Statically Indeterminate Members

When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross section exceed the

number of independent equations of equilibrium, the structure is called statically

indeterminate. These cases require the use of additional relations that depend on the

elastic deformations in the members.

Solved Problems in Statically Indeterminate Members

Problem 233

A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5

mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm in

the length of 2 m. For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.

Solution 233
Problem 234

A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial

compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the

allowable stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use

Eco = 14 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.

Solution 234

Problem 235

A timber column, 8 in. × 8 in. in cross section, is reinforced on each side by a steel

plate 8 in. wide and t in. thick. Determine the thickness t so that the column will

support an axial load of 300 kips without exceeding a maximum timber stress of 1200

psi or a maximum steel stress of 20 ksi. The moduli of elasticity are 1.5 × 106 psi for

timber, and 29 × 106 psi for steel.

Problem 236

A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in fig

P-236. Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress

is 70 MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable

stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be supported.

Figure P-236 and P-237

Problem 237

In Prob. 236, how should the lengths of the two identical copper rods be changed so

that each material will be stressed to its allowable limit?

Solution 237

Problem 238

The lower ends of the three bars in Fig. P-238 are at the same level before the uniform

rigid block weighing 40 kips is attached. Each steel bar has a length of 3 ft, and area of

1.0 in.2, and E = 29 × 106 psi. For the bronze bar, the area is 1.5 in.2 and E = 12 × 106

psi. Determine (a) the length of the bronze bar so that the load on each steel bar is

twice the load on the bronze bar, and (b) the length of the bronze that will make the

steel stress twice the bronze stress.

Problem 239

The rigid platform in Fig. P-239 has negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each

250.00 mm long. The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress

in the aluminum bar after the center load P = 400 kN has been applied. For each steel

bar, the area is 1200 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area is 2400

mm2 and E = 70 GPa.

Problem 240

Three steel eye-bars, each 4 in. by 1 in. in section, are to be assembled by driving rigid

7/8-in.-diameter drift pins through holes drilled in the ends of the bars. The center-line

spacing between the holes is 30 ft in the two outer bars, but 0.045 in. shorter in the

middle bar. Find the shearing stress developed in the drip pins. Neglect local

deformation at the holes.

Problem 241

As shown in Fig. P-241, three steel wires, each 0.05 in.2 in area, are used to lift a load

W = 1500 lb. Their unstressed lengths are 74.98 ft, 74.99 ft, and 75.00 ft. (a) What

stress exists in the longest wire? (b) Determine the stress in the shortest wire if W =

500 lb.
Solution 241
Problem 242

The assembly in Fig. P-242 consists of a light rigid bar AB, pinned at O, that is attached

to the steel and aluminum rods. In the position shown, bar AB is horizontal and there is

a gap, Δ = 5 mm, between the lower end of the steel rod and its pin support at C.

Compute the stress in the aluminum rod when the lower end of the steel rod is attached

to its support.

Solution 242
Problem 243

A homogeneous rod of constant cross section is attached to unyielding supports. It

carries an axial load P applied as shown in Fig. P-243. Prove that the reactions are given

by R1 = Pb/L and R2 = Pa/L.

Solution 243
Problem 244

A homogeneous bar with a cross sectional area of 500 mm2 is attached to rigid

supports. It carries the axial loads P1 = 25 kN and P2 = 50 kN, applied as shown in Fig.

P-244. Determine the stress in segment BC. (Hint: Use the results of Prob. 243, and

compute the reactions caused by P1 and P2 acting separately. Then use the principle of

superposition to compute the reactions when both loads are applied.)

Solution 244
Problem 245

The composite bar in Fig. P-245 is firmly attached to unyielding supports. Compute the

stress in each material caused by the application of the axial load P = 50 kips.

Solution 245
Problem 246

Referring to the composite bar in Prob. 245, what maximum axial load P can be applied

if the allowable stresses are 10 ksi for aluminum and 18 ksi for steel.

