Department of Electronics &

Communication Engineering

LAB MANUAL
SUBJECT: ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB

B. Tech Year: - 3rd Semester: - 5th

(Branch: ECE)

Bhubaneswar College of Engineering

Khajuria, Jankia, Khordha-752020

CONTENTS
SI NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT EXP
NO NO
1 Pulse amplitude modulation EXP-1

2 To study the frequency division multiplexes and De- EXP2

Multiplexing Techniques
3 EXP-3(A)
Amplitude modulation &demodulation
4 DSB-SC modulator & detector EXP-3(B)

5 SSB-SC modulator & detector EXP-3(C)

6 To study Frequency Modulation and Demodulation. EXP-4

7 EXP-5(A)
Pulse width modulation & demodulation
EXP-5(B)
8 Pulse position modulation and demodulation

EXPERIMENT NO- 1

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

2
 AIM:- 1.To study the Pulse amplitude modulation & demodulation Techniques.
2. To study the effect of amplitude and frequency variation of modulating signal on the
output.
APPARATUS:-
1. Pulse amplitude modulation & demodulation Trainer.

2. Dual trace CRO.

3. Patch cards.

THEORY:-
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system continuous
wave forms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is
transmitted only at the sampling times together with syncing signals.
At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.
The pulse amplitude modulation is the simplest form of the pulse modulation.
PAM is a pulse modulation system is which the signal is sampled at regular
intervals, and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at
the instant of sampling. The pulses are then sent by either wire or cables are used
to modulated carrier.
The two types of PAM are i) Double polarity PAM, and ii) the single polarity
PAM, in which a fixed dc level is added to the signal to ensure that the pulses are
always positive. Instantaneous PAM sampling occurs if the pulses used in the
modulator are infinitely short.
Natural PAM sampling occurs when finite-width pulses are used in the modulator,
but the tops of the pulses are forced to follow the modulating waveform.
Flat-topped sampling is a system quite often used because of the ease of generating
the modulated wave.
PAM signals are very rarely used for transmission purposes directly. The reason
for this lies in the fact that the modulating information is contained in the
amplitude.

factor of the pulses, which can be easily distorted during transmission by noise,
crosstalk, other forms of distortion. They are used frequently as an intermediate
step in other pulse-modulating methods, especially where time-division
3
 multiplexing is used.

Circuit description:-
Pulse and Modulation Signal Generator:-
A 4.096 MHz clock is used to derive the modulating signal, which is generated by
an oscillator circuit comprising a 4.096MHz crystal and three 74HC04(U9)
inverter gates. This 4.096MHz clock is then divided down in frequency by a factor
of 4096, by binary counter 74HC4040(U10), to produce 50% duty cycle, 1 KHz
square wave on pin no.1 of U10, and 2KHz square wave on pin no.15. the
frequency is selectable by means of SW1. this goes to input of fourth order low
pass filter U11(TL072) is used to produce sine wave from the square wave. The
amplitude of this sine wave can be varied.
The square wave which is generated by the oscillator is buffered by inverter
74HC04(U9), to produce 32KHz square wave at pin no.4 of the 74HC4040(U10).
This pulse is given to the monostable multi to obtain the 16 KHz and 32 KHz
square wave at the output which are selected by the frequency pot.
Modulation:-
The ICDG211 (U3) is used as a pulse amplitude modulation in this circuit. The
modulation signal & pulse signals are given to TL074 (U2) & 7400(U1) IC‟s
respectively. These outputs are fed to the inputs the D4211 (U3).
The sampled output is available at the pin no 2 of DG211 and it is buffered by
using TL074 (U2) and then output is available at TP5.
Similarly the sample & hold output and the flat top output are available at pin
no.15 &10 of DG211 respectively. These are buffered by TL074 (U2) and then
output is available at TP6&TP7 respectively.
Demodulation:-

