Professional Schools

Master in Environment Planning

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS

Master in Environmental Planning

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject:

EP 301 – INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING, HISTORY AND PROFESSION

Dr. Joel S. Pardillo, PF, EnP

Name of Teacher

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE.
THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE
OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.

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COURSE PORTFOLIO
EP 301 – INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING, HISTORY AND PROFESSION

Course Coordinator: Joel S. Pardillo

Email: [email protected]
Student Consultation: Blackboard LMS
Mobile: 0905 – 976-1529
Phone: None
Effectivity Date: August 2020
Mode of Delivery: On-Line (with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning Minimal
Supervision
Requisites: None
No. of Units: 3
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face to face sessions.

Course Portfolio Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-directed manual is designed for
blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 54 including the
face to face or virtual sessions. The face to face
sessions shall include the presentation/defense of the
summative assessment tasks.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be based on
the schedule set by the Professional Schools. The
assessment paper shall be attached with a cover
page indicating the title of the assessment task, the
name of the course coordinator, date of submission
and name of the student. The document should be
emailed to the course coordinator. It is also expected
that you already paid your tuition and other fees
before the submission of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time
by the course coordinator.
Turnitin Submission (IF To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
NECESSARY) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain

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in writing addressed to the course coordinator the

reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and
Academic Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or people
to complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the
possible maximum score for that assessment item for
each day or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assessment papers will be returned to you two (2)
Assignments/Assessments weeks after the submission. This will be returned by
email or via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator

will require some or few of the students for online or
virtual sessions to ask clarificatory questions to
validate the originality of the assessment paper
submitted and to ensure that all the group members
are involved. The same will be done with the
individual assessment task.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator your intention to resubmit an assessment
task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program coordinator your intention to appeal or
contest the score given to an assessment paper. The
letter should explicitly explain the reasons/points to
contest the grade. The program coordinator shall
communicate with the students on the approval and
disapproval of the request.

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with the original letter of request. The final decision
will come from the dean of the professional schools.

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Grading System 1st Assessment Paper – 10%

2nd Assessment Paper – 10%
3rd Assessment Paper – 10%
Final Assessment Paper – 70%
Preferred Referencing Style (IF APA 6th Edition
THE TASK REQUIRES)
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email
account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal. Then, the course coordinator shall
enroll the students to have access to the materials
and resources of the course. All communication
formats: chat, submission of assessment papers,
requests etc. shall be through the portal and other
university recognized platforms.

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.

For students who have not created their student

email, please contact the course coordinator or
program head.
Contact Details of the Dean DR. EUGENIO S. GUHAO JR.
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 082-3050647 local 189
Contact Details of the Program DR. KHRISTINE MARIE D. CONCEPCION
Head Email: [email protected]
Phone: 082-3050640 local 118
Students with a Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need,
the course coordinator with the approval of the
program coordinator may provide alternative
assessment tasks or extension of the deadline of
submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
service of achieving the desired course learning
outcomes.
Online Tutorial Registration (IF You are required to enroll in a specific tutorial time for
NECESSARY) this course via the www.ps.edu.ph portal. Please
note that there is a deadline for enrollment to the
tutorial.
Help Desk Contact [email protected]
Library Contact library@ umindanao.edu.ph
0951 – 376 - 6681

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Course information – see / download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS

Message from the Course Coordinator

Welcome to this course, EP 301 – Introduction to Planning, History and Profession.

This course was designed to present an overview of the scope and practice of environmental
planning in the Philippines as provided under Presidential Decree 1308 as amended by
Republic Act 10587. The difficulties in the actual practice of regional and urban planning and
development are understood. The institutional arrangements of development planning
including the different planning processes in the Philippines is internalized.

The UM Professional Schools would like to congratulate you for continuing your journey as a
graduate student through the online blended mode. The University has put in place support
services for you to avail yourself to lessen your academic burden and eventually finish your
degree.

Course Structure

This course was designed to present an overview of the scope and practice of environmental
planning in the Philippines as provided under Presidential Decree 1308 as amended by
Republic Act 10587 guided by the Code of Ethics promulgated by the Professional Regulatory
Board for Environmental Planners. It shall also cover the significant contribution of the early
planners in developing concepts and principles geared towards urbanization. Looking back the
history, it shall tackle the timeline of human settlements from the time when early people have
no organized settlements until our present time with advanced technologies.

Our course is structured based on the intended learning course outcomes (CO). Each CO has
an equivalent assessment paper that you will work on. The details of the assessment paper are
explicitly reflected for you to be guided. Among the details, I would like you to deeply
understand the criteria of the assessment paper. In each assessment paper, I have enumerated
potential research articles that are available and can be downloaded from the University's online
databases. Please note that you are not limited to these papers, as you are highly encouraged to
maximize the rich collection of the University’s library of peer-reviewed and credible articles.

Every assessment has a corresponding task. The purpose of the task is for you to demonstrate
your knowledge on actual practice in environmental planning, in terms of policy analysis,
challenges and impacts in human settlements, urban growth forms, and developments including
the application of its laws and related policies and explicit articulation of the objectives of the
unit, assessment tasks, and instruction.

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First Course Outcome and First Assessment Paper

CO Assessment Task Assessment Schedule

1. Acquire deep knowledge
and appreciation on the Case Analysis / 1st to 2nd week
Philippine Constitution, law Reflection Paper
on environmental planning
and code of ethics for
environmental planners in
the Philippines

Assessment Paper Details

Assessment Task Details

Case Problem /  In this task, you are required to identify the important provisions of
Reflection Paper the Philippine Constitutions providing legal mandates for the
Government and the rights of the people in the practice of
environmental planning.
 Understand the law regulating the practice of environmental
planning profession in the Philippines and the Code of Ethics
promulgated by the Board of Environmental Planners.
 You are expected to submit a paper with the comments and
arguments presented by your classmates in the BB portal. Thus,
active participation in the discussions in the BB portal is important
and necessary.
 You will be graded according to the following criteria (see rubric
attached)
 -Organization -40%
 -Grammar – 30%
 -Formatting- 30%
Total of - 100%

 Procedural criteria
A. Number of words: 1,200 – 1,500 (+/-10%)
B. A4, aerial 12
C. Margin (left: 1.5 top, botoom and right: 1

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LEGAL MANDATES AND ENABLING POLICY

1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

A. APPLICABILITY OF EXISTING PLANNING LEGISLATION

Remaining operative: all existing laws, decrees, EOs, Proclamations, LOIs and other
executive issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution until amended, repealed or
revoked (Art. XVIII, Sec. 3)

B. STATE POLICIES

Promotion of just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that
provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living
and an improved quality of life for all (Art. II, Section 9)
Promotion of social justice in all phases of national development (Art. II, Sec. 10)
Protection and advancement of the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature (Art. II, Sec. 16)

C. PLANNING PARTICIPANTS

Recognition of the role of women in nation-building and fundamental equality before

the law of women and men. (Art. II, Sec. 14)
Recognition of the indispensable role of the private sector, encourage private enterprise,
and provides incentives to needed investments. (Art. II, Sec. 20)
Recognition and promotion of the rights of Indigenous cultural communities within the
framework of national unity and development. (Art. II, Sec. 22)
Protection of working women thru safe and healthful working conditions, taking into
account their maternal functions and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance
their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
(Art. XIII, Sec. 14)
The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation
at all levels of social, political, and economic decision – making shall not be abridged.
The state shall by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms
(Art. XIII, Sec. 16)

D. PLANNING PROCESS (Procedural)

The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Access to official records and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions or decisions as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may provided
by law. (Art. III, Sec. 7)

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E. PLANNING PROCESS (Substantive)

Non-deprivation of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied the equal protection of the laws. (Art. III, Sec. 1)
Non-impairment of the liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither
shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public
safety or public health as may be provided by law. (Art. III, Sec. 6)
Non-taking of private property for public use without just compensation (Art. III, Sec.
9)
Non-passage of law impairing the obligation of contracts (Art. III, Sec. 10)

F. PLANNING AREAS

The territorial and political subdivisions of the Philippines are the provinces, cities,
municipalities and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao
and the Cordilleras (Art. X, Sec. 1)
Non-creation, division, merger, abolition or substantial alteration of the boundaries
except in accordance with the LGC, and approval by the majority of the votes in a
plebiscite (Art. X, Sec. 10)

G. METROPOLITANIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION

The congress may be law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions (Art. X,
Sec. 11)
Regional Development Councils (RDCs) or other similar bodies composed of local
government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and
representative from non – governmental organizations within the regions for purposes
of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units therein and
to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region.
(Art. X, Sec. 14)
Creation of Autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordillera consisting
of Provinces, cities, municipalities and geographical areas sharing common and
distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic and social structures and other
relevant characteristics within the framework of the Constitution and the national
sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the Philippines. (Art. X, 15)
Constitution of the Metropolitan Manila Authority to be composed of the heads of all
local government units comprising the Metropolitan Manila Area. (Art. XVIII, Sec. 8)

H. URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING

Social justice and human rights (Art. XIII)

Urban land reform and housing – A continuing program of urban land reform and
housing which will make available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services
to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlements areas. (Art.
XIII Sec. 9)
Urban poor or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings demolished,
except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner. (Sec. 10)

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Academic Prompts

After reading the above academic papers, you are required to participate in the academic
discussion in the blackboard’s forum following the propositions below. In the discussion,
please respect the opinions of your classmates. In case of disagreements, observe
professionalism and ethical standards in presenting your arguments, critiques and discussions.
You may agree or disagree. It is best that you cite some examples and references that have
already been established.

After the discussions, please synthesize, analyze and draw conclusions based on the discussions
with your classmate arguments and the academic papers / references used in the discussions.

The propositions are the following:

Discuss the following in the LMS supported with relevant references:

1. Environment and Human Rights. Compare our laws and practices with the practice of
the European countries and the United States.
2. Alternative approaches and international perspectives of globalization for the potential
solutions to social, economic and environmental development issues affecting
environmental planning profession.
3. Effects of the war on the economic, social, environment and cultural development in
the present global situation of the world, including Heritage and history.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROFESSION

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10587

AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING,
REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NUMBERED ONE
THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHT, ENTITLED "LAW REGULATING THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES", AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

ARTICLE I
GENERAL PROVISIONS

Section 1. Title. – This Act shall be known as the "Environmental Planning Act of 2013″.

