Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to thank my respective advisor Ato Getachew for the guidance
and brilliant ideas from he. Without her kindness to lending hand helping us, this project can’t be
completed as it right now. Besides that, I would like to thanks Jimma University school of
electrical and computer engineering for given as this project. Finally, I would like to thanks my
group members those participate on this project.

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Abstract
The demands of multimedia services from mobile user equipment (UE) for achieving high data
rate, high capacity and reliable communication in modern mobile wireless systems are
continually ever-growing. As a consequence, several technologies, such as the Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP), have been used to meet these challenges. However, due to the channel fading and the
Doppler shifts caused by user mobility, a common problem in wireless systems, additional
technologies are needed to combat multipath propagation fading and Doppler shifts. Time-
variant channel estimation is one such crucial technique used to improve the performance of the
modern wireless systems with Doppler spread and multipath spread. Channel estimation is done
by estimating the time-varying channel frequency response for the OFDM symbols. Time-
variant channel estimation using blocks type and comp type pilot technique is have been focused
employing Least Square Error (LSE) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) channel
estimators. A useful channel estimation technique in mobile wireless communication for
accurately estimating transmitted information. The symbol error rate (SER) performances of
OFDM system for both LS and MMSE estimation show in this paper.

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................... I

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... II

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of study ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of Problem ....................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Objective of the Project ...................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 General Object ............................................................................................................................. 4

1.3.2 Specific Objective ......................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Methodology....................................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 6

Literature Review ..................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 OFDM Technology............................................................................................................................... 6

Key elements of OFDM systems ............................................................................................................... 7

2.2.1 Baseband Model .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.3 Why use OFDM system .................................................................................................................. 10

2.3 Channel propagation and parameter ............................................................................................... 14

2.3.1 Doppler spread (Bd) ........................................................................................................................ 14

2.2.2 Coherence time .............................................................................................................................. 15

2.3.3 Delay spread .................................................................................................................................. 15

2.3.4 Coherence bandwidth .................................................................................................................... 15

2.3.5 Frequency selective fading ............................................................................................................ 16

2.3.6 Frequency flat fading ..................................................................................................................... 16

2.3.7 Fading Effects due to Doppler Spread ........................................................................................... 16

2.4 Channel Estimation technique .......................................................................................................... 17

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

2.4.1 Training Based Estimation.......................................................................................................... 17

2.4.2 Pilot symbols Estimation ............................................................................................................ 17

2.4.3 Least Square Method ................................................................................................................. 18

2.2.4 MMSE Estimator........................................................................................................................ 19

CHAPETER THREE ........................................................................................................................................ 20

SYSTEM MODEL ...................................................................................................................................... 20

3.1 Signal model for flat fading time-variant channel .......................................................................... 20

3.1.1Time-variant frequency-selective channel estimation ................................................................... 20

3.2 LS and MMSE estimation modeling .................................................................................................. 21

3.2 THE WINNER channel model network layout ................................................................................... 23

3.3 Additional consideration for WINNER Channel model ................................................................... 25

Chapter four ................................................................................................................................................ 26

Simulation results and Discussion........................................................................................................... 26

Chapter five ................................................................................................................................................. 29

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................... 29

5.1 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 29

5.2 RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................................................... 30

Referees .................................................................................................................................................. 31

Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 32

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

3G 3rd generation (Mobile telephony)

3GPP 3rd generation partnership project

4G 4th generation

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BS Base Station

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CP cyclic prefix

CSI Channel State Information

CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access

CIR Channel Impulse Response

DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting

DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DS Delay Spread

DVC Digital Video Broadcasting

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

ICI Inter-Channel Interference

IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

ISI Inter-symbol interference

LES Least Square Error

LOS Line of sight

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error

MS Mobile Station

NLOS Non Line of sight

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

SER Symbol Error Rate

TDMA Time Division Multiple access

UE User Equipment

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

WINNER Wireless World Initiative New Radio

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WMAN Wireless Metro Area Netwo

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Channel estimation is a technique used to evaluate the performance of communication
channel .It is used especially in mobile wireless systems where the wireless channel changes
over time, usually caused by transmitter and/or receiver being in motion at vehicular speed.
Channel estimation is an integral part of OFDM. Mobile wireless communication is adversely
affected by the multipath interference resulting from reflections from surroundings, such as hills,
buildings and other obstacles. In order to provide reliability and high data rates at the receiver,
the system needs an accurate estimate of the time-varying channel. Furthermore, mobile wireless
systems are one of the main technologies which used to provide services such as data
communication, voice, and video with quality of service (QOS) for both mobile users and
nomadic. The knowledge of the impulse response of mobile wireless propagation channels in the
estimator is an aid in acquiring important information for testing, designing or planning wireless
communication systems. Channel estimation is based on the training sequence of bits which is
unique for a certain transmitter and which is repeated in every transmitted burst .the
channel estimator gives the knowledge on the channel impulse response (CIR) to the detector
and it estimates separately the CIR for each burst by exploiting transmitted bits and
corresponding received bits. Signal detectors must have knowledge concerning the channel
impulse response (CIR) of the radio link with known transmitted sequences, which can be
done by a separate channel estimator. The modulated corrupted signal from the channel has to
be undergoing the channel estimation before the demodulation takes place at the receiver side.[3]

Source Channel Modulator

encoder 1
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Multipath
channel

Noise

Chanel Detector Receiver filter

decoder

Channel CSMA
estimator

Figure 1.1The block diagram of the channel estimator in communication system

The OFDM channel estimator used to minimize

 Fading
 Adjacent channel interference
 Noise
 Doppler shift etc.