Solution 246

Problem 247

The composite bar in Fig. P-247 is stress-free before the axial loads P1 and P2 are

applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P1 =

150 kN and P2 = 90 kN.

Problem 248

Solve Prob. 247 if the right wall yields 0.80 mm.

Problem 249

There is a radial clearance of 0.05 mm when a steel tube is placed over an aluminum

tube. The inside diameter of the aluminum tube is 120 mm, and the wall thickness of

each tube is 2.5 mm. Compute the contact pressure and tangential stress in each tube

when the aluminum tube is subjected to an internal pressure of 5.0 MPa.

In the assembly of the bronze tube and steel bolt shown in Fig. P-250, the pitch of the

bolt thread is p = 1/32 in.; the cross-sectional area of the bronze tube is 1.5 in.2 and of

steel bolt is ¾ in.2 The nut is turned until there is a compressive stress of 4000 psi in

the bronze tube. Find the stresses if the nut is given one additional turn. How many

turns of the nut will reduce these stresses to zero? Use Ebr = 12 × 106 psi and Est = 29

× 106 psi.

Solution 250
Problem 251

The two vertical rods attached to the light rigid bar in Fig. P-251 are identical except for

length. Before the load W was attached, the bar was horizontal and the rods were

stress-free. Determine the load in each rod if W = 6600 lb.

Solution 251

Problem 252

The light rigid bar ABCD shown in Fig. P-252 is pinned at B and connected to two

vertical rods. Assuming that the bar was initially horizontal and the rods stress-free,

determine the stress in each rod after the load after the load P = 20 kips is applied.
Solution 252

Problem 253

As shown in Fig. P-253, a rigid beam with negligible weight is pinned at one end and

attached to two vertical rods. The beam was initially horizontal before the load W = 50

kips was applied. Find the vertical movement of W.

As shown in Fig. P-254, a rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned at O and attached to

two vertical rods. Assuming that the rods were initially tress-free, what maximum load P

can be applied without exceeding stresses of 150 MPa in the steel rod and 70 MPa in the

bronze rod.
Solution 254

Problem 255

Shown in Fig. P-255 is a section through a balcony. The total uniform load of 600 kN is

supported by three rods of the same area and material. Compute the load in each rod.

Assume the floor to be rigid, but note that it does not necessarily remain horizontal.
Solution 255

Problem 256

Three rods, each of area 250 mm2, jointly support a 7.5 kN load, as shown in Fig. P-

256. Assuming that there was no slack or stress in the rods before the load was applied,

find the stress in each rod. Use Est = 200 GPa and Ebr = 83 GPa.
Solution 256
Problem 257

Three bars AB, AC, and AD are pinned together as shown in Fig. P-257. Initially, the

assembly is stressfree. Horizontal movement of the joint at A is prevented by a short

horizontal strut AE. Calculate the stress in each bar and the force in the strut AE when

the assembly is used to support the load W = 10 kips. For each steel bar, A = 0.3 in.2

and E = 29 × 106 psi. For the aluminum bar, A = 0.6 in.2 and E = 10 × 106 psi.
Solution 257
Thermal Stress
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount δT, is given by

where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the length in meter, and

Ti and Tf are the initial and final temperatures, respectively in °C.

For steel, α = 11.25 × 10–6 / °C.

If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be

induced in the structure. In some cases where temperature deformation is not

permitted, an internal stress is created. The internal stress created is termed as thermal

stress.

For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown, the thermal

stress is computed as:

deformation due to temperature changes;

deformation due to equivalent axial stress;

where σ is the thermal stress in MPa and E is the modulus of elasticity of the rod in MPa.

If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations will be made:
where σ represents the thermal stress.

Take note that as the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will be in

compression, and if the temperature drops below the normal, the rod is in tension.

Solved Problems in Thermal Stress

Problem 261

A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between two fixed points.