Section 2. Declaration of Policy. – The State recognizes the importance of environmental

planning in nation-building and development. Hence, it shall develop and nurture competent,
virtuous, productive and well-rounded professional environmental planners whose standards
of practice and service shall be excellent, world-class and globally competitive through honest,
effective, relevant and credible licensure examinations and through regulatory programs,
measures and activities that foster their professional growth, social responsibility and
development.

Section 3. Coverage of this Act. – This Act shall cover the following aspects of the practice
of the profession:

(a) Examination, registration and licensure of environmental planners;

(b) Supervision, control and regulation of the practice of environmental planning;
(c) Development, upgrading and updating of the curriculum of the environmental
planning profession; and
(d) Development and improvement of the professional competence and practice of
environmental planners through, among others, continuing professional
education and development.

Section 4. Definition of Terms. –

(a) Environmental planning, also known as urban and regional planning, city planning, town
and country planning, and/or human settlements planning, refers to the multi-disciplinary
art and science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and
regulating the use and development of land and water resources, in relation to their
environs, for the development of sustainable communities and ecosystems.

(b) Environmental planner refers to a person who is registered and licensed to practice
environmental planning and who holds a valid Certificate of Registration and a valid
Professional Identification Card from the Board of Environmental Planning and the
Professional Regulation Commission.

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(c) Accredited Professional Organization (APO) refers to the duly integrated and accredited
professional organization of environmental planners, of which there shall be only one as
prescribed by Republic Act No. 8981, the Comprehensive Professional Code, and in
Section 32 of this Act.

Section 5. Scope of Practice. – The practice of environmental planning, within the meaning
and intent of this Act, shall embrace the following:

(a) Providing professional services in the form of technical consultation, rendering of

technical advice, plan preparation, capacity building and monitoring and evaluation of
implementation involving the following:

1. National, regional or local development and/or physical framework and

comprehensive land-use plans;
2. Zoning and related ordinances, codes and other legal issuances for the development
and management, preservation, conservation, rehabilitation, regulation and control of
the environment, including all land, water, air and natural resources;
3. Planning and development of a barangay, municipality, city, province, region or any
portion or combination thereof; and
4. Development of a site for a particular need or special purpose, such as economic or
ecological zones; tourism development zones; and housing and other estate
development projects, including the creation of any other spatial arrangement of
buildings, utilities, transport and communications;

(b) In relation to any of the activities enumerated in paragraph (a) above, preparing the
following studies:

1. Pre-feasibility, feasibility and other related concerns;

2. Environmental assessments; and
3. Institutional, administrative or legal systems;

(c) Curriculum and syllabi development in licensure examinations for environmental planners
and teaching in academic institutions and conducting review courses in environmental
planning;

(d) Serving as expert witness, resource person, lecturer, juror or arbitrator in hearings,
competitions, exhibitions and other public fora; conduct of hearings, competitions,
exhibits and other public fora;

(e) Ensuring compliance with environmental laws including the acquisition of regulatory
permits.

The Professional Regulatory Board, subject to approval of the Professional Regulation

Commission, may add to, or exclude from, this section any activity or act of professional
practice, or revise it as the need arises to conform to changes and new developments
brought about by the latest trends in environmental planning; and

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(f) Perform other acts or conduct other activities that may be determined by the Board,
subject to approval by the Professional Regulation Commission in light of the trend of the
practice of the profession.

ARTICLE II
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

Section 6. Professional Regulatory Board of Environmental Planning. – There is hereby

created a Professional Regulatory Board of Environmental Planning, hereinafter referred to as
the Board, which shall be composed of a Chairperson and two (2) Members under the
administrative control and supervision of the Professional Regulation Commission, hereinafter
referred to as the Commission. They shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines from
a list of three (3) recommendees for each position, ranked by the Commission from a list of
five (5) nominees for each position, and submitted by the APO of environmental planners.

The new Board under this Act shall be constituted within six (6) months from the effectivity
of this Act.

Section 7. Term of Office. – The Chairperson and the Members of the Board shall hold office
for a term of three (3) years from the date of their appointment or until their successors shall
have qualified and been appointed. They may be reappointed to their positions for another
term of three (3) years immediately after the expiry of their terms:

Provided, That the holding of such position shall not be for more than two (2) terms nor more
than six (6) years, whichever is longer: Provided, further, That the first Board under this Act
shall hold these terms of office: the Chairperson for three (3) years, the first Member for two
(2) years, and the second Member for one (1) year: Provided, furthermore, That any
appointee to a vacancy with an unexpired term shall only serve such period. The Chairperson
and the Members shall take their oath of office before discharging the functions of their
positions.

Section 8. Qualifications of Board Members. – Each member of the Board shall, at the time
of his/her appointment, possess the following qualifications:

(a) A citizen and resident of the Philippines;

(b) Of good moral character and of sound mind;

(c) A holder of a Master’s Degree in Environmental Planning or its equivalent;

(d) A registered and licensed environmental planner with a valid Certificate of

Registration and a Professional Identification Card and with at least seven (7)
years of practice in environmental planning prior to his/her appointment;

(e) Not a member of the faculty of any school, college or university where a regular
academic course or review course in environmental planning is offered, nor a
member of a staff of reviewers in a review school or center and does not have any
direct or indirect pecuniary interest in such an institution;

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(f) A member in good standing but not an officer or trustee thereof of the APO; and

(g) Not convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of an offense involving moral

turpitude.

Section 9. Powers, Duties and Responsibilities of the Board. – The Board shall have the
following specific powers, duties and responsibilities:

(a) Prescribe and adopt the rules and regulations necessary to carry out the provisions
of this Act;

(b) Supervise the registration, licensure and practice of environmental planning in the
Philippines;

(c) Administer oaths in connection with the implementation of this Act;

(d) Issue, suspend, revoke or reinstate Certificate of Registration for the practice of
environmental planning;

(e) Adopt an official seal of the Board;

(f) Prepare the contents of licensure examination, score and rate the examination
papers and submit the results thereof to the Commission;

(g) Adopt and promulgate a Code of Ethics and a Code of Technical Standards issued
by the APO;

(h) Assist the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) to ensure that all instruction
and offering of environmental planning comply with the policies, standards and
requirements of the course prescribed by the CHED or other authorized
government offices in the areas, among others, of curriculum, faculty, library and
facilities;

(i) Adopt measures necessary for the enhancement of the profession;

(j) Investigate officially reported violations of this Act and its rules and regulations,
Code of Ethics, Code of Technical Standards, policies and measures and for this
purpose issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum to secure the appearance of
witnesses and submission of the documents and other evidences necessary in
connection with the performance of its functions;

(k) Seek the assistance of the Commission in the conduct of hearing or investigation
of administrative cases filed before the Board;

(l) Promulgate decisions on such administrative cases;

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(m) Discharge such other powers and duties that may affect professional, ethical and
technological standards of the environmental planning profession in the
Philippines; and

(n) Perform such other functions and responsibilities in accordance with the
provisions of Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the "Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) Modernization Act of 2000″.

The policies, resolutions, bylaws and rules and regulations issued and promulgated by the
Board shall be subject to review and approval by the Commission; however, the Board’s
decisions, resolutions or orders which are not interlocutory, rendered in an administrative case,
shall be subject to review only on appeal.

Section 10. Compensation of the Board. –

The Chairperson and Members of the Board shall receive compensation and allowances
comparable to the compensation and allowances received by the Chairpersons and Members
of other existing professional regulatory boards under the Commission as provided for by the
General Appropriations Act.

Section 11. Administrative Supervision of the Board, Custodian of its Records, Secretariat and
Support Services. –

The Board shall be under the administrative supervision of the Commission. All records of the
Board, including applications for examinations, and administrative and other investigative
hearings conducted by the Board shall be under the custody of the Commission. The
Commission shall designate the Secretary of the Board and shall provide the secretariat and
other support services to implement the provisions of this Act.

Section 12. Grounds for Disciplinary Action on Suspension or Removal of the

Chairperson/Members of the Board. –

The President of the Philippines, upon the recommendation of the Commission, after due
process and administrative investigation conducted by the Commission, may remove or
suspend a Chairperson or Member of the Board on any of the following grounds:

(a) Gross negligence, incompetence or dishonesty in the discharge of his/her duty;

(b) Commission of any of the prohibited acts provided in this Act and the offenses in
the Revised Penal Code, Republic Act No. 3019, otherwise known as the "Anti-
Graft and Corruption Practices Act", and other laws;

(c) Manipulation, tampering or rigging of the results of the licensure examination for
the practice of environmental planning; and

(d) Unlawful disclosure of secret and confidential information on the examination

questions or other administrative matters pertaining thereto prior to the conduct
thereof.

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The Commission, in the conduct of the investigation, shall be guided by Section 7(s) of
Republic Act No. 8981, the Rules on Administrative Investigation, and the applicable
provisions of the New Rules of Court.

Section 13. Annual Report. – The Board shall, at the end of each calendar year, submit to the
Commission a detailed report of its activities and proceedings during the year, embodying also
such recommendations as it may deem proper to promote the policies and objectives of this
Act.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION

Section 14. Registration Required. –

Upon the effectivity of this Act, no person shall practice or offer to practice environmental
planning in the Philippines without having obtained from the Board and the Commission a
Certificate of Registration and a Professional Identification Card or a Temporary/Special
Permit.

Section 15. Examination Required. –

Unless provided otherwise under this Act, all applicants for registration for the practice of
environmental planning shall be required to pass the professional licensure examination as
herein provided, subject to the payment of fees prescribed by the Commission. Examinations
for the practice of environmental planning in the Philippines shall be given by the Board at
least once every year in such places and dates as the Commission may designate in
accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 8981.

Section 16. Rating in the Licensure Examination. –

To pass the licensure examination, each person must obtain a weighted average of not less
than seventy per centum (70%) and a rating of not less than fifty per centum (50%) in any
examination subject.

Section 17. Subjects of Examination. –

The licensure examination for environmental planners shall include, but shall not be limited
to, the following:

(a) History, concepts, theories and principles of environmental planning;

(b) Environmental planning process, methods/techniques and strategies; and

(c) Environmental plan implementation, legal aspects and administration.

These subject areas and syllabi shall include topics and subtopics in accordance with the
syllabi or tables of specifications of subjects for licensure examinations by the Board in
consultation with the academe and the APO.

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The subject areas and syllabi may be revised as the need arises to conform to changes and
new developments brought about by trends in the practice of environmental planning.