The CSMA

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

When the signal travel through a channel, objects in a transmission path can create
multiple echoes of the signal. Those occur at the receiver and overlap in successive e slots. This
is known as inter-symbol interference. at the receiver side can be used to compensate the
effect of ISI by using CSMA((Carrier Sense Multiple Access)

Used if the channel has time slots with a slot duration equal to or greater than the maximum propagation
time. It reduces the chance of collision and improves efficiency. After the station finds the line is idle, it
follows these steps:

1. With probability p, the station sends its frame.

2. With probability q=1- p, the station waits for the beginning of the next time slot and checks
the line again.

 If the line is idle, it goes to step 1.

 If the line is busy, it acts as though a collision has occurred and uses the
back off procedure.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Most of the challenges originate from the nature of wireless communications. In wire line
system the challenge already minimized .The signal in wireless system is transmitted over
unconstrained propagation media, mostly in air. Many undesirable phenomena (such as
multipath fading, noise, interference due to Doppler shift) occur as a result. The problem affects
the performance of wireless time variant channel between transmitter and receiver. These lead in
to reducing reliability and data rates of the signal in time variant channel.

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

1.3 Objective of the Project

1.3.1 General Object
Test the recently proposed method, time-variant channel estimation using block type pilot
arrangement to model (improve) the WINNER channel model.

 In order to provide reliability and high data rate communication in modern mobile
wireless time variant channel systems.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To understand the time –variant channel estimation in OFDM system and to improve
efficiency of WINNER channel model.
 Use a Mat lab simulation, to shows the channel estimation techniques in OFDM.
 Improving channel estimation accuracy in OFDM system using LS and MMSE is
method.

1.4 WINNER phase II channel model

WINNER II provides two types of models. The generic models the more accurate model – it
aims to be applicable for many different simulations and cover many scenarios with several
combinations of large- and small- scale parameters. The CDL models a reduced-complexity
version of the generic model. It has fixed large-scale and small-scale parameters, which are
intended to provide average channel characteristics. WINNER model contain both multipath
fading channel and AWGN channel model in mobile wireless system.[7]

We use generic WINNER II models to our study because

 More accurate module

 defined for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) cases, unlike free space
model for (LOS) only
 Not limited in specific are like O Komura model(urban,suburban,rural )are used
 widely accepted 3G and 4G wireless communication systems at the link level and at a
system level

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

1.5 Methodology
Our methods of work are organized and accomplished through a sequence of stages.

Idea and concept

Literature

Block diagram

Signal module

Simulation

Testing

Result

Figure 1.2 Methodology block digram

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
Background of OFDM

OFDM is becoming widely applied in wireless communications systems due to its high rate
transmission capability with high bandwidth efficiency and its robustness with regard to multi-
path fading and delay. It has been used in digital audio broadcasting (DAB) systems, digital
video broadcasting (DVB) systems, digital subscriber line (DSL) standards, and wireless LAN
and channel estimation techniques.

2.1 OFDM Technology

OFDM systems, it is necessary to estimate the channel to overcome the distortion caused by
channel fading’s which can be induced by many phenomena such as: delay spread, multipath
effect, mobility and Doppler shift. OFDM systems, channel estimation is necessary to obtain the
channel state information (CSI), reducing the bit error rate and also to achieve a distortion less
output data. OFDM is a signaling technique that has been applied widely in wireless
communication systems due to its ability to maintain effective transmission and highly efficient
bandwidth utilization in the presence of various channel impairments which one of them is
frequency selective fading. In OFDM systems the available spectrum are divided into many
orthogonal sub-channels, which are instantaneously used to data transmission. OFDM effectively
divides a wide band frequency selective fading channel into a large number of narrow-band flat
fading channels over which parallel data streams are transmitted thereby increasing the symbol
duration.[3]

OFDM can be used effectively to avoid the effect of frequency-selective fading and narrowband
interference from parallel closely spaced frequencies in mobile networks. One of the desirable
features of OFDM is its robustness to the multipath induced inter- symbol interference. On the
other hand due to the frequency selective fading of the dispersive wireless channel, some sub
channels may face deep fades and degrade the overall system performance.

In order to compensate the frequency selectivity, techniques such as error correcting code and
diversity have to be used. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing can accommodate
high data rate in the mobile wireless systems in order to handle multimedia services. It is

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

important to understand the OFDM technology because the channel estimation is an integral part
of OFDM system. OFDM technology can be used effectively to avoid the effect of
frequency-selective fading and narrowband interference from parallel closely spaced
frequencies in mobile networks. If there is no orthogonally in the channel, inter-channel
interference (ICI) can be experienced and reduces the multipath fading. The basic idea was to use
parallel data and FDM with overlapping sub channel to combat impulsive noise and multipath
distortion and fully utilize bandwidth.[5]

Key elements of OFDM systems

 Orthogonality: In OFDM systems, the two periodic signals are orthogonal when the
integral of their product over a period is equal to zero. This can be represented in
continuous time as:

∫ cos(2πfont)cos(2πfomt)dt=0
 Sub-carriers in OFDM systems: Each subcarrier in an OFDM system is a sinusoid with
a frequency that is an integer multiple of fundamental frequency. Each subcarrier can be
expressed as a Fourier series component of the composite signal, i.e. an OFDM symbol.
The subcarriers waveform can be mathematically expressed as:
S(t)=cos(2πfct+Ɵk)=an cos(2πfont)+bnsin(2πfont)

The sum of these subcarriers is then referred to baseband OFDM signal.

 Inter Symbol Interference: Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a
signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols.
 Inter-carrier Interference: Presence of Doppler shifts and frequency and phase offsets
in an OFDM system causes loss in orthogonality of the subcarriers. As a result,
interference is observed between subcarriers. This phenomenon is known as inter-carrier
interference (ICI).