4
 The demodulation section comprises of fourth order low pass filter and an AC
amplifier. The TL074(U5) is used as a low pass filter and AC amplifier. The output
of the modulator is given as the input to the low pass filter.
The low pass filter output is obviously less and it is fed to the AC amplifier which
comprises of a single op amp and whose output is amplified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5
PROGRAM:-
% pulse amplitude
modulation close all
clear
all clc
t = 0 : 1/1e3 : 1; % 1 kHz sample freq
for 1 sec d = 0 : 1/5 : 1;
x = sin(2*pi/4*2*t); %message
signal figure;
subplot(3,1,1
) plot(x);
title('messag
e');
xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

y = pulstran(t,d,'rectpuls',0.1); %generation of pulse input

subplot(3,1,2)
plot(y);
title('Pulse Input ');
xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitu
de'); z=x.*y; % PAM output
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(z);
title('PAM modulation ');
xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitu
de');

PROCEDURE:
Double
Polarity:-
Modulation:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1.
a. The output of the modulating signal generator is connected to the modulating
signal input TP2 keeping the frequency switch in 1KHz position, and amplitude
6
 knob to max position

b. 16KHz pulse output to pulse input TP1.(Keep the frequency in minimum

position in pulse generator block).
2. Switch ON the power supply.

3. Monitor the outputs at TP5, TP6& TP7. And observe the outputs also by varying
amplitude pot (Which is in modulation signal generator block).
Now vary the frequency selection which position in

7
4. Modulating signal generator block to 2 KHz, amplitude pot to max position.

5. Observe the output at TP5, TP6& TP7 and observe the outputs also by varying
amplitude pot (Which is in modulation signal generator block).
6. Repeat all the above steps for the pulse frequency 32 KHz (By varying the
frequency pot in the pulse generator block).
7. Switch OFF the power supply.

Single Polarity PAM:-

8. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 2.

a. The output of the modulating signal generator is connected to the modulating

signal input TP2 keeping the frequency switch in 1KHz position, and amplitude
knob to max position
b. 16 KHz pulse output to pulse input TP1.
9. Switch ON the power supply.
10. Repeat above step 3 to 6 and observe the outputs.
11. Vary DC output pot until you get single polarity PAM at TP5,TP6,TP7.
12. Switch OFF the power supply.
Demodulation:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 3.
a. The output of the modulating signal generator is connected to the modulating

signal input TP2 keeping the frequency switch in 1KHz position, and amplitude
knob to max position
b. 16 KHz pulse output to pulse input TP1.
c. Sample output, sample and hold output and flat

top outputs Respectively to the input of low pass

filter(TP9) and LPF

Output (TP10) to AC amplifier input (TP11).

8
 2. Observe the output of LPF and AC amplifier at TP10,TP12 respectively,

corresponding to inputs from TP5,TP6 &TP7. The outputs will be the true replica
of the input.
3. Now, set the switch position in modulating signal generator to 2KHz and

observe the outputs at TP10&TP12 respectively, corresponding to inputs from

TP5,TP6& TP7.
4. Vary the frequency of pulse to 32 KHz (By varying the frequency pot (Put in

max position) in pulse generator block) and repeat the above steps 2&3.
5. Switch OFF the power supply.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS

RESULT:

9
 EXPERIMENT NO-02
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
& DE MULTIPLEXING
AIM: To study the frequency division multiplexes and De-Multiplexing Techniques.
APPARATUS/SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Pc with windows(95/98/XP/NT/2000)

2. Mat lab Software

PROGRAM:
%program for frequency division multiplexing and de-multiplexing close all
clear
all clc
Fs = 100; % sampling
freq t =
[0:2*Fs+1]'/Fs;
x1 = sin(2*pi*2*t); % signal 1
signal z1 = fft(x1);
z1=abs(z1);
x2 = sin(2*pi*10*t); % signal 2
signal z2 = fft(x2);
z2=abs(z2
); figure;
subplot(4,1,1); plot(x1);
title('signal
1');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(4,1,2); plot(x2);
title('signal
2');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(4,1,3); plot(z1);
title('Spectrum of signal
1');xlabel('freqency');ylabel('magnitude');
subplot(4,1,4); plot(z2);
title('Spectrum of signal 2');xlabel('freqency');ylabel('magnitude');