Section 18. Qualifications for Taking the Examination. –

Any person applying to take the licensure examination as herein provided shall establish to
the satisfaction of the Board that he/she has the following qualifications:

(a) A citizen of the Philippines or a foreign citizen whose country or State has a policy on
reciprocity in the practice of the profession;

(b) A holder of any of the following degrees from schools, colleges or universities duly
recognized and accredited by the CHED:

1. A graduate in environmental planning, urban/city and regional planning, or town and

country planning or its equivalent;
2. A Post-Graduate Diploma in Environmental Planning, city and regional planning or its
equivalent, and with at least one (1) year of on-the-job training as required herein;
3. A Bachelor’s Degree in Environmental Planning, city planning or urban and regional
planning, or town and country planning, or its equivalent, and with two (2) years of on-
the-job training as required herein;
4. A masters or doctorate degree in either architecture, engineering, ecology, economics,
geography, geology, public administration, business administration, sociology, social
science, law, environmental science, environmental management, development
management, natural resources planning and development, and related disciplines
acceptable to the Board, and with three (3) years of on-the-job training as required
herein: Provided, That a person falling under this paragraph shall be allowed to take
the licensure examination only within the next five (5) years from the effectivity of this
Act;
5. A bachelor’s degree in architecture, engineering, economics, public administration,
law, social work and community development or sociology and other related disciplines
acceptable to the Board and with five (5) years of on-the-job training as required
herein: Provided, That a person falling under this paragraph shall be allowed to take
the licensure examination only within the next five (5) years from the effectivity of this
Act; and
6. Incumbent holders of planning positions in the national, regional or local government
offices or agencies including government-owned and -controlled corporations and have
been engaged in development planning functions acceptable to the
Board: Provided, That they are holders of professional civil service eligibility and they
have undergone at least eighty (80) hours of in-service training or distance learning in
developmental planning from a government agency, school or institution recognized by
proper authorities: Provided, further, That a person falling under this paragraph may be
allowed to take the licensure examination only within the next five (5) years after the
effectivity of this Act.

(c) Of good moral character; and

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(d) Not convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude by a court of competent

jurisdiction.

The on-the-job training required in this section shall be undertaken under the supervision of a
registered and licensed environmental planner or the applicant’s immediate supervisor in an
agency or organization acceptable to the Board, which is engaged or involved in environmental
planning functions or programs.

Section 19. Issuance of Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card. –

(a) A Certificate of Registration shall be issued to those who are registered after payment of
fees prescribed by the Commission. It shall bear the signatures of the Chairperson of the
Commission and of the Chairperson and Members of the Board, stamped with the official
seal of the Commission and of the Board, certifying that the person named therein is
entitled to the practice of the profession, with all the privileges appurtenant thereto. Until
withdrawn, revoked or suspended in accordance with this Act, the Certificate of
Registration shall remain in full force and effect.

(b) A Professional Identification Card bearing the registration number and its validity and
expiry dates duly signed by the Chairperson of the Commission shall likewise be issued
to every registrant who has paid the prescribed fees, and has submitted a certificate of
membership in good standing from the APO. The said card shall be renewed every three
(3) years upon mandatory proof of completion of continuing professional education.

Section 20. Refusal to Register. –

The Board shall not register any successful applicant for registration with or without
licensure examination who has been:

(a) convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude by a court of competent

jurisdiction;

(b) found guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct by the Board;

(c) adjudged guilty for violation of the General Instructions to Examinees by the
Board; and

(d) declared of unsound mind by a court of competent jurisdiction.

In refusing such registration, the Board shall give the applicant a written statement setting
forth the reasons therefor and shall file a copy thereof in its records.

Section 21. Revocation or Suspension of the Certificate of Registration and Cancellation of

Temporary/Special Permit. –

The Board shall have the power, upon notice and hearing, to revoke or suspend the Certificate
of Registration of a registered and licensed environmental planner or to cancel a
Temporary/Special Permit granted to a foreign environmental planner, for the same grounds

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enumerated in Section 20 of this Act, except paragraph (c) hereof, and any of the following
grounds:

(a) Violation of any provision of this Act, Implementing Rules and Regulations, Code
of Ethics, Code of Technical Standards for the practice of environmental
planning, and of policies and regulatory measures of the Board and/or the
Commission, and Code of Good Governance;

(b) Perpetration or use of fraud in obtaining his/her Certificate of Registration,

Professional Identification Card, Temporary/Special Permit;

(c) Gross incompetence, negligence or ignorance in the conduct of the profession

resulting to death, injury of persons and/or damage to property;

(d) Unjustified refusal to join or to remain a member in good standing of the APO;

(e) Unjustified or unexplained neglect or failure to pay the annual registration fees for
five (5) consecutive years;

(f) Unjustified or unexplained non-renewal of the Professional Identification Card

after the lapse of five (5) consecutive years;

(g) Aiding or abetting the illegal practice of a nonregistered and unlicensed

environmental planner by, among others, allowing him/her to use his/her
Certificate of Registration and/or Professional Identification Card or his/her
Temporary/Special Permit;

(h) Illegally practicing the profession during his/her suspension from the practice
thereof; and

(i) Addiction to a drug or alcohol abuse impairing his/her ability to practice his/her
profession or declared with unsound mind by a court of competent jurisdiction;

The Board shall periodically evaluate the aforementioned grounds and revise or add new ones
as the need arises subject to approval by the Commission in order to meet the trends and
developments in the profession.

Section 22. Filing of Charges. –

Any person, firm or association may file charges against any registrant in accordance with the
provisions of Section 21, or the Board may investigate violations of any of the abovementioned
provisions. An affidavit-complaint shall be filed, together with the affidavits of witnesses and
other documentary evidence with the Board through the Commission’s Legal and Investigation
Office. The motu proprio action to conduct an investigation shall be embodied in a formal
charge to be signed by at least a majority of the Members of the Board. The rules on
administrative investigation issued by the Commission shall govern the hearing or
investigation, subject to applicable provisions of this Act, Republic Act No. 8981 and the Rules
of Court.

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Section 23. Reissuance of Revoked Certificate of Registration, Replacement of Lost or

Damaged Certificate of Registration, Professional Identification Card or Temporary/Special
Permit. – The Board may, upon petition, reinstate or reissue a revoked Certificate of
Registration after two (2) years from the effectivity of the revocation, which is the date of
surrender of the said certificate and/or the Professional Identification Card to the Board and/or
the Commission. The Board may not require the holder thereof to take another licensure
examination. The petitioner shall prove to the Board that he/she has valid reasons to resume
the practice of his/her profession. For the grant of his/her petition, the Board shall issue a Board
Resolution subject to approval by the Commission.

A duplicate copy of a lost Certificate of Registration, Professional Identification Card or

Temporary/Special Permit may be reissued in accordance with rules thereon and upon payment
of the prescribed fee therefor.

ARTICLE IV
PRACTICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

Section 24. Vested Rights. – Licensed Environmental Planners Registered When This Law is
Passed. –

All environmental planners who are already duly registered with the Board under Presidential
Decree No. 1308 and are holders of valid Professional Identification Cards issued by the
Commission, and who are in good standing with the APO of environmental planners at the
effectivity of this Act shall be deemed automatically registered under this Act.

Certificates of Registration and valid Professional Identification Cards held by such persons in
good standing shall have the same force and effect as though issued after the passage of this
Act.

Section 25. Consulting Firms, Partnerships, Corporations, Associations and Foundations

Engaged in Environmental Planning Practice. –

A consulting firm, partnership, corporation, association or foundation may engage in the

practice of environmental planning in the Philippines: Provided, That it complies with the
following requirements:

(a) The consulting firm, partnership, corporation or association applies for and is issued a
Certificate of Registration by the Board and the Commission to engage in the practice of
environmental planning in the Philippines: Provided, That the majority of the partners of
the partnership are registered and licensed environmental planners: Provided,
further, That the majority of the Members of the Board of Directors or Members of
corporations shall be registered and licensed environmental planners; and

(b) The practice of the consulting firm, partnership, corporation or association in environmental
planning shall be carried out by duly registered and licensed environmental planners.

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Section 26. Use of Seal. –

All registered and licensed environmental planners shall obtain a seal of such design as the
Board shall authorize and direct: Provided, That the serial number of the certificate issued by
the Board shall be included in the design of the seal. Plans, designs and programs prepared by
or under direct supervision of a registered and licensed environmental planner shall be stamped
with the said seal during the life of the registrant’s certificate, and it shall be unlawful for any
one to stamp or seal any document with the said seal after the certificate of the registrant named
thereon shall have expired or shall have been revoked, unless said certificate shall have been
renewed or reissued.

Section 27. Continuing Professional Education. – The Board, in consultation with the academe
and the APO, shall prescribe guidelines in the implementation of its Continuing Professional
Education (CPE) programs, subject to the approval of the Commission.

Section 28. Foreign Reciprocity. –

A foreign citizen may be allowed to take the licensure examination and may be given a
Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card if he/she can prove that the
country or State of which he/she is a subject or citizen allows a Filipino environmental planner
to practice his/her profession within its territorial limits on the same basis as the subjects or
citizens of such foreign State or country.

Section 29. Special/Temporary Permits for Foreign Environmental Planners. –

The practice of foreign environmental planners in the Philippines shall be limited to natural
persons only and shall be governed by the provisions of Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise
known as the "Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) Modernization Act of
2000″: Provided, That any foreign national who has gained entry in the Philippines to perform
professional services as an environmental planner or render such services or prepare or produce
such documents as are within the scope of practice of environmental planners as set forth in
this Act, such as, but not limited to, being a consultant in foreign-funded or assisted projects of
the government or employed or engaged by Filipino or foreign contractors or private firms,
whether or not the nomenclature of his/her profession is specifically called in his/her country
of nationality as environmental planner, but who does not meet or wish to comply with the
requirements for admission to take the licensure examinations shall, before assuming the
duties, functions and responsibilities as environmental planner or consultant, secure a
Temporary/Special Permit from the Board, subject to the approval of the Commission and the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), to practice his/her profession in connection
with the project to which he/she was commissioned: Provided, That the following conditions
are satisfied:

(a) That he/she is a citizen or subject or a country which specifically permits Filipino
professionals to practice their profession within the territorial limits on the same basis as
the subjects or citizens of such foreign country or State;

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(b) That he/she is legally qualified to practice environmental planning in his/her own country,
and that his/her expertise is necessary and advantageous to the Philippines, particularly
in the aspects of technology transfer and specialization;

(c) That he/she shall be required to work with a Filipino counterpart, a. natural person who is
a registered and licensed environmental planner, and professional services fees and
expenses of documentation pertaining to the project shall be proportionately shared by
both foreign and Filipino environmental planners, including liabilities and taxes due to
the Philippine government, if any, relative to his/her participation therein, or professional
services rendered to the project in accordance with established rules and regulations; and

(d) That he/she shall obtain an employment permit from the DOLE: Provided, That the
employment permit may be issued to a non-resident alien or to the applicant-employer
after a determination by the Commission and the Board of the non-availability of a person
in the Philippines who is competent, able and willing at the time of application to perform
the services for which the foreign expert is being invited.