 Cyclic Prefix: The Cyclic Prefix (CP) or Guard Interval is a periodic extension of the last
part of an OFDM symbol that is added to the front of symbol in a transmitter, and is
removed at the receiver before demodulation. Cyclic prefix acts as a guard interval. It

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

eliminates the inter-symbol interference from the previous symbol. It acts as a repetition
of the end of the symbol, thus allowing the linear convolution of a frequency–selective
multipath channel to be modeled as circular convolution which in turn may be
transformed to the frequency domain using a discrete Fourier transform. This approach
allows for simple frequency–domain processing such as channel estimation.

 Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform: In frequency domain in OFDM, the modulated

data symbols are fed onto the orthogonal sub-carriers. However, transfer of signal over a
channel is only possible in its time-domain. Therefore, IDFT of signal is usually taken
before, which converts the OFDM signal from frequency domain to time domain. IDFT
being a linear transformation can be easily applied to the system and DFT can be applied
at the receiver end to regain the original data in frequency domain at the receiver end.

 Modulation: In an OFDM system, the high data rate information is divided into small
packets of data which are placed orthogonal to each other. This is achieved by
modulating the data by a modulation technique such as QPSK and QAM.

 Demodulation: After this, FFT is performed and the serial data obtained is converted
into the parallel signal. A demodulator is used to get back the original signal.

2.2.1 Baseband Model

Basic idea underlying OFDM systems is the division of the available frequency spectrum into
several subcarriers. To obtain a high spectral efficiency, the frequency responses of the
subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, hence the name OFDM. This orthogonality can be
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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

completely maintained with a small price in a loss in SNR, even though the signal passes through
a time dispersive fading channel, by introducing a cyclic prefix (CP). [4]

Figure 2.1 A block diagram of a baseband OFDM system

Where:

1. input to time domain, x n   IDFT X k  n  0,1,2,..., N  1

x N  n , n   N g , N g  1,..., 1
xf n   

2. Guard interval,  xn , n  0,1,..., N  1

3. Channel, y f  x f n   hn   wn 

4. Guard Removal, yn  y f n n  0,1,..., N  1

5. Output to Frequency Domain, Y k   DFT y n  k  0,1,2,..., N  1

Y k   X k H k   I k   W k 
k  0,1,..., N  1
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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

6. Output,

7. Channel estimation, Y k 
X e k   k  0,1,..., N  1
H e k 

2.1.3 Why use OFDM system

 It solve the effect of multipath fading because data transmits in parallel .
 High data rate compared to TDMA.
 As the number of users increases, the overall quality of service not affected because
each user its own frequency band unlike CDMA ‘
 If channel is not in use, it sits idle allow user to use it these minimize bandwidth wastage.
 Transmits simultaneously at different frequencies in parallel. The carrier of the OFDM
has a low bit rate data stream, which enables the system to have high data rate, high
data capacity, as well as eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the system.
 Less sensitivity to the error caused by time synchronization of the network.
OFDM AND FDM
We can observe the difference between non-overlapping multicarrier modulation
technique and overlapping modulation technique. From figure (b) it is very clear that by
using overlapping modulation technique we can save much more bandwidth than the non-
over lapping one. In multicarrier transmission, bandwidth divided in many non-
overlapping subcarriers but not essential that all subcarriers are orthogonal to each other.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a key technique in the
mobile applications of 3G/4G system due to its capability of high rate transmission and
robustness to inter-symbol-interference (ISI). It could combat the frequency selective
fading effectively because of narrow bandwidth of each subcarrier.

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Figure 2.2 OFDM and FDM

The disadvantage of the OFDM

 OFDM is very sensitive to frequency synchronization errors.

 The arrangement of pilot information is difficult.

2.2 Time variant channel

The transmission channel (radio path) of a radio communication system is in most cases a
multipath channel. When changes take place in the propagation environment e.g. the radio
stations are mobile, reflectors and scatters are moving, or the medium itself (troposphere,
ionosphere) is changing, then the channel response will also change as a function of time, the
radio path is fading. Time-variant channel estimation of modern mobile wireless communication
systems is used to achieve a reliable mobile wireless system by increasing the capacity,
bandwidth efficiency, and the data rate. Time-variant channel is a channel which has the property
of changing over time. The time variant channel has the characteristic of a signal which changes
at the same rate as the changes in the communication signal. The channel normally has the

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Doppler Effect which caused by Doppler spread of multipath propagation . Time invariant
channel can be modeled as a linear filter with impulse response h(t)and its Fourier
transform, the system function H ( f ) . Let h(t ) be the transmitted sequence over a time-invariant
channel h(t ), then the received sequence y (t ) is given in the time domain by:[4]

y(t) = h(t)∗x(t)+ n(t) (2.1)

Where: n(t) : Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) with zero mean and variance

E{|n(t)|}= σn2

The time-variant system is the system which is affected by either relative motion between user
who is moving with the velocity (v ) or by movement of objects in the channel. This channel has
either the same changing or one that is faster than the rate of the communication signal. The
model for mobile wireless channel with additive white noise in time domain can be written as:

y(t)=∑iN α(t)x(t − τ (t)) +n(t) (2.2)

Where:

αi(t): The component time-variant amplitude at time instant t

x(t-τi(t)): Transmitted symbol at time t-τi(t)

τi(t): The component propagation delay at time t

n(t): Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) with zero mean and

Variance E{|n(t)|}= σn2

The linear time-variant channel from the multipath propagation of the frequency selective
channel is a filter with the following baseband equivalent impulse response.

