Lab #16, MATH 2491

You may refer to Sec 46 and 47 of Main Text or ask the lab instructor if needed.
In the following, assume that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration due to
gravity is 9.81 m/s2.

0. Try some of the questions under Additional Practices in Sections 46 and 47 of Main Text.

1. Discussion questions
a. The force F on a vertical plate due to hydrostatic pressure can be found by
dF   gh dA
What does each of these symbols mean? How does this formula come from? Why
should we divide the plate into horizontal strips? Why do we need the plate to be
vertical?
b. What are the differences between totally submerged plates and partially
submerged plates when calculating hydrostatic force?
c. What is centre of pressure? How do you find the location of the centre of pressure
of a submerged vertical plate? How is it related to moments of force? How is it
related to centroids? What is the problem if the infinitesimal strips are not
horizontal?
d. The work done W to move an object can be found by
dW  F ds or dW  s dF
What do F, ds, s and dF mean? What are the differences between these two
formulas? What are we dividing into infinitesimal segments in each case?
e. What is the idea behind integration? What does ?   d ? mean? In what
something

situation does this integration work? More precisely, try to come up with
examples, i.e. ? , that can or cannot be calculated using an integral of this form.

2. (II) A force of 30 N is needed to stretch a spring 2 cm beyond its natural length of 18 cm.
a. Find the work needed to stretch the spring 2 cm from its natural length.
b. Find the work needed to stretch an additional 2 cm from (a).
Hint: Apply Hooke’s Law.

3. (II) A vertical dam has a gate in the shape of a parabolic arch with a
height of 4 m and a width of 3 m, as shown in the figure. Find the
hydrostatic force against the gate and the location of the centre of
pressure of the gate if the dam is 8 m high and
a. the water level is 2 m below the top of the dam;
b. the water level is 5 m below the top of the dam.
4. (II) The diagram on the right shows a uniformly charged rod and a point charge
q along the axis of the rod. The repulsive force F between the point and the rod
is given by
kQq
F
x  L  x
where k = 8.99  109 N  m 2 C 2 , Q is the total charge of the rod and L is the length of the
rod. Let q  1.0  107 C , Q  2.0  10 8 C , L = 30 cm and x = 60 cm initially. Find the
work required to move the point charge by 40 cm towards the rod.

5. (II) The diagram on the right shows a uniformly charged rod and a point
charge q along the axis perpendicular to the rod through the centre of the
rod. The repulsive force F between the point and the rod is given by
2kQq
F
x L2  4 x 2
where k = 8.99  109 N  m 2 C 2 , Q is the total charge of the rod and L is the length of the
rod. Let q  1.0  107 C , Q  2.0  10 8 C , L = 30 cm and x = 60 cm initially. Find the
work required to move the point charge by 40 cm towards the rod.

6. (II) The wetted side of the Hoover Dam facing

Lake Mead can be approximately modelled by Lake Mead
a vertical flat plate whose boundary is a
quartic curve
y  ax 4 Hoover
Dam
for some constant a. It is measured that the height from the
bottom of the dam to the surface of water is 220 m and the
width of the dam at the surface of water is 240 m.
a. Estimate the hydrostatic force on the dam.
b. Locate the centre of pressure on the dam.

7. (II) Repeat Question 6 if the dam has a top base of

240 m, a bottom base of 130 m, a height of 220 m and
is modelled by the following shapes.
a. an isosceles trapezoid
b. the region bounded below by the x-axis, above
(b)
by a horizontal lines and the hyperbola (a)
x2 y 2
 1
a 2 b2
for constants a and b.
8. (II) A cable that weighs 2 kg/m hangs from a winch positioned at the top of a vertical
mineshaft 200 m deep. If the cable is used to haul 400 kg of coal up the length of the
mineshaft, how much work is done by the winch in winding up 50 m of the cable?

9. (II) The underground tank has circular ends of radius 3 m and

a length of 15 m. Petroleum is filled to the top of the tank (but
not to the pipe that extends out from the tank). Assume that
the density of petroleum is 800 kg/m3.
a. Find the hydrostatic force and the centre of pressure on
one end.
b. Find the work required to pump out half tank of petroleum through a pipe that
extends to a height of 2 m above the top of the tank. How long does it take if the
pump can output 1000 W of power?
c. Find the work required to pump out the remaining half tank of petroleum. How
long does it take for the same pump to do this?

10. (II) A square drain plate installed

diagonally at the bottom of a large
fish farming tank is designed to 1.8 m
withstand a fluid force of 1100 N. 20 m
10 m
How high can you fill the pool
without exceeding this limitation?

11. (II) A trough has vertical ends that are inverted isosceles triangles
with base lengths of 1 m at the top and heights of 0.8 m.
a. Find the force exerted by the water on one end and the
location of the centre of pressure when the trough is full.
b. Repeat (a) when the trough is half full by volume.
c. Find the water level when the hydrostatic force is half of what the force was when
full.