Section 30. Information Required on Plans. – The environmental planner shall be required to
indicate his/her Certificate of Registration (CR), and/or PRC Identification Card, APO
Certificate of Membership and Professional Tax Receipt (PTR) numbers, date and place of
issuance and expiry on all plans and other documents signed by him/her.

Section 31. Unlawful Practices Under this Act. – It shall be unlawful for any person or group
of persons to:

(a) offer or render planning services as defined in Section 4 or within the scope of Section 5 of
this Act when he/she is not a registered and licensed environmental planner;

(b) cause, induce, encourage or coerce the preparation of or implementation any plan that is
not signed by a registered and licensed environmental planner, when such plan is so
required by this Act to be signed by a registered and licensed environmental planner;

(c) amend, revise, duplicate or make copies of plans, designs, programs and other documents
prepared, signed and sealed by a registered and licensed environmental planner without
his/her explicit and written consent; and

(d) sign his/her name, affix his/her seal or use any other method of signature on plans,
specifications or other documents not actually prepared by him/her.

Section 32. Accredited Professional Organization (APO) of Environmental Planners. –

All registered and licensed environmental planners shall organize themselves into one (1)
national organization that is duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC). The Board, subject to approval by the Commission, shall accredit the said organization
as the one and only accredited national organization of registered and licensed environmental
planners. All environmental planners whose names appear in the Registry Book of
Environmental Planners shall automatically become members thereof and shall receive thereto

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all the benefits and privileges upon payment of APO membership fees and dues. Membership
in other organizations of environmental planners shall not be barred.

ARTICLE V
ENFORCEMENT OF THIS ACT AND PENAL PROVISIONS

Section 33. Enforcement by Government Officials and Officers of the Law. –

It shall be the duty of all government officials and duly constituted law officers of the national,
provincial, city or municipal government to assist the Board and the Commission in enforcing
the provisions of this Act and to cause the prosecution of any person violating the same.

Section 34. Positions in Government with Environmental Planning Functions. –

The Civil Service Commission (CSC) shall create positions and set qualification standards for
environmental planners at various levels in government service, including government-owned
and -controlled corporations and other entities. After the lapse of five (5) years from the
effectivity of this Act, only registered and licensed environmental planners shall be appointed
to the position of heads and assistant heads of groups, departments, divisions in government
offices, agencies, bureaus or instrumentalities thereof, including government-owned and -
controlled corporations, provinces, cities and municipalities, and such other positions which
require the knowledge, skills and competence and qualifications of registered and licensed
environmental planners. Appointments made thereafter in violation hereof shall be considered
null and void.

Section 35. Civil Liability of Environmental Planners. –

The environmental planner in charge of the preparation of an environmental plan and related
documents, as well as other members of the planning team involved in the preparation thereof,
may be held civilly liable in cases of serious, large-scale or wholesale damage, failure or
destruction of any project subject of or covered by an environmental plan, that result in
significant adverse impact on affected stakeholders or the concerned ecosystem, within a period
of ten (10) years from the time of implementation of such plan. These are in cases where it is
determined by a court of competent jurisdiction that such damage, failure or destruction was
foreseeable and could have been anticipated, and are directly caused by gross negligence on
the part of such environmental planner and/or the environmental planning team member or
members, or to highly deficient or inappropriate environmental planning methods, strategies,
tools or techniques at variance with generally accepted environmental planning principles,
methods and standards.

The government or any affected stakeholder may bring an action to enforce such liability
within five (5) years from the time the damage or destruction occurs.

Section 36. Penal Provisions. –

Any person committing any of the unlawful practices under Section 31 hereof and/or any of
the following acts shall, upon conviction, be sentenced by imprisonment of not less than six
(6) months nor more than five (5) years or a fine of not less than One hundred thousand pesos

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(Php100,000.00) nor more than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00), or both, at the
discretion of the court:

(a) Engaging in the practice of environmental planning in the Philippines without having been
registered and licensed or without having conformed to the provisions of this Act;

(b) Presenting or attempting to use as his/her own the Certificate of Registration and/or
Professional Identification Card of another registered and licensed environmental
planner; or a holder of a Temporary/Special Permit;

(c) Giving any false, forged or tampered evidence of any kind to the Board, or impersonating
any registered and licensed environmental planner or a natural person who is a holder
of a Temporary/Special Permit;

(d) Using a revoked or suspended Certificate of Registration or an expired or unrenewed

Professional Identification Card or Temporary/Special Permit;

(e) Using in connection with his/her name or otherwise assuming, using or advertising any title
or description tending to convey the impression that he/she is a registered and licensed
environmental planner without holding a valid Certificate of Registration and
Professional Identification Card or a valid Temporary/Special Permit;

(f) Implementing or causing the implementation of any plan not prepared and signed by a
registered and licensed environmental planner; and

(g) Violating any of the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations thereof.1âwphi1

Any Filipino employer who hires foreign practitioners without obtaining a special permit for
the latter shall also be held liable under this Act.

In case the offender is a corporation, partnership, association, foundation or juridical person,

the penalty of imprisonment shall be imposed on the registered and licensed environmental
planner-in-charge jointly and solidarily with the responsible professionals, as well as the
controlling officer or officers thereof responsible for permitting or causing the violation.

ARTICLE VI
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

Section 37. Transitory Provisions. –

(a) Within a period of three (3) years from the effectivity of this Act, local government units
may continue to issue appointments to persons who are not registered and licensed
environmental planners for the positions of national or local planning and development
coordinators, or chiefs of local planning and development offices, only on a temporary
status or acting capacity.

(b) The incumbent Chairperson and Members of the Board shall, in an interim capacity,
continue to carry out their functions under the provisions of this Act without need for

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new appointments as Chairperson and Members thereof until the first Board, created
under this Act, shall have been constituted or organized pursuant thereto.

ARTICLE VII
FINAL PROVISIONS

Section 38. Appropriations. – The Chairperson of the Commission shall immediately include
in its programs the implementation of this Act, the funding of which shall be included in the
annual General Appropriations Act and thereafter.

Section 39. Act Not Affecting Other Professions. – This Act shall not affect or prevent the
practice of any other legally-recognized profession.

Section 40. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – The Board, subject to approval of the
Commission, shall prescribe, promulgate and issue the implementing rules and regulations of
this Act, after consultation with the APO, other agencies and concerned private organizations,
within one hundred twenty (120) days from the constitution of the Board.

Section 41. Separability Clause. – If any part or section of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional, such declaration shall not invalidate the other provisions hereof.

Section 42. Repealing Clause. – Presidential Decree No. 1308 is hereby repealed. All other
laws, orders, rules and regulations or resolutions or parts thereof inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or amended accordingly.

Section 43. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days following its publication
in the Official Gazette or in two (2) newspapers of general circulation in the Philippines.

Code of Ethics for Environmental Planners in the Philippines

Resolution No. 03 S. 2015

Pursuant to its powers and functions under Section (g) and (m) Article II of Republic Act No.
10587, otherwise known as the Environmental Planning Act of 2013, the Professional
Regulatory Board of Environmental Planning, hereinafter referred to as the BOARD, hereby
adopts and promulgates this Code of Ethics for environmental planners in the the Philippines.

Article I – Declaration of Principles

Section 1 – This Code shall be known as the Code of Ethics for Environmental Planners in the
Philippines. It is a set of ethical standards that shall govern the personal and professional
conduct of Environmental Planners.

Section 2 – This Code shall also serve as an instrument to promote and protect public interest
by ensuring that only competent and qualified individuals are admitted to the practice of the
environmental planning profession.

Section 3 – Environmental Planners shall, first and foremost, commit themselves to the service
of God, Country and Humandkind. Further, their services and endeavors shall advance the art

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and science of environmental planning in accordance with the constitutional mandate of

protecting the rights of the people to a balanced ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony
of nature.

Section 4 – They shall commit themselves to the highest degree of professionalism, excellence,
and integrity in the practice of their profession.

Section 5 – They shall uphold and obey the Constitution, all laws, rules and regulations, and
legal orders.

Article II – Responsibility to the Profession and to the Professional Organization

of Environmental Planners

Section 6 – Environmental planners shall contribute to the continuing development of the

profession through constant improvements, updating, and retooling in current planning
knowledge, theory, practice, and skills. To this end, Environmental Planners shall devote time,
effort, talent, and resources for the advancement of the profession.

Section 7 – They shall actively participate and get involved in the activities and efforts of their
professional organization in promoting the concerns and affairs of the profession and in
enhancing the relevance of the profession to national and local problems relating to
environmental planning.

Section 8 – They shall constantly adhere to the highest standards of integrity and transparency
in the conduct of their personal and professional affairs. As such, they shall;

(a) Disclose their professional qualifications, affiliations and experience accurately and
desist from claiming any professional qualifications unless supported by academic
credentials, tract record or relevant experience;
(b) Refrain from resorting to paid advertisement nor self laudatory, exaggerated or
misleading publicity. Media releases / announcements or newspaper supplements may
cover events undertaken only to commemorate their anniversaries in public practice by
informing the public of their achievements or accomplishments in contributing towards
nation – building and in international understand, goodwill or relationships or in
enhancing the image or standards of the profession.
(c) Serve as resource persons, speakers in public for a, seminars and assemblies or as writers
columnists in regular publications; and
(d) Pursue a program of continuing professional development.

Article III – Responsibility to Co – Professionals

Section 9 – In the practice of the profession, Environmental Planners shall develop and
encourage a healthy and harmonious relationship with colleagues and other professionals.
They shall;

(a) Give due respect to the professional image of colleagues at all times;
(b) Share the results of researches and studies undertaken on relevant subject areas; and

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(c) Seek to broaden the range of opportunities for professional involvement and development
of co – professionals.

Article IV – Responsibility to the Client

Section 10 – Environmental Planners shall, at all times, maintain the highest degree of
professionalism and integrity in their working relationship with clients. Services shall be
rendered with honesty, transparency, and good faith. They shall;

(a) Exercise honesty in presenting their professional credentials and competence;

(b) Provide services strictly within the scope of the environmental planning practice;
(c) Avoid engaging in activities which may give rise to conflict of interest;
(d) Charge professional fees commensurate with the extent and quality of services rendered;
and
(e) Keep confidential information and related documents obtained in the course of their
professional service, except with the permission of the client or upon lawful order of
Court.