ℎ(𝜏, 𝑡) = ∑Ni𝛼i(𝑡)e𝑗𝜃𝑖(𝑡)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜏𝑖) (2.3)

Where: h(τ,t) : Impulse response of a channel at instant time τ

αi :The component time-variant complex amplitude

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

θi: The component phase

τi : delay

δ(t-Ti): delta function : Number of resolvable multipath components: Phase rotation with carrier
frequency fc and delay τi(t)

If want to express the complex-valued, baseband time-variant impulse response in terms of the
effect of the transmit filter together with the matched receive filter, the time-variant channel
model can be expressed as.

h(τ,t)= hT(τ)* hR(τ) (2.4)

Where: hT(τ): Transmit filter

hr(τ): Matched receive filter

The Fourier transformer of the frequency response can be written as:

H(t:f)= ∫ h(τ,t) e-j2πτd τ (2.5)

The different delay taps at the receiver side and the only one signal which transmitted at the
transmitter

T T1 T2 T3 T4 T

Figure 2.3 Power delay profile of the multipath channel with delay τi [6]

The channel estimation of the time-variant frequency response h(m)can significantly improve the
performance of the receiver.

𝑦 [𝑚] = ∑ ℎ𝑖 [𝑚] [ 𝑚 − 𝑖 ] + 𝑛 [𝑚] (2.6)

Where[m] : low pass filtered noise

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

2.3 Channel propagation and parameter

Most mobile wireless communication channels are multipath and time-varying channels and
Amplitude, angle of arrival and change in phase. Wireless mobile channels normally are affected
by Doppler shift caused by user mobility, and the reflected waves have Doppler spread which is
caused mainly by multipath propagation. The narrow-band channel of the Doppler spread is
important parameters of a mobile wireless channel.[1]

2.3.1 Doppler spread (Bd)

Doppler spread and coherence time are parameters which explain the time-varying of the channel
in a small-scale region. Doppler spread and coherence time describe the time –varying nature of
the channel in small-scale region caused by relative motion transmitter and receiver.

FD = v/*cos

MS
Where; V = moving speed user

= Wave length carriers carrier wave 

Doppler spread =Maximum Doppler shift (fD) sigal

This Characterized frequency depressiveness of the channel, of spreading of transmitted

frequency due to different Doppler shift. The Doppler spread is also defined as the power
spectrum of the nonzero frequency range, and it relates to the multipath component delays as
well as angle of arrival of the scatted wave. When the user moves with a high speed, the Doppler
spread will be large but at the same time the coherence time will be small. This is because
Doppler spread is the reciprocal of the coherence time of the channel.

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

2.2.2 Coherence time

The time over which taps h(m)change rapidly as a function of time is called the coherence time
TC. It is necessary in mobile wireless channels to determine the time coherence in order to know
the Doppler spread of the channel. Both Doppler spread and coherence time are parameters
which describe the time-variant of the multipath channel in small-scale region. The smaller
the time coherence, the larger the Doppler spread. If the symbol time TS is less than coherence
time TC, there is no change in the channel (correlated channel). The coherence time is given as
follows:

TC =1/4Bd

2.3.3 Delay spread

A signal transmitted will be spread in time when it reaches receiver, this effect which spread out
the signal is called Delay spread and it leads to increase in the signal bandwidth. It is a time
difference between the longest and the shortest path of the multipath components.

2.3.4 Coherence bandwidth

The transmitted radio signal Bandwidth is greater than the ―bandwidth‖ of the multipath
channel the received signal will be distorted this quantified by coherence bandwidth. A statistical
measure of the range of frequency over which the channel can be consider flat. Coherence
bandwidth indicates frequency selectivity during transmission, because the frequency is
separated by more than Coherence bandwidth of the channel. In the terms of the delay spread the
coherence bandwidth is expressed as:

Bc =𝟏/𝟐𝑻𝒅

Assuming that the bandwidth of the channel is much less than channel coherence bandwidth
Bc,and Td is maximum delay spread.

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

2.3.5 Frequency selective fading

Frequency selective fading of mobile wireless communications systems happens when multipath
propagation of the signal causes different parts of the transmitted signal spectrum to be
attenuated differently. When the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is much larger than the
coherent bandwidth BC then the channel will suffer from inter-symbol interference, and the
channel is said to be frequency selective. Similarly, when the symbol duration TS is less than the
delay spread, the inter-symbol interference are created and this phenomenon occurs especially on
narrow bandwidth but does not occur on wide bandwidth.

2.3.6 Frequency flat fading

Links which are between transmitters and receivers are usually modeled as flat fading channel in
mobile wireless systems. If the symbol duration TS is longer than the delay spread Td or in
another words, if the bandwidth W of the input signal is less than the coherence bandwidth Bc,
then the channel will exhibit the amplitude variation and is considered as flat fading or
frequency nonselective. This type of fading affects the amplitude and phase of the signal in the
channel. In wireless communications, the transmitted signal is typically reaching the
receiver through multiple propagation paths (reflections from buildings, etc.), each having a
different relative delay and amplitude. This is called multipath propagation and causes different
parts of the transmitted signal spectrum to be attenuated differently, which is known as
frequency selective fading. In addition to this, due to the mobility of transmitter and/or
receiver or some other time-varying characteristics of the transmission environment, the
principal characteristics of the wireless channel change in time which results in time-varying
fading of the received signal.

2.3.7 Fading Effects due to Doppler Spread

Fast Fading

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

In a fast fading channel, the channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol
duration of the signal. Due to Doppler spreading, signal undergoes frequency dispersion leading
to distortion. Transmission involving very low data rates suffers from fast fading.

Slow Fading

In such a channel, the rate of the change of the channel impulse response is much less than the
transmitted signal. We can consider a slow faded channel a channel in which channel is almost
constant over at least one symbol duration.