% freqency multiplexing

z=z1+z
2;
figure;
plot(z);
title('frequency multiplexed
signals'); figure;
% freqency demultiplexing
f1=[ones(10,1); zeros(182,1);ones(10,1)];%applying filter
for signal 1 dz1=z.*f1;
d1 =
ifft(dz1);
subplot(2,1,
1)
plot(t*100,d
1);
f2=[zeros(10,1); ones(182,1);zeros(10,1)];% applying filter for
signal 2 dz2=z.*f2;
d2 = ifft(dz2);
title('recovered signal
1');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t*100,d2);
title('recovered signal 2');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT NO-3(A)
AMPLITUDE MODULATION &DEMODULATION
AIM: To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under
modulation, perfect modulation & over modulation) and also to calculate the
modulation index.
APPARATUS:
1. Amplitude Modulation & De modulation trainer kit.

2. C.R.O (20MHz)

3. Function generator (1MHz).

4. Connecting cards & probes.

THEORY:
Modulation is defined as the process of changing the characteristics (Amplitude,
Frequency or Phase) of the carrier signal (high frequency signal) in accordance
with the intensity of the message signal (modulating signal).
Amplitude modulation is defined as a system of modulation in which the amplitude
of the carrier is varied in accordance with amplitude of the message signal
(modulating signal).
The message signal is given by the
expression. Em(t) =Em cosWmt
Where Wm is > Angular frequency
Em------Amplitude
Carrier voltage Ec(t)= Ec
cosWct E(t)=Ec + KaEm
cosWmt
KaEm cosWmt--change in carrier amplitude
Ka----constant
The amplitude modulated voltage is
given by E=E(t) cosWct
From above two equations
E= ( Ec+KaEm cosWmt) cosWct.
E= (1+KaEm/Ec cosWmt) Ec cosWct

E= Ec(1+Ma cosWmt)cosWct
Where Ma- -depth of modulation/ modulation index/modulation factor
Ma=KaEm/Ec
100* Ma gives the percentage of modulation

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Modulation

Demodulation
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CARRIER GENERATOR AM MODULATION

AM DEMODULATION

PROGRAM:
% program for AM modulation and
demodulation close all
clear
all clc
fs=800
0;

fm=20
;

fc=50

0;

Am=
1;
Ac=1;
t=[0:0.1*fs]/fs;
m=Am*cos(2*pi*fm
*t);
c=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t
); ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s1=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*f
c*t); subplot(4,3,1:3);
plot(t,m);
title('Modulating or Message
signal(fm=20Hz)'); subplot(4,3,4:6);
plot(t,c);
title('Carrier
signal(fc=500Hz)');
subplot(4,3,7);
plot(t,s1);
title('Under Modulated
signal(ka.Am=0.5)'); Am=2;
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s2=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*f
c*t); subplot(4,3,8);
plot(t,s2);
title('Exact Modulated
signal(ka.Am=1)'); Am=5;
ka=0.5;
u=ka*Am;
s3=Ac*(1+u*cos(2*pi*fm*t)).*cos(2*pi*f
c*t); subplot(4,3,9);

plot(t,s3);
title('Over Modulated signal(ka.Am=2.5)');

r1= s1.*c;
[b a] =
butter(1,0.01);
mr1=
filter(b,a,r1);
subplot(4,3,10);
plot(t,mr1);
title(' deModulated signal
for(ka.Am=0.5)'); r2= s2.*c;
[b a] =
butter(1,0.01);
mr2=
filter(b,a,r2);
subplot(4,3,11);
plot(t,mr2);
title(' deModulated signal
for(ka.Am=1)'); r3= s3.*c;
[b a] =
butter(1,0.01);
mr3=
filter(b,a,r3);
subplot(4,3,12);
plot(t,mr3);
title(' deModulated signal for(ka.Am=2.5)');

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the AC Adapter to the mains and the other side to the Experimental Trainer.
Switch
„ON‟ the power.

2. Observe the carrier and modulating waveforms and note their frequencies.
(Carrier frequency is around 100 KHz and amplitude is variable from 0 -8Vp-p,
modulating signal is 1KHz).
3. Connect the carrier and modulating signals to the modulator circuit.