Article V – Responsibility to the Country and Society

Section 11 – the primary obligation of Environmental Planners to the country and society is to
safeguard national interest. More specifically, within the scope of the environmental planning
profession, they shall be guided by the following societal concerns;

(a) Sustainable development as a long – range planning strategy;

(b) Priority attention to the needs of the disadvantaged and marginalized sectors of the
society;
(c) Protection and conservation of the natural environment, as well as the cultural and
historical heritage of the country;
(d) Enhanced public ownership and mutual accountability of the country’s development
agenda through participatory planning and implementation processes;
(e) Contribution to informed and enlightened decision – making in government through
objective and accurate reporting and evaluation of significant planning issues and
concerns; and
(f) Special attention to the reduction of disparities among regions and administrative
geographical areas;

Article VI – Penal Provisions

Section 12 – Violation of any of the provisions of this Code shall constitute unethical and
unprofessional conduct and shall, therefore, be considered as a sufficient cause for the
revocation of the Certificate of Registration or suspension from the practice of the profession
of a Registered Environmental Planner in accordance with Section 9 (d) Article II and Section
21 Article III of Republic Act No. 10587.

Done in the City of Manila on 5th day of March, 2015.

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Academic Prompts

After reading the above academic papers, you are required to participate in the academic
discussion in the blackboard’s forum following the propositions below. In the discussion,
please respect the opinions of your classmates. In case of disagreements, observe
professionalism and ethical standards in presenting your arguments, critiques and discussions.
You may agree or disagree. It is best that you cite some examples and references that have
already been established.

After the discussions, please synthesize, analyze and draw conclusions based on the discussions
with your classmate arguments and the academic papers / references used in the discussions.

The propositions are the following:

1. Discuss the importance of Environmental Planning in this modern age. Why?

2. Make a case analysis / reflection paper on a case decided by the Supreme Court related
to ethical standards and malpractice of profession. Choose only one (1) case for this
assignment. Relate the case to the Environmental Planner profession in terms of his
responsibility to the Profession & Professional Organization, Co – professionals, Client
and to the Country and Society. You may search thru google or the supreme court
website at https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/

Second and third Course Outcome and Second Assessment Papers

CO Assessment Task Assessment Schedule

2. Understand the history and Literature Review 4th week

contributions of early planners in
Environmental Planning
3. Appreciate the basic concepts of Model development 5th week
settlements and urban forms

Assessment Paper Details

Assessment Task Details

Urban Forms Model  In this task, you are expected to understand the history
Development and the early planners in terms of their significant
contribution to planning.
 Also, to appreciate the basic concepts of settlements and
urban forms created and theorized by famous planners
in the world. Given the different urban forms, you are
required to develop an urban form of your town
following the concepts and theories developed by early
planners.

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 You are expected to submit both assessment task with

due considerations of the valuable comments and
arguments presented by your classmates in the BB
portal. Thus, active participation in the discussions in
the BB portal is important and necessary.
 You will be graded according to the following criteria
(see rubric attached)
 -Organization -40%
 -Grammar – 30%
 -Formatting- 30%
Total of - 100%
 Procedural criteria
A. Number of words: 1,200 – 1,500 (+/-10%)
B. A4, aerial 12
C. Margin (left: 1.5 top, botoom and right: 1

Early Planners and their Contributions

The Anglo – American Tradition

1. Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) - An English urban planner and

founder of the garden city movement, known for his
publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real
Reform (1898) which describes a utopian city as people
living harmoniously together with nature.

The garden-city movement influenced urban planning throughout

the world which resulted to the construction / building of the first
garden city, Letchworth Garden City, in 1903.

The book envisioned a towns free of slums with amusement and

good wages and a country possesses beauty, fresh air and low
rents under the umbrella of the famous Three Magnets diagram.
It has addressed the question as to 'Where will the people go?',
the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'.
Howard believed that Garden Cities are the perfect blend of city
and nature by marrying the town and the country.

2. Richard Barry Parker (1867-1947) - An English Architect and

Urban planner associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. He
developed in 1930 a new design in Wythenshawe (South
Manchester) with all the elements of the Garder City, however,
compromised on the principle of self – containment where jobs
were held in the city with a subsidized transport.

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Parker introduced the division of the town into clearly articulated neighborhood units. In 1896,
he partnered with Raymond Unwin who is his half cousin as well as his brother-in-law, having
married his sister Ethel in 1893.

3. Sir Raymond Unwin (1863-1940) – a influential English

Engineer, Architect and Town Planner. He published in
1912 a book entitled; Nothing Gained by Overcrowding and
argued to Howard principle of generous greenbelts around
new communities.

Parker and Unwin aimed to popularise the Arts and Crafts

Movement, and as a result of their success thousands of
homes were built on their pattern in the early part of the 20th
century.

4. Clarence Perry (1872-1944) – An American Urban Planner,

Sociologist, author and educator. He developed the idea
of Neighborhood units, not only as a pragmatic device but
a deliberate piece of social engineering which help the
people achieve a sense of identity with the community and
the place.

A residential community scheme disseminated through the

regional plan of New York and its environs in 1920 that
influenced planning in the cities of the United States.

The neighbourhood unit was conceived of as a comprehensive physical planning tool, to be

utilized for designing self-contained residential neighbourhoods which promoted a
community centric lifestyle, protection and promotion of public health, safety and
welfare of citizens away from the "noise of the trains, and out of sight of the smoke and
ugliness of industrial plants emblematic of an industrializing New York city in the early
1900.

5. Clarence Samuel Stein (1882-1975) – An American Urban

Planner, architect and writer and a major proponent of the
Garden City Movement in the US. He advocated that local
residential areas need to segregated the pedestrian routes
used for local journeys from the routes used by car traffic.

Stein designed the Radburn, New Jersey

in 1933 with pedestrian lane both with
back door and through open spaces,
vehicle streets in a hierarchical system,
greenbelts and cul-de-sac.

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6. Sir Herbert Alker Tripp (1883-1954) – A senior police official

who served as an Assistant Commissioner of the London
Metropolitan Police from 1932 to 1947.

In September 1942, Tripp published Town Planning and Road Traffic,

which looked ahead to postwar reconstruction and pioneered
the idea of motorways in Britain. Suggested that British cities
should be reconstructed on the basis of Precincts with
emphasis on the hierarchy of roads, free of direct frontage
development,high-capacity and free-flow highways
7. Sir Patrick Geddes ( 1854 –1932) - a British biologist, sociologist,
geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is
known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban
planning and sociology.

Geddes introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and

planning and coined the term "conurbation" which later,
elaborated as "neotechnics" which remakes the world apart
from over-commercialization and money dominance.

Geddes developed the concept of human ecology: the relationship between man and
environment. He studied the forces shaping growth and changes in the city (Place-Work-Place)
and wrote the Cities in Evolution, a study of reality, close analysis of settlement patterns and
local economic environment. He explained the organism relationship to its environment saying
that, The environment acts, through function, upon the organism and conversely the organism
acts, through function, upon the environment”

He further analyzed cities in evolution identifying factors leading to suburban decentralization

and urban spread and the effect of economies of scale and agglomeration in industry which
resulted to the birth of the sequence of planning (S-A-P) to include;
 Survey of the Region, its character and trends
 Analysis of the survey
 Plan (actual based on the survey)

8. Patrick Abercrombie (1879-1957) - an English town planner who

came to prominence in the 1930s and 40s for his urban planning
of the cities of Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and
Bournemouth, and later for his radical plan to rebuild the post-
war City of London.

In 1943 he created the County of London Plan and in 1944 the Greater
London Plan, together commonly referred to as the Abercrombie
Plan. In 1945 he published A Plan for the City & County
of Kingston upon Hull, with the assistance of Sir Edwin Lutyens.

Abercrombie weld the complex ideas from Howard through Geddes to Unwin and turn them
into a graphic blueprint for the future development of a great region and applied the
method of Geddes – the SAP, in a very cartoon-like clarity.

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9. Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959) - an innovative

American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He published the
Disappearing City in 1932 and believed in designing a harmony with
humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic
architecture as best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has
been recognized as the best all-time work of American architecture.

Wright developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City,

his unique vision for urban planning in the United States where each
home would be surrounded by an acre of land, enough to grow crops
on, homes would be connected to the super highways and along
highways, a planned roadside development.

He was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American
architect of all time and in 2019, a selection of his work was listed as World Heritage Site as The
20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright.

10. Kevin Andrew Lynch (1918 – 1984) - an American urban

planner and author known for his work on the perceptual form of
urban environments and was an early proponent of mental mapping.
His most influential books include The Image of the City (1960), a
seminal work on the perceptual form of urban environments,
and What Time is This Place? (1972), which theorizes how the
physical environment captures and refigures temporal processes.
A student of architect Frank Lloyd Wright before training in city
planning, Lynch spent his academic career at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, teaching there from 1948 to 1978.

The Continental European Tradition

1. Don Arturo Soria Y Mata (1844-1920) - an internationally

important Spanish urban planner who is most well known for
his concept of the Linear City or Ciudad Lineal.

Mata's idea of the Linear City (1882) replaced the traditional idea of
the city as a centre and a periphery with the idea of
constructing linear sections of infrastructure - roads, railways,
gas, water, etc.- along an optimal line and then attaching the
other components of the city along the length of this line. His
linear city creates the infrastructure for a controlled process of
expansion that joins one growing city to the next in a rational
way, instead of letting them both sprawl.

The linear city was meant to ‘ruralize the city and urbanize the countryside’, and to be universally
applicable as a ring around existing cities, as a strip connecting two cities, or as an entirely
new linear town across an unurbanized region.

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2. Tony Garnier (1869-1948) - a noted architect and city planner.

He was most active in his hometown of Lyon and is considered
as the forerunner of 20th century French architects.

He published a book “Cite Industrielle” – a city with a self-

contained new settlement with its own industries and
housing close by elongated town, developed on a linear grid,
single-family houses in their own gardens and houses made
full use of new techniques of concrete construction

3. Ernst May (1886-1970) – a German architect and city planner.

In Germany, the concept of Garden City evolved with city
planner Ernst May, developing a series of satellite towns
(Trabantenstadte) on open land outside the built-up limits
and separate from the city proper by a green belt but no
decentralization of jobs.

Ernst May combined the uncompromising use of the then new

functional style of architecture with a free use of low-rise
apartment blocks, all set in a park landscape.

4. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (1887–1965) or known as Le

Corbusier - a Swiss-French architect, designer,
painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what
is now regarded as modern architecture. He was born
in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930.