The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 lb. What will be the stress at 0°F? At what temperature

will the stress be zero? Assume α = 6.5 × 10-6 in / (in·°F) and E = 29 × 106 psi.

Solution 261
Problem 262

A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at

20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C, what is the minimum

diameter of the rod? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

Solution 262

Problem 263

Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of

15°C. At what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in the

rails at that temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C)

and E = 200 GPa.

Solution 263

Problem 264

A steel rod 3 feet long with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in.2 is stretched between two

fixed points. The tensile force is 1200 lb at 40°F. Using E = 29 × 106 psi and α = 6.5 ×

10-6 in./(in.·°F), calculate (a) the temperature at which the stress in the bar will be 10

ksi; and (b) the temperature at which the stress will be

zero.
Solution 264

Problem 265

A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed between two

rigid walls as shown in Fig. P-265. At a temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ = 25 mm. Find

the temperature at which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35 MPa. Use α =

18.0 × 10-6 m/(m·°C) and E = 80 GPa.

Solution 265
Problem 266

Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar shown in Fig. P-

266 if the temperature increases by 100°F. Assume that the supports are unyielding

and that the bar is suitably braced against buckling.

Solution 266
Problem 267

At a temperature of 80°C, a steel tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to be shrunk

onto a locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel, which is at a

temperature of 25°C. Determine the contact pressure between the tire and wheel after

the assembly cools to 25°C. Neglect the deformation of the wheel caused by the

pressure of the tire. Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

Solution 267

Problem 268

The rigid bar ABC in Fig. P-268 is pinned at B and attached to the two vertical rods.

Initially, the bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine the stress

in the aluminum rod if the temperature of the steel rod is decreased by 40°C. Neglect

the weight of bar ABC.

As shown in Fig. P-269, there is a gap between the aluminum bar and the rigid slab that

is supported by two copper bars. At 10°C, Δ = 0.18 mm. Neglecting the mass of the

slab, calculate the stress in each rod when the temperature in the assembly is increased

to 95°C. For each copper bar, A= 500 mm2, E = 120 GPa, and α = 16.8 µm/(m·°C). For

the aluminum bar, A = 400 mm2, E = 70 GPa, and α = 23.1 µm/(m·°C).

Solution 269
Problem 270

A bronze sleeve is slipped over a steel bolt and held in place by a nut that is turned to

produce an initial stress of 2000 psi in the bronze. For the steel bolt, A = 0.75 in2, E =

29 × 106 psi, and α = 6.5 × 10–6 in/(in·°F). For the bronze sleeve, A = 1.5 in2, E = 12 ×

106 psi and α = 10.5 × 10–6 in/(in·°F). After a temperature rise of 100°F, find the final

stress in each material.

Solution 270
Problem 271

A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in Fig. P-271. If W = 80 kN,

compute the temperature change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55

MPa. Assume the coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7 µm/(m·°C) for steel and 18.9

µm / (m·°C) for bronze.

Problem 272

For the assembly in Fig. 271, find the stress in each rod if the temperature rises 30°C

after a load W = 120 kN is applied.

Solution 272
Problem 273

The composite bar shown in Fig. P-273 is firmly attached to unyielding supports. An

axial force P = 50 kips is applied at 60°F. Compute the stress in each material at 120°F.

Assume α = 6.5 × 10–6 in/(in·°F) for steel and 12.8 × 10–6 in/(in·°F) for aluminum.

Figure P-273 and P-274

Solution 273
Problem 274

At what temperature will the aluminum and steel segments in Prob. 273 have

numerically equal stress?

Solution 274
Problem 275

A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown in Fig. P-

275. If the system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change that will

cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected

to the change in temperature.

Solution 275

Problem 276

Four steel bars jointly support a mass of 15 Mg as shown in Fig. P-276. Each bar has a

cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. Find the load carried by each bar after a temperature

rise of 50°C. Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.