4. Observe the amplitude modulated wave.

5. Connect Carrier I/P to ground and apply a 2V peak to peak AF Signal input
to (modulating I/P) and adjust P1 in anti-clock wise position to get minimum
A.C output.
6. Connect modulating I/P to ground and apply a 3V peak to peak carrier signal to
carrier I/P and adjust P2 in clock wise direction to get minimum A.C ouyput..
7. Connect modulating input &carrier input to ground and adjust P3 for zero D.C output.

8. Make modulating i/p 2 Vpp and carrier i/p 3 Vpp peak to peak and adjust
potentiometer P4 for maximum output.
9. Calculate maximum and minimum points on the modulated envelope on a CRO
and calculate the depth of modulation.
10. Observe that by varying the modulating voltage, the depth of modulation varies.

11. During demodulation connect this AM output to the input of the demodulator.

12. By adjusting the RC time constant (i.e., cut off frequency) of the filter
circuit we get minimum distorted output.
13. Observe that this demodulated output is amplified has some phase delay
because of RC components.
14. Also observe the effects by changing the carrier amplitudes.

15. In all cases, calculate the modulation index.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:-
OBSERVATIONS:
Modulation

RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT NO-3(B)
DSB-SC MODULATOR & DETECTOR
AIM: To study the working of the Balanced Modulator and demodulator.
APPARATUS:
1. Balanced modulator trainer kit
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Connecting cards and probes
4. Function generator (1MHz)
THEORY:
Balanced modulator circuit is used to generate only the two side bands DSB-SC.
The balanced modulation system is a system is a system of adding message to
carrier wave frequency there by only the side bands are produced. It consists of
two AM modulators arranged in a balanced configuration. The AM modulator is
assumed to be identical. The carrier input to the two modulators is same.
If we eliminate or suppress the carrier then the system becomes suppressed carrier
DSB-SC. In this we need reinsert the carrier is complicated and costly. Hence the
suppressed carrier DSB system may be used in point to point communication
system.
Generation of suppressed carrier amplitude modulated volt balanced modulator
may be of the following types.
1. Using transistors or FET.

2. Using Diodes
BLOCK DIAGRAM: Modulation
 Demodulation

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DSB-SC MODULATOR

PROGRAM:
% program for dsbsc modulation and
demodulation close all
clear
all clc
t =0:0.000001:.001;
Vm= 1;

Vc= 1;
fm = 2000;
fc= 50000;
m_t =
Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,m_t);
c_t =
Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,c_t);
subplot(4,1,
3); s_t =
m_t.*c_t;
hold on;
plot(t,s_t);
plot(t,m_t,'r:'
);
plot(t,-
m_t,'r:');
hold off;
r = s_t.*c_t;
[b a] =
butter(1,0.01);
mr= filter(b,a,r);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,mr);

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power to the trainer kit.

3. Apply a 100KHz, 0.1 peak sinusoidal to the carrier input and a 5KHz, 0.1 peak
sinusoidal to the modulation input.
4. Measure the output signal frequency and amplitude by connecting the output to CRO.

5. And note down the output signals.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:-
 OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT.NO-3(C)
SSB-SC MODULATOR & DETECTOR
AIM: - To generate SSB using phase method and detection of SSB signal using
Synchronous detector.
APPARATUS:-
1. SSB trainer kit
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Patch cards
4. CRO probes
THEORY:
AM and DSBSC modulation are wasteful of band width because they both
require a transmission bandwidth which is equal to twice the message bandwidth
In SSB only one side band and the carrier is used. The other side band is
suppressed at the transmitter, but no information is lost. Thus the communication
channel needs to provide the same band width, when only one side band is
transmitted. So the modulation system is referred to as SSB system.
The base band signal may not be recovered from a SSB signal by the Use of
a diode modulator. The bae band signal can be recovered if the spectral component
of the output i.e either the LSB or USB is multiplied by the carrier signal.
Consider the modulating
signal M(t)=Am cos Wmt
C(t)=Ac cosWct
M(t)c(t)= AcAm cosWmt cosWct
The above signal when passed through a filter, only one of the above component is
obtained which lays the SSB signal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