His career spanned five decades, and he designed buildings in

Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America. He wrote
The Radiant City (1933) and The City of Tomorrow (1922).
A proponent of the following ideas;
◦ Traditional cities are becoming obsolete due to increasing size and congestion
◦ Urban mass grows through concentric addition
◦ Paradox that increasing density would cure congestion
◦ Tall buildings but with high proportion of ground space
◦ Distribution of densities around the city
◦ Transport system as a significant element

Settlements and Urbanization

A human settlement is a region populated more or less permanently which continues in space
and time. People live in clumps of houses and formed a village, a city or a town manifesting a
patterns of human settlements where it shows the indispensable relationship of man with the
environment.

Important basic distinction between villages and towns is that in towns the main profession of
the people is associated to secondary and tertiary sectors, while in the villages, people are
mostly involved in primary occupations such as agriculture, fishing, mining, lumbering, animal

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husbandry, etc (.https://geography-revision.co.uk/gcse/urbanisation/human-settlements-types-

and-patterns/ Accessed on August 8, 2020)

Ekistics concerns the science of human settlements including regional, city, community planning
and dwelling design.

The term 'ekistics' was coined by Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942. The word is derived
from the Greek adjective οἰκιστικός the person who installs settlers in place, building, housing,
habitation, settlement and especially establishment of a colony, a town or a city.

Its major incentive was the emergence of increasingly

large and complex conurbations, tending even to
a worldwide city. The study involves every kind
of human settlement, with particular attention
to geography, ecology,
human psychology, anthropology, culture, politics, and
occasionally aesthetics.

Elements of human settlements

• Nature – the natural environment
• Man – an individual, homo sapiens, the
modern man
• Society – a group of individuals sharing the
same culture, values, norms, mores and
traditions
• Shells – buildings, the built up component
• Networks – links within the settlement and
with other settlements

Settlements according to Pattern

 Isolated settlement consists of a single farm

or house very remote from any other one,
usually found in farming or hunting rural
communities.

 Dispersed settlement (Amorphic Sprawl) – the pattern

is similar to the native settlements prior to the coming of
the Spanish colonizers – very small clusters of huts in
widely scattered barangays. One house may be up to one
or more kilometers from the next.

 Nucleated or compact settlement, the buildings are

clustered, linked by roads, and the settlement itself may
have a nearly circular or irregular shape. Such settlements can be either cultural or
urban, depending on the size and the functions they perform.
 Linear or elongated settlement forms a straight or curved line, following a line of
movement, such as a road, river, coastline or the foot of an elongated escarpment. This

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type of settlement is found in rural area, but linear developments may constitute
extensions of towns on their outskirts.
 Integrated nucleated and linear settlements combines the characteristics of both types
of settlement and they are star-like. They often occur at junctions, and a number of them
in urban settlements.
(https://steemit.com/geography/@donfelix/classifying-
settlements#:~:text=There%20are%205%20types%20of,dispersed%2C%20nucleated
%2C%20and%20linear.&text=An%20isolated%20settlement%20consists%20of,farmi
ng%20or%20hunting%20rural%20communities.)

Settlements according to location and size

Settlement patterns depends primarily on the location and functions. Usually, rural settlements
of small in size, low housing and population densities showing nomadic or semi – nomadic,
agricultural and semi – urban while Urban settlements, are larger in size, with many houses
built or made up of mixed urban agricultural settlements / villages with an urban service node,
primary, secondary and tertiary functions. As it may progress, it will develop into a town,
cities or metropolis.

 Farmstead consist of two or more

homesteads, usually dispersed in a
farmland and occupied by up to fifty
individuals.
 Hamlet is made up of several dispersed,
nucleated or linear homesteads generally
with shops, schools or other service
centers and occupied by some hundreds of
persons who are engaged in primary
activities like farming, hunting and
fishing.
 Village may be dispersed, nucleated or
both nucleated or linear, but the village has
more homesteads and the population may
be up to several thousands. The people
engage in primary occupations, but there
may also be craft and cottage industries,
and service centers like schools, post
offices, health centers and markets.
 Cities are the major towns of a country, like the major cities in the Philippines such as
Makati, Cebu, Davao, etc. which have administrative functions. The old concept of a
walled town like fort bonifacio is no longer applicable today as cities are expanding
and connecting with other cities.
 Conurbation grows when two or more towns or parts have grown and joined together
to form a large urban area of 1 million persons or thereabouts. Its boundary between
each other in terms of commerce and other socio – economic activities is no longer
apparent as it connects one with the other just like in Manila and Quezon City except
when determine thru its political administrative boundary.

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 Megapolis are several cities or conurbations which have grown over the years and have
joined together to form a massive sprawling urban settlements. Such settlements stretch
over several square kilometers like Metro Manila as it is difficult to known where one
original city ends and the other begins.

Developments and forms based on geomorphology

Retail
Office
Organic settlement is one in which developments including land Industrial
Residentia
l
use are not planned prior to the creation of thereby, its Highway
Railway
development and physical expansion grows slowly and
piecemeal. In contrary, Planned settlement is purposively
designed with identifiable core, nodes, transport networks and
edges.
C
Usually, organic settlement tend to be organismic dendritic as
rural villages adapt to the “givens” or existing ecological
conditions and the natural resources.

In most cases, cities are planned settlement. They are

established according to the works of many high skilled
Professionals and guided by the existing laws, ordinances, rules
and regulations.

There are towns where it shows a discontinuous pattern of

urbanization with patches of developed lands that are widely
separated from each other and from the boundaries of
recognized urbanized areas. It has been known that
developments following such will spend more than the usual
budget cost in terms of providing services such as water, power,
sanitation and sewerage. This development is called leapfrog
development or checkerboard development.

Urban Growth Models

Most urban centers begin in the downtown region called the central business district (CBD).
A CBD is the commercial and business center of a city or a financial district for larger cities.
In some cases, there are cities also where its central business district is located away from its
commercial or cultural city centre or downtown, or even several CBDs at once.

The CBD tends to be the node or of transportation networks along with commercial property,
banking, journalism, and judicial departments like City Hall, courts, and libraries. Real
properties located herein offers a considerable high market price for commercial and private
ownership such that its land uses covers above and below ground in the form of subways,
underground malls, and high rises with sports facilities and convention centers.

1. The Concentric Ring model, also known as the Burgess model or the CCD model - created
by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925 and considered to be one of the earliest theoretical
models to explain urban social structures.

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This concentric ring model depicts urban land usage in concentric rings: the Central Business
District (or CBD) in the middle of the model, and the city is expanded in rings with
different land uses.
The zones identified are:

1. The center with the central

business district,
2. The transition zone of mixed
residential and commercial uses
or the zone of transition,
3. Working class residential homes
(inner suburbs), in later decades
called inner city or zone of
independent working men's
home,
4. Better quality middle-class
homes (outer suburbs) or zone
of better housing,
5. Commuter zone.

2. Sector model also known as the Hoyt

model - . is a model of urban land
use proposed in 1939 by land
economist Homer Hoyt. This
model states that cities tend to
grow in sectors rather than
concentric rings.

The idea behind this model is that “like

groups” tend to grow in clusters
and expand as a cluster. The center of this model is still the CBD. The next sector is
called the transportation and industry sector.
The third sector is called the
low-class residential sector,
where lower income
households tend to group. The
fourth sector is called the
middle-class sector and the
fifth is the high-class sector.
The benefits of the application
of this model include the fact it
allows for an outward
progression of growth.

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As with all simple models of such complex phenomena, its validity is limited since the theory
is based on early twentieth-century rail transport and does not make allowances for private cars
that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries and also does not take into
account the new concepts of edge cities and boomburbs, which began to emerge in the 1980s,
after the creation of the model.

3. The Multiple Nuclei model is an

economical model created
by Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman in the 1945 article "The
Nature of Cities”. They argued
that cities do not grow around a
single nucleus but several separate
nuclei where each nucleus acts like
a growth point and asserted that the
Central Business District (CBD)
was no longer the only center of an
urban area or city. They were the
first to consider the complexity of
the city and its surrounding areas.

The theory was formed based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased
car ownership. This increase of movement allows for the specialization of regional
centers (e.g. heavy industry, business parks, retail areas). The model is suitable for large,
expanding cities. The number of nuclei around which the city expands depends upon
situational as well as historical factors. Multiple nuclei develop because:

Assumptions for Multiple Nuclei Model

a. The land is not flat – It is difficult to find flat land for big cities, and the terrain features
affects the activities, development, and direction of growth of an urban area.
b. Even distribution of resources – resources are evenly distributed within the city, no one
enjoys privileges or have exclusive access to resources.
c. Even distribution of people in Residential areas – People are distributed homogeneously
and not concentrated in a particular area or pocket. This is essential as an unevenly
distributed population has a direct impact on markets.
d. Even transportation cost – Transportation cost is even in the city and not influenced by
location.
e. Profit maximization – A particular activity will locate itself where maximum profit can
be earned. For this, a different combination of rent, transportation costs, labor
cost, proximity to market may be tried, and the combination which yields the best result
gives the final location for the activity. This location also takes into account the
restrictions over the activity and the need to be separated from other non compatible
activities such as locating residential areas away from industrial, locating large industries
with more accessibility to reduce transportation cost and to ease the movement of goods.

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4. Galactic City model also known as the peripheral model

- is a circular city model that has become popular with
post-industrial cities. It has a commercial and economic
central area which is often called the central business
district or CBD at the center of the city with large suburban
residential and business areas surrounding having tied
together by transportation nodes, like beltways, to avoid
traffic congestion.

The basic concept of this type of city model is high rise

buildings in the city center. Low rise homes, residential
areas and industrial, recreational and shopping districts surrounds the center of the city. This is
a much planned urban model of cities. This model
takes the Harris and Ullman’s multiple nuclei model
one step further. It accounts for the fact that the
classic CBD is no longer dominant, but is instead
upstaged by several specialized suburban areas.

In the galactic city model, the urban area is

decentralized and more focus is placed on edge
cities. It depicts a city taken over by lives
dominated by the car and has been affected by a
quickly growing suburb.

5. Urban Realms Model was introduced by

geographer James E. Vance Jr. in 1964.

The model suggests that cities are made up of

small "realms," which are self-
sufficient urban areas with independent
focal points.