2.4 Channel Estimation technique

For an OFDM mobile communication system, the channel transfer function at different
subcarriers appears unequal in both frequency and time domains. Therefore, a dynamic
estimation of the channel is always required. Pilot -based approaches are widely used to estimate
the channel properties and correct the received signal.[4]

2.4.1 Training Based Estimation

In this case sequences known to the receiver are embedded into the frame and sent over the
channel. Training Based estimation easily applied to any communications system. The drawback
of this method is wasteful of the information bandwidth.

2.4.2 Pilot symbols Estimation

In this project Block type pilot arrangement time variant channel estimation techniques used. In
the block type, an OFDM symbol which contains pilots in all subcarriers, are transmitting
periodically which equals the time coherency of the channel which is related to the Doppler
effects and in other type the transmitting OFDM symbols contains data and pilot subcarriers
where the pilot spaces must be equal to the frequency coherency which is related to the delay
spread caused by multipath effect.

Time

OFDM symbol

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Carriers

 Part of the sub-carriers are always reserved as pilot for each symbol

Time

Carriers

All sub-carriers is used as pilot in a specific period

Block type arrangement of OFDM symbols

2.4.3 Least Square Method

This method can be applied in block type pilot arrangement. In block arrangement, in frequency
domain, at first the channel output at pilot locations is extracted. In the next step channel

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

estimation can be calculated using the extracted subcarriers which are known to the receiver. The
corresponding equation can be written as the following equation.

HLS(kp)=Y(KP)/X(KP)

=H(KP) +n(KP)

Where n’(Kp)=n(kp)/X(kp) is the noise component at the estimated channel coefficients in

frequency domain and ‘kp’ denotes a subcarrier index at path pilot

2.2.4 MMSE Estimator

The MMSE estimator employs the second-order statistics of the channel conditions to minimize
the mean-square error. The MMSE estimator yields much better performance than LS estimators,
especially under the low SNR scenarios.

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 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

CHAPETER THREE
SYSTEM MODEL
3.1 Signal model for flat fading time-variant channel
OFDM is used to transform the time-variant frequency-selective channel into the time-variant
frequency-flat subcarriers. To avoid the inter-symbol interference between OFDM symbols,
therefore the cyclic prefix is preceded. We consider the symbol sequence x[m] with symbol rate
1/Cover a flat fading time-variant channel. The symbol TS duration is much longer than the
delay spread Td of the channel. i.e Td≫Ts. The symbol m represents the discrete time. The
channel baseband equivalent is h(𝝉 ,t). The equivalent baseband represents the physical channel;
transmit filter and the matched receiving filter.[8]

The received signal y[m] is given as:

y[m] =h[m]x[m]+ z[m] m∈{0,..., N − 1} (3.1)

h[m] : Sampled time-variant channel, which is equivalent to h(mT,0)

x[m] : Symbol sequence

z[m] : Additional white Gaussian noise with zero mean and variance σn

3.1.1Time-variant frequency-selective channel estimation

This part of the section describes the basis expansion for time-variant frequency-selective
channel estimation in a CSMA downlink in a low complexity algorithm which based on OFDM.
The assumption of the wireless channel estimation is based on the maximum normalized
one-side Doppler bandwidth as shown in Equation.[8]

Where:

VD max: Maximum supported velocity

20
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

TS: Symbol duration

Co: Speed of light

fc: Carrier frequency

fi: Doppler shift of the component l

As we know that the performance of the receiver depends on the accurately estimate of the time-
variant frequency response.

The CSMA signal model over N parallel frequency-flat channel is expressed as

y[m,q] = g[m,q]x[m,q]+ z[m,q],

where:q : Set of equation for every sub carrier q∈{0,....,N−1}

g[m,q] : Time-variant frequency-flat subcarrier

x[m,q] : Elements of x[m].x[m]is the transmitted symbol at time index m

h[m,n] : Time-variant impulse response of elements of h[m]

z[m,q] : White Gaussian noise at time m for subcarrier q

The index q is omitted if a subcarrier is fixed

y[m] = g[m]x[m]+ z[m] (3.2)

The time-variant multi-user detector performs when the linear LS and MMSE receiver detects
the data using the received vector y[m]as the spreading matrix S ,and the time variant frequency
response.

3.2 LS and MMSE estimation modeling

The OFDM system for pilot based block type channel estimation is shown in figure below.

21
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Fig.3.1 Channel Estimation using LS/MMSE algorithm

In block-type pilot based channel estimation, each subcarrier in an OFDM symbol is used in such
a way that all sub-carriers are used as pilots. The estimation of the channel is then done using
Least Square Estimator and Minimum Mean Square Error Estimator.

The system shown in Fig. 1.3 is modeled using the following equation:

y=DFTN (IDFTN(X)*h/N +W)

where

X=[XO X1 X2 . . . XN-1]T

Y=[YO Y1 Y2 . . . YN-1]T

W=[WO W1 W2 . . .WN=1]T

H=[ho h1 h2 h3 . . . HN-1]T

The vector h/N is the observed channel impulse response.

N=the number of subcarrier

22
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

If inter symbol interference is eliminated by the cyclic prefix, then the system shown in the
Fig3.1 can be modeled using the equation

Yk=Hkxk+wk K=0………………..N-1

Where HK is the Frequency response of h.

Now writing in Matrix form, it becomes:

Y=XFh+W

W 00 ….. W 0(N-1)
F= N N

W (N-1)(N-1)
N ….. WN

F is the matrix of DFT with corresponding weights

WNnk =1/N e-j2 nk/N

H -1
MMSE =FRhy R yyY

where

H
Rhy=E{hy }

Ryy=E{yyh}

Here Rhy is the cross correlation matrix between h and y,

Ryy is the auto correlation matrix of with itself and
Rhh is the auto correlation matrix of the with itself.