12. (II) The water tower shown on the right consists of a hemisphere of radius
4 m and a cylinder of height 6 m. The base of the hemisphere is located
35 m above ground. Find the work required to fill the tank with water by
pumping from the ground level.
13. (II) The water tower shown on the right consists of a
cylinder and a conical frustum. The bottom cylinder has a
radius of 3 m and a height of 25 m. The top frustum has a
radius of 12 m and a height of 10 m.
a. Find the work required to fill the tank with water by
pumping from a pipe 1.5 m underground.
b. If this tower is to be filled from empty within one day (24 hours), what is the
minimum power (in hp) the water pump needs to output? (Hint: 1 hp = 745.7 W)

14. (II) The gas in the cylindrical casing shown in the

figure initially has a volume V of 250 cm3 and exerts a
pressure P of 2000 kPa against the piston head. After
Piston
ignition by the spark plug, the gas expands to a volume
Expanding
of 1250 cm3. Gas
a. Explain why the work done by the gas in
pushing the piston by an infinitesimal distance dx can be
found by dW  P dV , where dV represents the
infinitesimal change in the volume of the gas.
b. Find the work done in moving the piston if the expansion
of gas is assume to be isothermal (constant temperature),
i.e. for some constant k,
PV  k
c. Find the work done is moving the piston if the expansion of gas is assume to be
adiabatic (without heat transfer between the cylinder to the surrounding). In this
example, we assume that for some constant k,
PV 1.4  k

15. (II) A rectangular swimming pool is 20 m wide and 30 m long. The bottom is partly
horizontal and partly inclined as shown below. Water is filled to the top of the pool.

a. Find the hydrostatic force against the side shown above.

b. Find the centre of pressure of the side shown above due to hydrostatic force.
c. Find the work required to empty the pool by pumping the water to the top of the
pool.
16. (II) The hydrostatic force F on a vertical plate can be found by the formula
F   gh  A
where h represents the depth of the centroid of the plate and A is the area of the plate.
a. Explain why this is true (Hint: start with F    gh dA and relate this with the
plate

centroid formula).
b. Repeat Question 10 using this formula.

17. (III) The electrostatic force F between two point charges q1 and q2
placed at a distance of r is given by
kq q
F  12 2
r
where k  8.99  10 N  m / C is called the Coulomb constant.
9 2 2

Consider a point charge q and a uniformly charged rod of length L and charge
Q. Use the formula above to find the electrostatic force between the point
charge and the charged rod if the point charge is at a distance of x from one end
of the rod along the axis of the rod.

18. (III) Consider a point mass m and an axis at a distance of r away from the
point mass. The mass moment of inertia I of the point mass about the axis
is given by
I  mr 2
a. How can this formula be used to find the mass
moment of inertia of an axisymmetric solid about
its axis of symmetry?
b. How can this formula be used to find the mass
moment of inertia of an axisymmetric hollow shell
about its axis of symmetry?
c. Find the mass moments of inertia of a solid sphere of radius R and mass M about
an axis through its centre. Assume that the mass density is uniform.
d. Repeat (c) for a hollow sphere of radius R and mass M.
19. (III) A diving bell of mass 10000 kg sits on the bottom of the
ocean 100 m below the surface. A chain of mass 5 kg/m is
attached to the top of the bell and lifts the bell to the deck of a
boat 5 m above the surface of water. Find the work required to lift
the bell.

Take into account the fact that when the bell and the chain are
below the surface of water, they weigh less than when above. The apparent loss in weight
is equal to the weight of water displaced by the bell and the chain. Assume that the bell is
a perfect cube of side length 2 m and the bottom always stays level. Also assume that
each metre of chain displaces 1 L of water.
Answers:
0.02 0.04
2) a)  0
1500 x dx  0.3 J b) 0.02
1500 x dx  0.9 J

43
3) a) F  9810  6  y   4  y dy  345312 N ,
0 2
1 43 3
xcp   9810 4  y  6  y  4  y dy  1.19 m ,
F 0 4 2
1 4 3
ycp   9810 y   6  y   4  y dy  1.35 m from lower left corner of the gate
F 0 2
3 3
b) F  9810  3  y   4  y dy  113796 N ,
0 2
1 33 3
xcp   9810 4  y  3  y   4  y dy  1.31 m ,
F 0 4 2
1 3 3
ycp   9810 y   3  y   4  y dy  0.911 m from lower left corner of the gate
F 0 2

0.2   8.99 109  2.0 108 1.0 107 

4) 0.6 x  0.3  x 
dx  3.06 105 J

0.2 2  8.99  109  2.0  108 1.0  107 

5) 0.6
x 0.3  4 x 2 2
dx  5.34 105 J

 220  y   2  31.158 y1/4  dy  4.0517 1010

220
6) a) F  9810 N,
0

1
 9810 y   220  y   2  31.158 y1/ 4  dy  84.6 m
220
b) xcp  0 m by symmetry, ycp 
F 0