SSB MODULATION

CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:
SSB-SC MODULATOR &
DETECTOR
PROGRAM:-
% program for ssb modulation and
demodulation close all
clear
all clc
fs=800
0;
fm=2
0;
fc=50
;
Am=1
;
Ac=1;
t=[0:0.1*fs]/fs;
subplot(5,1,1);
m1=Am*cos(2*pi*f
m*t); plot(t,m1);
title('Message Signal');

m2=Am*sin(2*pi*fm
*t); subplot(5,1,2)
c1=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t
); plot(t,c1)
title('Carrier
Signal');
c2=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc
*t); subplot(5,1,3)
% Susb=0.5* Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t).* Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t) --
0.5* Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t).* Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
Susb=0.5*m1.*c1-
0.5*m2.*c2; plot(t,Susb);
title('SSB-SC Signal with
USB'); subplot(5,1,4);
Slsb=0.5*m1.*c1+0.5*m2.*
c2; plot(t,Slsb);
title('SSB-SC Signal with LSB');
r=
Susb.*c1;
 subplot(5,1,
5);
[b a] =
butter(1,0.0001); mr=
filter(b,a,r); plot(t,mr);
title('demodulated
output');
PROCEDURE:-
SSB MODULATION
1. Connect the Adaptor to the mains and the other side to the Experimental Trainer
Switch „ON‟ the power.
2. (a) Connect carrier fc 900 to Ain of Balanced Modulator –A and adjust its
amplitude to 0.1Vpp.
(b). Connect modulating signal fm 00 5Vpp to Bin of the Balanced Modulator-A.
3. Observe the DSB-A output on CRO.

4. Connect fc 00 at 0.1 Vpp at Cin of Balanced Modulator B. Connect fm 900 at 5

Vpp at Din of Balanced Modulator B.
5. Connect the DSB-A output and DSB-B output to the summing amplifier.
Observe the output (SSB output) on the spectrum analyzer. This gives single side
band (upper) only while the lower side band is cancelled in the summing
Amplifier.

SSB DEMODULATION
1. Connect the carrier fc 00 and SSB output to the synchronous detector.

2. Connect the demodulator output on the oscilloscope which is the recovered

modulating signal.

OBSERVATIONS:
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS: -

DSBSC OUPUT
RESULT:
 EXPERMENT NO-4

AIM: To study Frequency Modulation and Demodulation.

APPARATUS: F.M. Kit, CRO, Connecting Probes.

THEORY:
In frequency modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave is kept constant but
its frequency is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the audio frequency
signal. The phase of the carrier wave is also kept constant. The instantaneous
frequency of the resulting frequency modulated signal equals,
ωi = ωc + K f(t)
The term Kf(t) represents the frequency sensitivity of the modulator. The
instantaneous frequency of FM signal varies with time. The maximum change
in instantaneous frequency from the average frequency i.e. ω, is known as
frequency deviation (Δω).
Δω= Kf Em
FM is widely used for broadcasting music and speech, two-way radio systems,
magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-transmission systems. In radio
systems, frequency modulation with sufficient bandwidth provides an advantage
in cancelling naturally- occurring noise.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1: FM Modulator
 PROCEDURE:
1. Keep amplitude control to maximum. Connect frequency counter at the AC
marked socket of inbuilt 1 KC oscillator and ground socket of Vco circuit to
measure its frequency. Connect
CRO in place of counter and observe the AF waveform. Adjust amplitude
control to obtain 1 Vp-p O/P signal.
2. Connect frequency counter across the FM out sockets and measure free run
span by rotating VR control to both extremes.
3. Connect DC O/P of peak rectifier (given in AF oscillator block) with the DC
marked socket. Adjust free run control to 90 KHz and bring AF amplitude
control to minimum. Note the new frequency. Find out the frequency division
on one side of carrier. The total frequency deviation is 2 times of the found
frequency since AC signals has two peaks.
4. Bring free run frequency to lower side e.g. 50 KC. Connect AC O/P socket
with AC I/P socket at VCO. Connect CRO across FM O/P sockets and increase
the modulating voltage.
5. Observe the effect upon the carrier signal. Connect CRO second
channel with modulating signal and adjust time base for single steady
waveforms (100µs/div).
6. Expand the trace with X-magnifier and observe the deviation in signal
following the modulating signal polarities.
7. From the observation made, calculation of the modulation index as ∆f/ f m is
done. The FM spectrum is similar to amplitude modulation where the carrier
component depends upon the FM. Calculate the bandwidth, which is equal to
(2∆f + fm).

