure discharge
lamps.

117

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Spotlights
BARIER FREE SPACES
Spotlights are the most common form of movable luminaires. They illuminate a
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
limited area, with the result that they are rarely used for ambient lighting but
COLORS predominantly for accent lighting. In view of their flexibility with regard to mounting
COLOR SCHEMES position and light direction, they can be adjusted to meet changing requirements.
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
BASIC LIGHTING TECHNIQUES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
Depending on the specific lighting
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
project, there may be a number of
LIGHTING DESIGN conditions that determine the
CORPORATE INTERIORS lighting layout. The first is related to
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS the particular lighting tasks.
INTERIOR FINISHING

Differentiated lighting for different

parts of the room or functional
areas
may result in the luminaires having
to be arranged accordingly, e. g.
the arrangement of downlights
above a seating area or the
positioning of downlights and
floodlights in a modern control
room.

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
Classifications of Luminaires
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES 1. Indirect
COLORS 90% to 100% of the light
COLOR SCHEMES output is directed towards
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS the ceiling and upper walls
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS of the room.
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS 2. Semi-indirect
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS 60% to 90% of the light is
INTERIOR FINISHING directed upwards; 40% to
10% downwards.

3. General diffuse or
direct-indirect
provides approximately
equal distribution of light
upwards and downwards.

4. Semi-direct
60% to 90% of light is
directed downwards; while
40% to 10% is directed
upwards.

5. Direct
90% - 100% of the light
output is directed
downwards

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 RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVELS
Task Difficulty Footcandle (Fc) Level
Casual (dining) 20 1 Footcandle= 1 lumen/SF = 10.76 lux
Ordinary (reading) 50
Moderate (drafting) 100
Difficult (sewing) 200 The primary purpose of a lighting system is
Severe (surgery) >400 to provide sufficient illumination for the
performance of visual tasks.

Contrast between the object viewed and its

background is required for its form, shape, and
texture to be seen. As the brightness level
increases, the need for contrast
decreases.
The surrounding area C should range from 1/5 to
5 times the brightness of the visual task are A.

Reduce the Locate Use shielded

brightness fixtures luminaires to
ratio between light out of the minimize a
direct glare direct view of
source and
zone. lamps.
background.

121

BRIGHTNESS RATIOS POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO DIRECT GLARE

Diffused light emanates from broad or
multiple light source and reflecting
surfaces. It produces fairly uniform
illumination with few shadows.

Directional light, on the other hand,

produces brightness variations and
shadows which are necessary for the
perception of shape, form and texture.
A mix of diffused and directional
lighting is often desirable.

The perceived color of a surface is the

result of its ability to reflect or absorb
the color of the light falling on it.

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 Coffered light panels: Flush light panels: Surface –mounted or suspended luminaires:
• Illumination is diffused • Isolated squares, • Surface-mounted fixtures are similar
through a prismatic lens or continuous light strips, to flush light panel.
reflected off surfaces. or a luminous ceiling • Suspended fixtures may provide direct
or semi-direct illumination.

• Coffers produce a skylight • Increase apparent width • Square fixtures

effect and minimize glare. and potential for glare are more visually
dominant and
less directional
Coffered light panels:
• Increase apparent length than linear
• illumination is diffused
provides direction fixtures.
through a prismatic lens or
reflected off surfaces. decreases glare

• Interrupts rectangular pattern

and minimizes shadows

123

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Practical Lighting layouts
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES Lighting design for offices
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

working area
meeting area

125

ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Lighting design auditorium
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

126

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ANTHROPOMETRICS
PEOPLE AND SPACE Lighting design for restaurant
BARIER FREE SPACES
PROXEMICS
TRADITIONAL SENSES
COLORS
COLOR SCHEMES
PSYCOLOGY OF COLORS
INTERIOR LIGHTINGS
LIGHTING DESIGN
CORPORATE INTERIORS
RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS
INTERIOR FINISHING

127

THANK YOU

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