3.2 THE WINNER channel model network layout

The mobile communication channel of the WINNER model uses MIMO system for both
the transmitter and the receiver and only single radio link is used here. MIMO employs

23
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

multiple antennas at the transmitter and receivers to open up additional sub-channels in spatial
domain. The WINNER model generates the time-variant channel impulse responses (CIR).

The Network layouts for one radio link for WINNER model

24
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

3.3 Additional consideration for WINNER Channel model

The OFDM channel estimation technique used here in order to improve the performance
WINNER channel module. An additional thing considers WINNER standard module is the
velocity of user.

Velocity of the user Vmax

In order to achieve a reliable communication system capable of meeting the demands of the
future, it is important to estimate the time-variant channel as accurately as possible, i.e. as close
to the true channel as possible. In order to estimate the channel accurately, the velocity of the
user must be estimated. [6]

The maximum velocity of the user V max: 28.5 m/s = 102.6 km/h

The carrier center frequency fc: 2 GHz

The Block length N : 256 symbols

The speed of light Co: 3*108

The symbol rate 1/ TS: 48.6*103

Doppler bandwidth Which are being band-limited in the interval of [-VDmax,VDmax]

The WINNER II channel model uses OFDM technique. The channel model uses 100 MHz Radio
frequency bandwidth. The velocity of the Mobile is 28.5 m/s (102.6 km/h), the center frequency
set to 2.0 GHz, the sample frequency of the channel fs=1𝑇𝑠is 43.6 MHz and the sampling time
is1/𝑓𝑠. The channel links level has been broken down into three types of parameters, the big
scale, the medium scale and the small scale parameters. In the WINNER model the large scale
parameters are fixed. The large scale propagation model is the model which takes the average
received power of the path loss over longer distance between the Base Station and Mobile
Station. Small scale parameters are usually used on multipath channel and the parameters are
about equal to value of the wavelength of the fading signal.[6][7]

25
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Chapter four
Simulation results and Discussion
In this project, an OFDM system is simulated using Mat lab aim is to measure the performance
of simulated OFDM system under different channel estimation techniques,(LS and MMSE).

The system is designed using the following commands and functions in Mal lab.

Random data generation: The input random data is generated by randn() function in Mat lab.
Modulating data: The data to be transmitted on each carrier is modulated into a QAM and M-
ary PSK format

Inverse Fourier Transform: The purpose of Inverse Fourier Transform is to find the
corresponding time waveform. This is done using the command IFFT in Mat lab Channel model:
A channel model is then applied to the transmitted signal. In this channel the signal-to-noise is
varied and multipath path is then introduced. The signal to noise ratio is set by adding a known
amount of white noise to the transmitted signal.

In Figure 4.1, the Bit error rate (BER) versus the average SNR is plotted for the proposed block-
type pilot channel estimation schemes over a fading channel with a bandwidth of 1500 kHz,
16QAM modulation, DFT size N= 64,and a cyclic prefix L= 8 and for a 64 sub carrier OFDM
system. Bit Error Rate (BER) Vs Signal to noise ratio (SNR) while applying least square (LS),
minimum mean-square error (MMSE) as shown below. in figure 4.3 the value of L=16 and size
of N=128 .

26
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Figure 4.1 the comparisons between channel estimating techniques

27
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Figure 4.2 symbol Error Rate (SER) as a function of signal to noise Ratio((SNR(db))

Discussion

Adding a LMS and MMSE iterative algorithm to system, improves the channel estimation
performance. Simulation results proved the acceptable BER performance of iterative channel
estimation algorithm, which is closed to the ideal channel and we analyzed that the low
complexity proposed receiver including LMS and MMSE algorithm, has improve efficiency
time variant channel. In this study a low complexity structure of receiver was proposed so that
the LS method and MMSE were used for initial channel estimation. the performance of two
types of estimators (LSE and MMSE estimators) has been theoretically and experimentally
evaluated for block type pilot arrangements in figure 4.1 and in figure 4.2 for specific value
OFDM sub carriers and channel function

28
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

Chapter five
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
An important and crucial part of modern mobile wireless systems is channel estimation, which
helps the system deliver high data rates and achieve the maximum transmission rate by
accurately estimating the wireless channel .Wireless systems are expected to require high data
rates with low delay and low bit-error-rate (BER).In such situations, the performance of
wireless communication systems is mainly governed by the wireless channel environment so the
OFDM system time -variant channel estimation one method to improve the performance mobile

29
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

wireless channel by decreasing bit –error-rate and increasing data rate. Orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) provides an effective and low complexity means of
eliminating inter symbol interference for transmission over frequency selective fading
channels. This technique has received a lot of interest in mobile communication research as the
radio channel is usually frequency selective and time variant. This project fully reviews channel
estimation strategies in OFDM systems. It describes block-type pilot-channel estimators, which
may be based on least square (LS), minimum mean-square error (MMSE) to improve channel
performance in mobile wireless time-variant and frequency selective fading channel. What we
can conclude from this project is error minimize transmission and deliver high data rat in mobile
wireless system. With increase multimedia application, large amount of data is done transmitted
over wireless communications.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
In order to achieve a reliable communication system capable of meeting the demands of the
future, it is important to estimate the time-variant channel as accurately as possible, i.e. as close
to the true channel as possible. In order to estimate the channel accurately, in addition to OFDM
channel estimation using LS and MMSE method the velocity of the user must be consider in
mobile time variant channel. For Future work investigation estimating the velocity user in a
appropriate method must be consider and has not compared the polynomial time-varying OFDM
channel estimation with the WINNER model so that the future work should include even

30
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

this model because the basis of polynomial is not restricted to time limited and band-limited
functions.