OBSERVATIONS:

Table-1 fc= ? Hz

S.No fm(KHz) fmax(KHz) fmin(KHz) ∆f(KHz) mf BW(KHz)

1.
2.
3.
4.
 Table-2 fc = ? KHz, fm= ? KHz

S.No Am(Volts) fmax(KHz) fmin(KHz) ∆f(KHz) mf BW(KHz)

1.
2.
3.

4.

WAVE FORMS:

RESULT: Frequency Modulation & Demodulation has been studied.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Switch off the experimental kit during making connections.
2. Set the proper amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal to get
a reasonable FM waveform.
3. Use the CRO carefully.
 EXPERIMENT NO-5(A)
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM:
1. To study the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation Techniques.
2. To study the effect of Amplitude and Frequency of Modulating Signal on PWM
output.
APPARATUS:
1. PWM trainer kit

2. C.R.O(30MHz)

3. Patch Cards.

THEORY:-
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system continuous
wave forms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is
transmitted only at the sampling times together with synchronizing signals.
At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.
The pulse Width Modulation of the PTM is also called as the Pulse Duration
Modulation (PDM) & less often Pulse length Modulation (PLM).
In pulse Width Modulation method, we have fixed and starting time of each pulse,
but the width of each pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at
that instant.
This method converts amplitude varying message signal into a square wave with
constant amplitude and frequency, but which changes duty cycle to correspond to
the strength of the message signal.
Pulse-Width modulation has the disadvantage, that its pulses are of varying width
and therefore of varying power content. This means that the transmitter must be
powerful enough to handle the maximum-width pulses. But PWM still works if
synchronization between transmitter and receiver fails, whereas pulse-position
modulation does not.

Pulse-Width modulation may be generated by applying trigger pulses to control the

starting time of pulses from a mono stable multi-vibrator, and feeding in the signal
to be sampled to control the duration of these pulses.
When the PWM signals arrive at its destination, the recovery circuit used to decode
the original signal is a sample integrator (LPF).
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-
Pulse & Modulating Signal Generator:-
A 4.096MHz clock is used to derive the modulating signal, which is generated by
an oscillator circuit comprising a 4.096MHz crystal and three 74HC04(U9)
inverter gates. This 4.096MHz clock is then divided down in frequency by a factor
of 4096, by binary counter 74HC4040(U2), to produce 50% duty cycle, 1KHz
square wave on pin no.1 of U4, and 2KHz square wave on pin no.15. the frequency
is selectable by means of SW1. This goes to input of fourth order low pass filter
U3 is used to produce sine wave from the square wave. The amplitude of this sine
wave can be varied.
The square wave which is generated by the oscillator is buffered by inverter
74HC04, to produce 32KHz square wave at pin no.4 of the 74HC4040 (U2). This
pulse is given to the monostable multi to obtain the 16 KHz and 32 KHz square
wave at the output which is selected by the frequency pot.
Modulation:-
The PWM circuit uses the 555 IC(U1) in monostable mode. The Modulating signal
input is applied to pin no.5 of 555IC, and there Pulse input is applied to pin no.2.
The output of PWM is taken at the pin no.3 of 555IC i.e., TP3.
Demodulation:-
The demodulation section comprises of a fourth order low pass filter and an AC
amplifier. The TL074(U5) is used as a low pass filter and an AC amplifier. The
output of the modulator is given as the input to the low pass filter.
The low pass filter output is obviously less and it is feed to the AC amplifier which
comprises of a single op amp and whose output is amplified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PWM MODULATOR & DETECTOR