The nature of these realms is examined

through the lens of five criteria:

 The topological terrain of the area, including water barriers and mountains
 The size of the metropolis as a whole
 The amount and strength of the economic activity taking place within each of the
realms
 The accessibility internally of each realm in regards to its major economic function
 The inter-accessibility across the individual suburban realms

https://www.opengeography.org/ch-9-urban-geography.html
https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/multiple-nuclei-model-1945-harris-ullman-
model
https://www.albert.io/blog/galactic-city-model-ap-human-geography-crash-course/

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https://worldgeographyindonesia.wordpress.com/2015/05/07/the-urban-realms-model-by-
vance/
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Langenfeld, Jacob, Contributing Writer. "Urban Geography Models." ThoughtCo, Feb. 11,
2020, thoughtco.com/urban-geography-models-1435764.

Academic Prompts

After reading the above academic papers, you are required to participate in the academic
discussion in the blackboard’s forum following the propositions below. In the discussion,
please respect the opinions of your classmates. In case of disagreements, observe
professionalism and ethical standards in presenting your arguments, critiques and discussions.
You may agree or disagree. It is best that you cite some examples and references that have
already been established.

After the discussions, please synthesize, analyze and draw conclusions based on the discussions
with your classmate arguments and the academic papers / references used in the discussions.

The propositions are the following:

1. Globalization of Environmental Planning: Its effect to human development, Regional

security, economy and environment.
2. Who among the early planners have significant contribution in the development of
Environmental Planning? Why?
3. Using google map, map your town / locality and determine which of the Urban forms
resembles closely to your hometown. Why you choose such? Explain according to the
parameters / indicators per model.

Fourth and Fifth Course Outcome and third Assessment Paper

CO Assessment Task Assessment Schedule

4. Understand human settlements in Literature review 5th week
the Regional and Urban Planning.

5. Appreciate the policies and Oral Report and 6th week

developments in the actual Policy Analysis
practice of environmental
planning.
Assessment Paper Details

Assessment Task Details

Critique an existing policy using  In this task, you are expected to make a policy
Five – E approach model on analysis on the existing laws assigned to you.
policy analysis  Determine and analyse the law using the Five – E
By Kirst-Ashman(2016) approach model by Kirst – Ashman.
 You are expected to submit your assessment task with
the comments and arguments of your classmates in

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1. Effectiveness - How effective is the BB portal. Thus, active participation in the

the Policy or how well does it discussions in the BB portal is important and
work? necessary.
2. Efficiency – how much does or  You will be graded according to the following criteria
will it entail?
(see rubric attached)
3. Ethically and morally sound?
4. Evaluation of alternatives – how
good compared to others similar to  -Organization -40%
it  -Grammar – 30%
5. Establish recommendations for  -Formatting- 30%
positive changes Total of - 100%

 Procedural criteria
A. Number of words: 1,200 – 1,500 (+/-
10%)
B. A4, aerial 12
C. Margin (left: 1.5 top, botoom and right: 1

Timeline of Human Settlements

Humans before Settlements

Non – Organized Human Settlements

Humanity predates settlements by at least 290,000 years and the oldest evidence of
permanent settlements of earlier people dates to about 10,000 years ago. From 90,000 to
10,000 BC, early people on this age were non – organized settlers being nomadic hunters and
gatherers who lived in caves, hollow trees and other natural formations.

Charles Darwin (1859) opined that thru evolution with scientific investigation the origins of
humanity could eventually be discovered and un-covered. It has inspired generations of
scientists from many different disciplines and fields ( Winder, I.C., M.H. Deves, G.C.P. King,
G.M. Bailey, R.H. Inglis, and M. Meredith-Williams. 2015. Evolution and Dispersal of the Genus
Homo: A Landscape Approach. Journal of Human Evolution 87: 48–65)

Table 3.1 Time line for human natural history through the Bronze Age

4,000,000–3,000,000 bc First hominoids emerge from the genus Australopithecus in East

Africa. Earliest stone tools emerge
2,500,000–1,900,000 bc First Homo species, H. hablis, emerges from the Australopithecine
in East Africa. Old Stone Age (Pleistocene Epoch) begins
1,900,000 bc First H. erectus emerges. First evidence of social organization into
small family/kin bands of hunter-gatherers
1,500,000 bc H. hablis becomes extinct
1,000,000–700,000 bc H. erectus has migrated throughout Africa, Eurasia, and into
Indonesia. Early regional cultural variants of hand axes and
chipped stones with cutting edges emerge

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600,000–400,000 bc H. neanderthalensis diverges from H. erectus and spreads through

Europe and the Central Asian plains
300,000–200,000 bc First H. sapiens diverge from H. erectus in East Africa

145,000 bc H. erectus becomes extinct 130,000 bc Other H. sapiens species

become extinct. Only H. sapiens sapiens (modern humans, i.e.,
Cro-Magnon people) remain
110,000 bc Last Glacial Period (Ice Age) begins

50,000 bc Cro-Magnon people begin continual migration from East Africa

40,000–30,000 bc Upper Paleolithic Period begins. First hunter-gatherer economy
and regional stone tool industries emerge. Bones, antlers, shells,
and wood emerge for both artistic and working tools. Dogs
become domesticated. Pit houses and the frst temporary man-
made shelters begin to appear, sewn clothing begins to be worn,
and sculpture and painting start to emerge. First evidence of
passive horticulture emerges
11,700 bc Pleistocene Epoch and Last Glacial Period (Ice Age) end. Climate
era known as the Holocene becomes well established
(Avery, J.S. 2014. Information Theory and Evolution. World Scientifc Publishing Company.
ProQuest Ebook Central.http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ Cleveland state-ebooks/
detail.action? docID =982504)

Settled Agricultural Settlements

From 10,000 to 6,000 BC, primitive settlers tend to organize and develop small villages and
farmsteads. They planted wheat, rye and corn and domesticated some animals like dogs, goats,
cattle and sheep. At this age, houses were made of bricks, wood or reed while weapons and
jewelry from copper, bronze and gold were developed. Speech was perfected.

Jericho (8,000 BC) the world’s oldest known settlement was constructed while Anatolia –
Hittite empire emerged in Asia minor. Agriculture spread throughout Eastern Europe, West
Mediterranean, from Anatolia to Pakistan to Aegean.

Early Urbanization

Static urban settlements started from 6000 BC to 500 AD. This is the period of the rising of
civilization where cities expanded as centers of population and economic activities consisted
primarily of trade at markets and manufactures on a small scale.

Urbanization of the human population accelerated rapidly beginning in the middle of the eighteenth
century. With the onset of the British agricultural and industrial revolution in the late 18th century,
an unprecedented growth in urban population both through continued migration from the
countryside and due to the tremendous demographic expansion that occurred at that time.
In England and Wales, the proportion of the population living in cities with more than 20,000 people
jumped from 17% in 1801 to 54% in 1891. The urbanized population in England and Wales
represented 72% of the total in 1891, for other countries the figure was 37% in France, 41%
in Prussia and 28% in the United States.

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(Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.). Trends in urbanisation. Proceedings of
the First International Conference on Urban Pests. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.7409)

The Renaissance to Industrial Revolution (1500 – 1800)

The appearances of cities slowly began to change as new methods of building construction thru
technological improvements in stone construction made possible Gothic cathedral structures.
Warfare were invented as importation of gunpowder (from China) made city walls impractical,
obsolete and no longer useful while invention of portland cements, carbon steel and electric
elevator paved the construction of high-rise buildings

Philippine Human Settlements

Pre-Spanish period (15th century and earlier)

General pattern of settlements:

Barangays are small dispersed communities consisting of 30 to 100 families each. Its
sizes varied from smaller ones with 20 to 30 people to larger ones with 2,000 people,
e.g. Manila and Cebu
Permanent scattered communities of people and Impermanent communities of a few
families engaged in agriculture
Migratory groups engaged in hunting and gathering
Linear pattern (except for the Igorots who moved in clusters
Along coastal areas or coastal settlements – Jolo (seat of Sultan of Sulu)
Trading activities among villages and externally with China, Brunei and Japan

Spanish Colonial Era – Mercantilism

In this period, settlements were dispersed pattern and extremely decentralized. The
Spanish Government resettled and consolidated the communities particularly those in
the scattered barangays into compact communities about 2,400 - 5,000 people. The
transferring system of scattered residences to community was termed as Reduccion thru
its Cabeceras or the chief city of a Province within the range of Bajo de campanas, the
freedom to live where they wish as long as they hear the bells

July 3, 1573, King Phillip II issued a royal decree (Laws of the Indies) regarding the
structure of towns to be constructed in colonies. It was a Spanish town planning
influenced by the Romans and the piazza (open square / public place) planning of Italian
Renaissance. They were called as;
o Regional centers – ciudades and villas (country house for elite)
o Cabeceras (poblaciones)
o Visitas (barrios)
Manila became a primate city in Southeast Asia (early 1600s) with its famous walled
city – the Intramuros. Manila’s position was hardly been challenged as its population
reached to 190,000 in 1898 with more than 750 poblaciones
1855, ports of Iloilo, Sual and Zamboanga were opened to foreigners, followed by Cebu
in 1860, and Legaspi and Tacloban in 1873

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Forestland were converted into haciendas and accelerated commercial economic

activities such as Tobacco and rice. This time, inter-island trading was encouraged with
export activities proliferated.

American Colonial Period

In 1890, railroad were built linking Manila to Central Luzon while rail terminus
flourished into commercial center such as in Dagupan. Other port cities of the country
like Iloilo, Cebu and Legazpi had developed progressively and became regional urban
centers.
1903, the City of Manila was incorporated covering Intramuros and 12 fast-growing
suburban towns
1905 – Daniel H. Burnham: introduced the City Beautiful, a western type of town
planning for Manila and Baguio. The Burnham Plan includes location of civic centers,
wide radial boulevards, landscape parks and pleasant vistas. It sought to provide the
following:
– Development of waterfront and location of parks and parkways
– Street system securing direct and easy communication
– Location of building sites
– Development of waterways for transportation
– Summer resorts
1910 – Sanitary barrios were constructed thru rebuilding of settlements complete with
hygiene and sanitary facilities and drainage systems;
1917 – The Revised Administrative Code or Act No. 2711 was enacted. It provided
the Director of the Public Works to prepare general plans for adoption by municipal
and provincial government
1920s – barrio Obrero or the working class district evolved as government response to
the needs of low income labor families in urban areas
1928 – Zoning ordinance for Manila promulgated but took effect only in 1940
1933 – housing committee was created to clear slums and carry out housing projects
for the poor
1935 – Commonwealth Act no. 2 created the National Economic Council which gave
birth to economic planning tasked to formulate plans
1938 – the People’s Homesite Corporation was created for urban planning and
development
1941 – CA# 468 – National Housing Commission was created for urban planning and
housing
1946 – EO 98 was issued creating the National Urban Planning Commission (NUPC).
It was tasked to rebuild the cities. It was also tasked to adopt general plans and control
the location of public improvements and implement zoning ordinances, building and
subdivision regulation for urban areas