Referees
[1] David Tse and Pramod Viswanath

Fundamentals of Wireless Communication,

13978-0-521-84527-4.

[2] Monson H. Haye digital communication text book Thomas Zemen

[3] Thomas Zemen and Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker

31
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

OFDM Multi-User Communication Over Time-Variant Channel

[4] Jens Zander, Ben Slimane and Lars Ahlin

Principle of wireless communications.

[5] Stefan Kaiser

Multi-Carrier CDMA Mobile Radio Systems-Analysis and Optimization of Detection,

Decoding, and Channel Estimation. Munich Germany, January .

[6] Thomas Zemen

OFDM Multi-User Communication Over Time-Variant Channel, PhD thesis, 2004.ISBN 3-

902477-04-0[1]

[7] https//www.ist-winner.org/

[8] Jinho Kim, Chih-Wei, Wang and Wayne E. Stark.

Frequency Domain Channel Estimation for OFDM Based

Appendix
% simulation for channel estimation techniequs using LS, LMMMSE, methode
% Ref "Synchronization and Channel Estimation in OFDM
clc
clear all

nCP = 8;%round(Tcp/Ts);
nFFT = 64;
NT = nFFT + nCP;
F = dftmtx(nFFT)/sqrt(nFFT);

BW = 1500;

EsNodB = 0:5:40;
snr = 10.^(EsNodB/10);
beta = 17/9;
32
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

M = 16;
modObj = modem.qammod(M);
demodObj = modem.qamdemod(M);
L = 5;
ChEstLS = zeros(1,length(EsNodB));
ChEstMMSE = zeros(1,length(EsNodB));
TD_ChEstMMSE = zeros(1,length(EsNodB));
TDD_ChEstMMSE = zeros(1,length(EsNodB));
TDQabs_ChEstMMSE = zeros(1,length(EsNodB));

for ii = 1:length(EsNodB)
disp('EsN0dB is :'); disp(EsNodB(ii));tic;
ChMSE_LS = 0;
ChMSE_LMMSE=0;
TDMSE_LMMSE =0;
TDDMSE_LMMSE=0;
TDQabsMSE_LMMSE =0;
for mc = 1:MC
% Random channel taps
g = randn(L,1)+1i*randn(L,1);
g = g/norm(g);
H = fft(g,nFFT);
% generation of symbol
X = randi([0 M-1],nFFT,1); %BPSK symbols
XD = modulate(modObj,X)/sqrt(10); % normalizing symbol power
x = F'*XD;
xout = [x(nFFT-nCP+1:nFFT);x];
% channel convolution and AWGN
y = conv(xout,g);
nt =randn(nFFT+nCP+L-1,1) + 1i*randn(nFFT+nCP+L-1,1);
No = 10^(-EsNodB(ii)/10);
y = y + sqrt(No/2)*nt;
% Receiver processing
y = y(nCP+1:NT);
Y = F*y;
% frequency doimain LS channel estimation
HhatLS = Y./XD;
ChMSE_LS = ChMSE_LS + ((H -HhatLS)'*(H-HhatLS))/nFFT;
% Frequency domain LMMSE estimation
Rhh = H*H';
W = Rhh/(Rhh+(beta/snr(ii))*eye(nFFT));
HhatLMMSE = W*HhatLS;
ChMSE_LMMSE = ChMSE_LMMSE + ((H -HhatLMMSE)'*(H-HhatLMMSE))/nFFT;
% Time domain LMMSE estimation
ghatLS = ifft(HhatLS,nFFT);
Rgg = g*g';

33
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

WW = Rgg/(Rgg+(beta/snr(ii))*eye(L));
ghat = WW*ghatLS(1:L);
TD_HhatLMMSE = fft(ghat,nFFT);%
TDMSE_LMMSE = TDMSE_LMMSE + ((H -TD_HhatLMMSE)'*(H-
TD_HhatLMMSE))/nFFT;

% Time domain LMMSE estimation - ignoring channel covariance

ghatLS = ifft(HhatLS,nFFT);
Rgg = diag(g.*conj(g));
WW = Rgg/(Rgg+(beta/snr(ii))*eye(L));
ghat = WW*ghatLS(1:L);
TDD_HhatLMMSE = fft(ghat,nFFT);%
TDDMSE_LMMSE = TDDMSE_LMMSE + ((H -TDD_HhatLMMSE)'*(H-
TDD_HhatLMMSE))/nFFT;

% Time domain LMMSE estimation - ignoring smoothing matrix

ghatLS = ifft(HhatLS,nFFT);
TDQabs_HhatLMMSE = fft(ghat,nFFT);%
TDQabsMSE_LMMSE = TDQabsMSE_LMMSE + ((H -TDQabs_HhatLMMSE)'*(H-
TDQabs_HhatLMMSE))/nFFT;

end
ChEstLS(ii) = ChMSE_LS/MC;
ChEstMMSE(ii)=ChMSE_LMMSE/MC;
TD_ChEstMMSE(ii)=TDMSE_LMMSE/MC;
TDD_ChEstMMSE(ii)=TDMSE_LMMSE/MC;
TDQabs_ChEstMMSE(ii)=TDQabsMSE_LMMSE/MC;
toc;
end

% Channel estimation
semilogy(EsNodB,ChEstLS,'r','LineWidth',2);
hold on;grid on;xlabel('EsNodB'); ylabel('Channel MSE');
semilogy(EsNodB,ChEstMMSE,'k','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(EsNodB,TD_ChEstMMSE,'g','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(EsNodB,TDD_ChEstMMSE,'m','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(EsNodB,TDQabs_ChEstMMSE,'b','LineWidth',2);

% Theoratical bound calculation

semilogy(EsNodB,beta./snr,'-.r*','LineWidth',2);
ThLMMSE = (1/nFFT)*(beta./snr).*(1./(1+(beta./snr)));
semilogy(EsNodB,ThLMMSE,'-.k*','LineWidth',2);
legend('LS','MMSE', 'TD LMMSE','TDD LMMSE','TD Qabs LMMSE','Theory-LS',
'Theory-LMMSE');

34
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

%Generation of a naive training sequence..