CLOCK GENERATOR
PROGRAM:-

% pulse width modulation &

demodulation close all
clear all
clc
fc=1000
;
fs=1000
0;
f1=200;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)
+0.5;
%modulation
y1=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'pwm'
); subplot(311);
plot(x1);
axis([0 50 0
1]);
title('original signal taken
mesage,f1=500,fs=10000') subplot(312);
plot(y1);
axis([0 500 -0.2 1.2]);
title('PWM')

%demodulation
x1_recov=demod(y1,fc,fs,'pwm');
subplot(313);
plot(x1_recov);
title('time domain recovered, single
tone,f1=200') axis([0 50 0 1]);
PROCEDURE:

Modulation:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram 1.
a. The output of the modulating signal generator is connected to the modulating
signal input TP2 keeping the frequency switch in 1KHz position, and amplitude
knob to max position
b. 16KHz pulse output (by varying the frequency pot (put it min position) in
pulse generator block) from pulse generator to pulse input(TP1).
2. Switch ON the power supply.

3. Observe the output of pulse width modulation block at TP3.(By varying the amplitude
pot).
4. Vary the modulating signal generator frequency by switching the frequency
selector switch to 2 KHz.
5. Now, again observe the PWM output at TP3.(By varying the amplitude pot).

6. Repeat the above steps (3 to 5) for the pulse frequency of 32KHz(by varying
the frequency pot(put it in max position) in pulse generator block).
7. Switch OFF the power supply.

Demodulation:-

8. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 2.

a. The output of the modulating signal generator is connected to the modulating
signal input TP2 keeping the frequency switch in 1KHz position, and amplitude
knob to max position.
b. 16KHz pulse output (put frequency pot minimum) from pulse generator block
to pulse input TP1.
c. PWM output to LPF input.

d. LPF output to AC amplifier input.

9. Switch ON the power supply.
10. Observe the output of low pass filter and AC amplifier respectively at TP6
& TP8. The output will be the true replica of the input.
11. Now vary the position of the switch in modulating signal generator to 2 KHz
and observe the outputs at TP6 & TP8.
12. Repeat the steps 10& 11 for pulse frequency 32 KHz (By varying the
frequency pot (put in max). in pulse generator block). Observe the output
waveforms.
13. Switch OFF the power supply.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS

RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT NO-5(B)
PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
1. To study the generation Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) and Demodulation.

2. To study the effect of Amplitude and the frequency of modulating signal on its

output and observe the wave forms.

APPARATUS:
1. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) and demodulation Trainer.

2. C.R.O(30MHz)

3. Patch cards.

THEORY:-
Pulse Modulation is used to transmit analog information in this system continuous
wave forms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is
transmitted only at the sampling times together with synchronizing signals.
At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples. Pulse modulation may be subdivided in to two
types analog and digital. In analog the indication of sample amplitude is the nearest
variable. In digital the information is a code.
The pulse position modulation is one of the methods of the pulse time
modulation.PPM is generated by changing the position of a fixed time slot.
The amplitude& width of the pulses is kept constant, while the position of each
pulse, in relation to the position of the recurrent reference pulse is valid by each
instances sampled value of the modulating wave. Pulse position modulation into
the category of analog communication. Pulse- Position modulation has the
advantage of requiring constant transmitter power output, but the disadvantage of
depending on transmitter receiver synchronization.
Pulse-position modulation may be obtained very simply from PWM. However, in
PWM the locations of the leading edges are fixed, whereas those of the trailing
edges are not. Their position depends on pulse width, which is determined by the
signal amplitude at that instant. Thus, it may be said that the trailing edges of
PWM pulses are, in fact, position- modulated. This has positive-going narrow
pulses corresponding to leading edges and negative- going pulses corresponding to
trailing edges. If the position corresponding to the trailing edge of an un modulated
pulse is counted as zero displacement, then the other trailing edges will arrive
earlier or later. They will therefore have a time displacement other than zero; this
time displacement is proportional to the instantaneous value of the signal voltage.
The differentiated pulses corresponding to the leading edges are removed with a
diode clipper or rectifier, and the remaining pulses, is position-modulated.
Circuit Description:-
Modulating Signal Generator:-
A 4.096 MHz clock is used to derive the modulating signal, which is generated by
an oscillator circuit comparing a 4.096MHz crystal and three 74HC04(U9) inverter
gates. This 4.096 MHz clock is then divided down in frequency by a factor of
4096, by binary counter 74HC4040(U4), to produce 50% duty cycle, 1 KHz square
wave on pin no.1 of U4, and 2 KHz square wave on pin no.15. The frequency is
selectable by means of SW1. This goes to input of fourth order low pass filter U3
(TL072) is used to produce sine wave from the square wave. The amplitude of this
sine wave can be varied.
Modulation:-
The circuit uses the IC 555(U1) a Mono stable Multivibrator to perform the pulse
position Modulation action.
The Modulating signal is given to Pin No. 5 at Pin No.2 the pulse is 32 KHz which
is connected internally.
The PWM is available at TP2; this PWM output is differentiated by using
differentiated circuit. This differentiated output is available at TP8. This
differentiated output is fed to the 555 IC (U2) (Mono stable Mode) Pin No.2. The
PPM output is available at TP3.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROGRAM:-
% pulse position
modulation close all
clear
all clc
fc=100;
fs=100
0;
f1=80;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)
+0.5;
%modulation
y1=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'p
pm'); subplot(311);
plot(x1);