Post War Period

1947 – EO 93 was issued creating the People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation – a
merger of PHC and NHC;
July 12,1947 – Administrative Order No. 29 was issued creating the Real Property
Board;

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1948 - RA 333 designated Quezon City as new Capital and master planning it by the
Capital City Planning Commission (CCPC);
1950 – RA 422 or Reorganization Act of 1950 was enacted and abolished the NUPC,
the CCPC, and the Real Property Board;
Nov. 11, 1950 - Executive Order No. 367 reinforced RA 422 and created the National
Planning Commission (NPC) to enact zoning and subdivision regulations;
1954 – RA No. 997 created the Government Survey and Reorganization Commission
which eventually proposed a Reorganization Plan No. 53-A dividing the Philippines
into 8 regions;
1956 – EO 156 created the presidential Assistant on Community Development which
organized council at the provincial, local and barangay levels;
1959 – RA 2264 or the Local Autonomy Act of 1959 empowered cities and
municipalities the power to enact zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations;
1959 – RA 2370 or the Autonomy to the Barrios or Barrio Charter provides powers to
barrios to tax and enact ordinances through and elective barrio council;
1961 – RA 3034 – created the Mindanao Development Authority;
1961 – RA 3054 – created the Central Luzon-Cagayan Valley Authority;
1962 – AO 31 directed municipal boards and city councils to form planning boards and
enjoined the boards to harmonize all public improvements with the duly approved town
or city plans. This time, the NEC, the highest economic planning body, continually lost
its influence, power and functions while the Program Implementation Agency (PIA)
was created as a technical agency tasked to conduct high level analytical researches in
operational planning, project prioritization and day-to-day economic decision making;
1964 – RA 4071 created the Mountain Province Development Authority;
May 6, 1965 – AO 123 created the Committee on Regional Planning as a technical arm
of the President for matters relating to regional planning and provide updates on the
activities of RDAs;
October 1965 – RA 4341 created the Institute of Planning at UP Diliman aimed to
establish and create a pool of planners and to declare a national policy on
comprehensive planning of human settlements and their environment;
1966 – RA 4690 created the Bicol Development Company
1966 – RA 4950 created the Laguna Lake Development Authority;
February 1, 1966 – The Presidential Economic Staff was created with broader
responsibilities on matters pertaining to regional and local development in addition to
the responsibilities formerly assumed by the NEC;
1967 – RA 5185 or the Decentralization Act of 1967 provides greater freedom and
ampler means for LGUs to respond to the needs of their people and enabled the people
to participate;
1968 – RA 5435 created the Presidential Commission on Reorganization which
subsequently produced the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP);
February 26, 1968 – EO 121 created the Provincial Development Committees headed
by provincial development coordinators which was tasked to prepare provincial
development plans and coordinate private and public investments;
Physical Planning Act of 1968 was enacted to produce a comprehensive and workable
planning act, to remedy the many defects of planning and to introduce an effective and
efficient planning system;

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Martial Law Period

• September 24, 1972 – Presidential Decree (PD) No. 01 or the Integrated Reorganization
Plan –
• delineated the country into 11 administrative regions with regional capitals;
• created the Regional Development Councils; and
• National Economic Development Authority as the highest economic planning
body
• January 1973 – ratification of the 1973 Constitution which, among others, mandated
the creation of the National Economic and Development Authority
• September 19, 1973 – EO 419 – created the Task Force on Human Settlements to
conduct a competent study on the nature, policies, issues and strategies related to
comprehensive and integrative human settlements program in the Philippines and to
formulate an overall framework plan for the nation;
• January 24, 1974 – PD 107 created the NEDA to handle social and economic
development planning activities
• May 17, 1974 – PD 461 created the Department of Natural Resources (DNR)
• Nov. 7, 1974 – PD 824 created the Metro Manila Commission, the first in metropolitan
planning and governance
• July 31, 1975 – PD 757 created the National Housing Authority
• May 13, 1976 – PD 933 – elevated TFHS to Human Settlements Commission to serve
as a planning, regulatory, implementing and coordinating body
• August 12 and 18, 1976 – LOIs 447 and 448 – strengthening the administrative capacity
of the regional offices by ordering the delegation of substantive and administrative
authority to the regional offices
• June 24, 1976 – PD No. 940 – Established Manila as the capital of the Philippines and
as the permanent seat of the national government
• February 18, 1977 – LOI 511 created the National Coordinating Council for Town
Planning, Housing and Zoning (NCCTPHZ) to hasten the preparation of town plans
and zoning ordinances throughout the country
• June 2, 1978 – PD 1396 – created the Ministry of Human Settlements to promulgate
national standards and guidelines for human settlements, environmental management,
regulatory system for zoning, subdivision; and prepare a national multi-year Human
Settlement Plan
• PD 1396 – renamed the HSC to Human Settlement Regulatory Commission and was
assigned as the regulatory arm of MHS
• 1978 – LOI 729 directed the MHS to prepare land use plan and zoning plans (still being
enforced by HLRB)
• 1978 – EO 90 created the National Shelter Program
• PD 1308 s. 1978 - the law Regulating the Environmental Planning Profession in the
Philippines.
• June 25, 1979 – PD 1618 created the Autonomous Regions IX and XII
• February 7, 1981- EO 648 reorganized the HSRC with the task to provide full support
to the government policies and programs on human settlements through effective land
use and development control measures by strengthening the regulatory arm.
The HSRC has the following authority to;
 Oversee the exercise of zoning powers in the enforcement of zoning ordinance;
 Empowered to review and

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 Act on all proposed major amendments or revision to the zoning plans and
ordinances
• September 25, 1982 – BP 220 or the Low-Income Subdivision Development.
• August 2, 1983 – LOI 1350 created the National Land Use Committee (NLUC) to serve
as the coordinative mechanism in physical planning
• 1984 – PD 1567 established 1 day-care center in every barangay for aged 6 and below
• PD 957 – Residential Condominium and Subdivision
• PD 1216 – Redefining 30% open space as used in PD 957
• PD 1096 – Building Code of the Philippines
• December 17, 1986 – EO 90 abolished MHS and transfer its functions to the HSRC and
renaming it as HLURB; and created the HUDCC to coordinate and supervise the
activities of key housing agencies in the implementation of the National Shelter
Program

New Democracy under the 1987 Constitution

• February 2, 1987 – the 1987 Constitution was ratified, calls for the following;
• Creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera,
• Formulation of local government code;
• Creation of special metropolitan subdivision and
• Creation of the RDCs and an independent planning agency.
• EO 192 – Reorganization of the DENR as the primary agency for the conservation,
development, management and protection of the Country’s environment and natural
resources.
• June 10, 1988 – RA 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law declared that
all agricultural lands are covered by agrarian reform
• August 1, 1989 – RA 6734 provided the creation of Cordillera Administrative Region
and the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
• October 10, 1991 – RA 7160 or the Local Government Code provides for the devolution
of powers and functions of the national government to local government units and
forthwith increases the responsibilities of LGUs in the management and development
of their resources
• March 24, 1992 – RA 7279 or the Urban Development and Housing Act was enacted
which replaces the Urban Land Reform Act
• July 1, 1992 – RA 7586 or the Network of Protected Areas System
• July 17, 1992 – Malacanang MC 2 was issued directing all government departments,
offices and instrumentalities, including LGUs to formulate their medium-term plans
and public investment programs (1993-1998)
• March 25, 1993 – Malacanang EO 72 mandated the city and municipal development
councils to initiate the formulation or updating their land use plans, in consultation with
the concerned sectors in the community.
• The IPRA Law – RA 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997
• AO 194 S.1995 - Social Reform Agenda and Convergence effort
• RA 7916 - PEZA law established ecozones, industrial estates, tourism areas in the
country
• RA 7718 – BOT arrangements providing variants of joint venture
• EO 15 S. 1992 - Sustainable Development - PCSD and the Philippine Agenda 21
• EO 443 S.1997 - Minimum Basic Needs (CIDSS)
• RA 7942 - Mining Act & EO 79 - Reforms

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• PP 248 s. 2004 - Angat Pinoy – housing for the poor

• RA 9337 S. 2005 – EVAT
• RA No. 10587 – May 27, 2013 - Law Regulating The Environmental Planning
Profession In The Philippines
• RA 11201 February 14, 2019 – An act creating the Department of Human Settlements
and Urban Development.

Academic Prompts

After reading the above academic papers, you are required to participate in the academic
discussion in the blackboard’s forum following the propositions below. In the discussion,
please respect the opinions of your classmates. In case of disagreements, observe
professionalism and ethical standards in presenting your arguments, critiques and discussions.
You may agree or disagree. It is best that you cite some examples and references that have
already been established.

After the discussions, please synthesize, analyze and draw conclusions based on the discussions
with your classmate arguments and the academic papers / references used in the discussions.

The proposition:
1. The proposed National Land Use bill is still pending at the Congress (download and
read). Accordingly, the proposed bill is not important and presents no urgency as it has
been in the Congress for a decade while the proponent / author insisted the passage
thereof. Fortunately, President Marcos Jr., made mention in his 1st SONA as one of his
priorities.
Present your own side on this proposed bill and cite some relevant facts and figures to
support your argument either in the negative or affirmative.

Course Schedules
This section calendars all the activities and exercises, including readings and lectures, as well
as time for making assignments and doing other requirements, in a programmed schedule by
weeks, to help the students in SDL pacing, regardless of mode of delivery (OBD or DED).

Activity Date Where to submit

Orientation, tasking, etc. August 13, 2022 n/a
Academic Prompts Twice in the month of August
2022 BlackBoard
Case Review / Analysis August 20, 2022 BB LMS
Urban forms model August 27, 2022 BB LMS
development
Academic Prompts 3 times per week in the BB LMS
months of September 2022
Policy Review / Analysis September 10, 2022 BB LMS
Final Exam / September 17, 2022 BB LMS
Requirements

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Course Evaluation

Assessment Methods Weights

ORAL EVALUATION 25%

a. Content (15%)
b. Languange Skills (10%)

WRITTEN EVALUATION 25%

a. Content (15%)
b. Languange Skills (10%)

RESEARCH 20%
EXAMINATION 30%
Total 100%

Date Prepared by: Noted by: Approved:

Effective:

August DR. JOEL S. PARDILLO, EnP DR. KHRISTINE MARIE D. CONCEPCION DR. EUGENIO S. GUHAO JR.
2020 Course Coordinator Program Coordinator Dean

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