%Assuming BPSK modulation...symbols:+1/-1
X=zeros(64,64);
d=rand(64,1);
for i=1:64
if(d(i)>=0.5)
d(i)=+1;
else

35
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

d(i)=-1;
end
end
for i=1:64
X(i,i)=d(i);
end
%Calculation of G[The channel Matrix]
%The channnel is...
tau=[0.5 3.5];%The fractionally spaced taps..
%Generation of the G matrix...
for k=1:64
s=0;
for m=1:2
s=s+(exp(-j*pi*(1/64)*(k+63*tau(m))) * (( sin(pi*tau(m)) / sin(pi*(1/64)*(tau(m)-k)))));
%Go through the above cited paper for the theory behind the formula
end
g(k)=s/sqrt(64);
end
G=g';%Thus, the channel vector is evaluated..
H=fft(G);% In the freq domain..
XFG=X*H;
n1=ones(64,1);
n1=n1*0.000000000000000001i;%Just to ensure that the function awgn adds 'complex Gaussian
noise'..
noise=awgn(n1,8);%Assuming the 'channel learning' is happening at 8db..
variance=var(noise);
N=fft(noise);
Y=XFG+N;

% Evaluation of the auto covariance matrix of G-Rgg

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
gg=zeros(64,64);
for i=1:64
gg(i,i)=G(i);
end
gg_myu = sum(gg, 1)/64;
gg_mid = gg - gg_myu(ones(64,1),:);
sum_gg_mid= sum(gg_mid, 1);
Rgg = (gg_mid' * gg_mid- (sum_gg_mid' * sum_gg_mid) / 64) / (64 - 1);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%OK..Now that we have the ingredients ready, lets move on and evaluate the estimated channels
by the
%use of the LS and the MMSE algorithms..
%EVALUATION OF Hls

36
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

%Hmmse=inv(X)*Y;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
H_ls=(inv(X)) * Y;
Hls=zeros(64,64);
for i=1:64
Hls(i,i)=H_ls(i);
end
%EVALUATION OF Hmmse
%Hmmse=F*Rgg*inv(Rgy)*Y;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
u=rand(64,64);
F=fft(u)*inv(u);%The 64 X 64 twiddle factor matrix..
I=eye(64,64);
Rgy=Rgg * F'* X';
Ryy=X * F * Rgg * F' *X' + variance * I;
for i=1:64
yy(i,i)=Y(i);
end
Gmmse=Rgy * inv(Ryy)* Y;
H_mmse=fft(Gmmse);
for i=1:64
Hmmse(i,i)=H_mmse(i);
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Fine..the channels have been estimated , now is the time for real time simulations..
for n=1:6

SNR_send=5*n;
error_count_ls=0;%Clear the error_count..
error_count_mmse=0;%Clear the error_count..

%Sending around 1000 data vectors through the channel

%Roughly like 1000 simulations per SNR reading..
for c=1:1000
%Generate Random Data[i/p matrix..]
X=zeros(64,64);
d=rand(64,1);
for i=1:64
if(d(i)>=0.5)
d(i)=+1;
else
d(i)=-1;
end

37
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

end
for i=1:64
X(i,i)=d(i);
end
XFG=X*H;%Let it go through the actual channel...
n1=ones(64,1);
n1=n1*0.000000000000000001i;%Just to ensure that the function awgn adds 'complex gaussian
noise'..
noise=awgn(n1,SNR_send);
variance=var(noise);
N=fft(noise);
Y=XFG+N;%o/p got by the receiver...
%The receiver begins....
% I:LS ESTIMATOR BASED RECEIVER:
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%I(k) represents the decision matrix..

I=inv(Hls)* Y;
for k=1:64

if(real(I(k))>0)%Putting it through a slicer

I(k)=1;
else
I(k)=-1;
end
end
for k=1:64
if(I(k)~=d(k))
error_count_ls=error_count_ls+1;
end
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% I:MMSE ESTIMATOR BASED RECEIVER:
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%I(k) represents the decision matrix..

I=inv(Hmmse)* Y;
for k=1:64

if(real(I(k))>0)%Putting it through a slicer

I(k)=1;
else
I(k)=-1;
end
end

38
 Channel estimation in mobile wireless system based on OFDM

for k=1:64
if(I(k)~=d(k))
error_count_mmse=error_count_mmse+1;
end
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
end%End of the 1000 run simulation..

ser_ls(n)=error_count_ls/64000;
ser_mmse(n)=error_count_mmse/64000;
ser_ls
ser_mmse
SNR(n)=SNR_send;

end;

%Now just the display part.....

semilogy(SNR,ser_mmse,'k-');
grid on;
xlabel('SNR in DB');
ylabel('Symbol Error Rate');
title('PLOT OF SNR V/S SER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM WITH MMSE/LS ESTIMATOR
BASED RECEIVERS');

hold on;
semilogy(SNR,ser_ls,'b*');
semilogy(SNR,ser_ls,'b-');
semilogy(SNR,ser_mmse,'kv');
grid on;
xlabel('SNR in DB'):
ylabel('Symbol Error Rate');
title('PLOT OF SNR V/S SER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM WITH MMSE/LS ESTIMATOR
BASED RECEIVERS');

39