axis([0 15 0 1]);
title('original signal taken
mesage,f1=80,fs=1000') subplot(312);
plot(y1);
axis([0 250 -0.2 1.2]);
title('PPM')
%demodulation
x1_recov=demod(y1,fc,fs,'p
pm'); subplot(313);
plot(x1_recov);
title('time domain recovered, single
tone,f1=80') axis([0 15 0 1]);

PROCEDURE:
Modulation:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1.
a. Connect the modulating signal generator output to modulating signal input (TP1)
in PPM block.
b. Keep the switch in 1 KHz position and amplitude pot in max position.
2. Switch ON the power supply

3. Observe the PWM output at TP2, and the differentiated output signal at TP8.

4. Now, monitor the PPM output at TP3.

5. Try varying the amplitude and frequency of sine wave by varying amplitude pot.

6. Repeat Step 5 for frequency of 2 KHz and observe the PPM output.

7. Switch OFF the power supply.

Demodulation:-
8. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram2.
a. Connect the modulating signal generator output to modulating signal input (TP1)
in PPM block.
b. Keep the switch in 1 KHz position and amplitude pot in max position.

c. Connect the PPM output (TP3) to input of LPF(TP4).

9. Switch ON the power supply

10. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of LPF at TP5.

11. Thus the recovered signal is true replica of the input signal

12. a. As the output of LPF has less amplitude, connect the output of LPF to the
input of an AC amplifier (TP5 to TP6).
b. Observe the demodulated out put on the oscilloscope at TP7 and also observe the
amplitude of demodulated signal by varying gain pot. This is amplitude demodulated
output.

13. Repeat the steps (7 to 9) for the modulating signal for frequency 2 KHz.

14. Switch OFF the power supply.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB
Sl
no Name of the experiments Exp no Page

1 To demonstrate the process of PCM Exp1

modulation
2 Study the functioning of delta modulator Exp2

3 To study Time division multiplexing. Exp3

4 To study the differential channel coding and Exp4

decoding technique

5 Generation and reception of phase shift Exp5A

keying (ASK) signal
6 Generation and reception of phase shift Exp5B
keying (PSK) signal
7 Generation and reception of phase shift Exp5C
keying (FSK) signal
8 To transmit and receiving three separate Exp 6
signal audio, video tone simultaneously
through satellite link.
9 To transmit PC date through satellite link Exp 7
using a satellite communication
demonstration unit.
10 Transmit different types of signal using ISDN Exp 8
system
EXPERIMENT NO-1
EXPERIMENT NO-2
EXPERIMENT NO- 3
EXPERIMENT NO- 4(A)
EXPERIMENT NO –5 (B)
EXPERIMENT N0 -5(C)
EXPERIMENT NO -6