 220  y   2  65 

220 1
7) a) F  9810  y  dy  3.9567  1010 N , xcp  0 m ,
0
  4
220  1 
ycp  9810  y   220  y   2  65  y  dy  81.4 m
0
 4 
220 y2
b) a = 65, b = 141.76, F  9810  220  y   2a 1 dy  3.6089 1010 N , xcp  0 m ,
0 b2
1 220 y2
ycp   9810 y   220  y   2a 1  2 dy  81.3 m
F 0 b
50
8) 9.81  2  200  y   400  dy  3.68 105 J
0

3
9) a) F  800  9.81
3
3  y   2 9  y 2 dy  6.6569 105 N , xcp  0 m by symmetry,
1 3
ycp   800  9.81 y   3  y   2 9  y 2 dy  0.75 m  2.25 m above bottom
F 3
 3
b) W  800  9.81  5  y  15  2 9  y 2 dy  6.20 106 J , takes 6.20 103 s  1.72 h
0
0
c) W  800  9.81
3
 5  y  15  2 9  y 2 dy  1.04 107 J , takes 1.04 104 s  2.89 h

10) F  9810    c  y   2 y dy    c  y   2  0.4  y  dy   784.8c  156.96  1100

0.2 0.4

 0 0.2 
 c  1.60 m
0.8
11) a) F  9810 
0
 0.8  y   2  0.625 y  dy  1046.4 N , xcp  0 m by symmetry,
0.8
ycp  9810 y   0.8  y   2  0.625 y  dy  0.4 m above the bottom.
0

 0.4 2  y   2  0.625 y  dy  369.96 N , x  0 m by symmetry,

0.4 2
b) F  9810  cp
0

y   0.4 2  y   2  0.625 y  dy  0.283 m above the bottom.

0.4 2
ycp  9810 
0

1046.4
c) F  9810  c  y   2  0.625 y  dy  2043.75c3 
c
N  c  0.635 m
0 2

12) 9810    y  39    16  y 2  dy    y  39    16 dy   1.74 108 J

0 6

 4 0 

13) a) 9810   dy   7.43 108 J

25 35
 y  1.5    9 dy  25  y  1.5      0.9 y  19.5
2
b) 11.5 hp
 0 
1.25103 500 1.25103 18.119
14) b) 2.5104 V
dV  805 J c) 2.5104 V 1.4
dV  593 J

 0.6 y 2 
15) a) F  9810    2  y   dy    2  y   30 dy   3.8259  105 N ,
 0 0.03 0.6

1  0.6 1 y y 2 
b) xcp   9810   2  y dy   15   2  y   30 dy   12.9 m ,
F  0 2 0.03 0.03 0.6

1  0.6 y 2 
ycp   9810   y   2  y   dy   y   2  y   30 dy   0.899 m
F  0 0.03 0.6

from left bottom corner
 0.6 y 2 
c) W  9810    2  y   20  dy    2  y   20  30 dy   7.65  106 J
 0 0.03 0.6


16) a)  ghA   g  c  y  A   g  cA  M x    g c   plate

dA  
plate 
y dA   g 
plate
 c  y  dA ,
where c  y represents the depth and dA the area of a horizontal strip.
b) y  0.2 m , A  0.8 m 2 , F  9810  c  0.2   0.8  1100 N  c  1.60 m
17) Divide the charged rod into small segments. Let y be the distance between the
segment and the end closer to the point charge. Then the length of each
Q
segment is dy and the charge of each segment is dQ  dy .
L
The electrostatic force between the point charge and each segment is
kq   Q / L  dy
dF 
 x  y
2

yL kqQ
The electrostatic force between the point charge and the rod is F   dF 
y 0 x  x  L

18) a) Divide the solid into cylindrical shells of mass dm. Since each point on the cylindrical
shell has the same distance of r from the axis of symmetry, the mass moment of inertia of
each cylindrical shell is dI  r 2 dm .
b) Divide the surface into circular bands of mass dm. Since each point on the circular band
has the same distance of r from the axis of symmetry, the mass moment of inertia of each
circular band is dI  r 2 dm .
4 3M
c) Volume of sphere =  R 3 , Per volume mass density   
3 4 R 3
dm   dV    4 x R 2  x 2 dx
dI  r 2 dm    4 x3 R 2  x 2 dx
x R 8 2
I   dI     R 5  MR 2
x 0 15 5
M
d) Surface area of sphere = 4 R 2 , Per area mass density   
4 R 2
2
 y 
dS  2 x ds  2 R  y  1  
2 2
 dy  2 R dy
 R2  y2 
 
dm   dS    2 R dy , dI  r 2 dm    2 R R 2  y 2 dy  
yR 8 2
I  dI     R 4  MR 2
y  R 3 3
19) weight of bell: 19620 N underwater, 98100 N above water,
weight of chain: 39.24 N/m underwater, 49.05 N/m above water
19620  39.24  0   y  2    49.05  7   dy
2
100

0  0 y   0 y  
  19620    98100 1    49.05  7   y  2    dy
2
  2   2  
  98100  49.05  7   y  2    dy  2.75 106 J
5

(i.e. bell underwater + bell partially underwater + bell above water)