PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

OF TEXTILES

INTRODUCTION:
Spinning is a twisting technique to form yarn from fibers.
The fiber intended is drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a
bobbin. A few popular fibers that are spun into yarn other than
cotton, which is the most popular, are bamboo, and synthetic
polyester. Originally done by hand using a spindle whorl,
starting in the 500s AD the spinning wheel became the
predominant spinning tool across Asia and Europe. The
spinning jenny and spinning mule, invented in the late 1700s,
made mechanical spinning far more efficient than spinning by
hand, and especially made cotton manufacturing one of the
most important industries of the Industrial Revolution.

PROFILE OF THE COMPANY :

COMPANY NAME :SRI RAMMOHAN TEXTILES
ADDRESS :
BOARD OF DIRECTORS : K.C.Rammohan.
K.A.Chinnaiah raj.
YEARS OF ESTABLISHMENT:1986
RAW MATERIAL: COTTON (WHITE)
RAW MATERIAL LOCATION: Andra Pradesh,Karnataka,
Maharastra.
FINAL PRODUCT: YARN(WHITE)
PROCESS: The raw cotton will be converted into a
White yarn. The manufacturing process of
yarn is included drawing,simplex
as OE machinery process.

RAW MATERIALS:
 Yarn can be made from a number of natural or synthetic
fibers, or a blend of natural and synthetic fibers.
 Natural fibers
 Synthetic fibers

Natural fibers :

Cotton:

The most common plant fiber is cotton, which is

typically spun into fine yarn for mechanical weaving or
knitting into cloth.
In Rammohan textiles
1 KG COTTON = 225 -315 RUPEES.

Silk:
 Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can
be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed
mainly of fibroin and is produced by the larvae of the moth
Bombyx mori. Silk production is thought to have begun in
China and silk thread and cloth manufacture was well-
established by the Shang dynasty (1600-1050 BCE).
Linen:

Linen is another natural fiber with a long history of use

for yarn and textiles. The linen fibers are derived from the flax
plant.
Other plant fibers:
 Other plant fibers which can be spun include bamboo,
hemp, maize, nettle, and soy fiber.
Animal fibers:

The most commonly spun animal fiber is wool harvested

from sheep. Shearing sheep helps the sheep regulate their
body temperature and avoid pests. Other animal fibers used
include alpaca, angora, mohair, llama, cashmere, and silk.
More rarely, yarn may be spun from camel, yak, possum,
musk ox, vicuña, cat, dog, wolf, rabbit, bison, or chinchilla
hair, as well as turkey or ostrich feathers. Natural fibers such
as these have the advantage of being slightly elastic and very
breathable while trapping a great deal of air, making for some
of the warmest fabrics.

Synthetic fibers:
 Some examples of synthetic fibers that are used as yarn
are nylon, acrylic fiber, rayon, and polyester. Synthetic fibers
are generally extruded in continuous strands of gel-state
materials. These strands are drawn (stretched), annealed
(hardened), and cured to obtain properties dsesirable for later
processing. Synthetic fibers come in three basic forms: staple,
tow, and filament. Staple is cut fibers, generally sold in
lengths up to 120 mm. Tow is a continuous "rope" of fibers
consisting of many filaments loosely joined side-to-side.
Filament is a continuous strand consisting of anything from 1
filament to many. Synthetic fiber is most often measured in a
weight per linear measurement basis, along with cut length.
Denier and Dtex are the most common weight to length
measures. Cut-length only applies to staple fiber. Filament
extrusion is sometimes referred to as "spinning" but most
people equate spinning with spun yarn production.

Yarn from recycled materials:

 T-shirt yarn is a yarn made from the same fabric as is
used in T-shirts and other wearable. It is often made from the
remainder fabric of clothing manufacture, and therefore is
considered a recycled and green product. It can also be made
at home out of used clothing. The resulting yarn can be used
in knitted or crocheted items.

WHERE TO BUY RAW MATERIALS…?

The company mainly used raw material is cotton

The company buys a large amount of cotton from many
states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil nadu.

Maharashtra:
Maharashtra is the largest producer and produces 29.78
per cent of the total cotton production of India. Maharashtra is
a traditional producer of cotton. The lava soil of Deccan
plateau is world renowned for cotton production and is
popularly known as the black cotton soil.
Karnataka:
 The state also contributes to 11% of the country’s total
wool production. 6% of the cotton produced in the country
comes from Karnataka. Karnataka ranks at the second
position in garment exports when the value of the exports is
considered. The present garment export of Karnataka is
estimated to be around Rs. 4000 crores.

S.NO STATE AREA YIELD PRODUCTI

(LAKH (KG/ ON (LAKH
HECTARE HECTA BALES*)
S) RE)
1. Gujarat 30.06 707 125
2. Maharasht 41.92 345 85
ra
3. Telangana 16.51 515 50
4. Karnataka 7.60 626 28
5. Andhra 7.36 624 28
Pradesh
6. Haryana 6.39 665 25
7. Madhya 5.79 528 18
Pradesh
8. Rajasthan 4.16 695 17
9. Punjab 4.50 529 14
10. Tamil 0.70 1214 5
Nadu
*1 Bale is of 170 Kg

TRANSPORT:
 The bulk amount of cotton transports through Truck,
Bus, Lorry and Train….etc

SPINNING:
Spinning is the twisting together of drawn-out strands of
fibers to form yarn, and is a major part of the textile industry.

TYPES OF SPINNING:

1. Wet spinning. Wet spinning is the oldest of the five

processes.
2. Dry spinning. A solution consisting of a fiber-forming
material and a solvent is extruded through a spinneret.
3. Melt spinning. Melt spinning is used for polymers that
can be melted.
4. Gel spinning.
5. Electro spinning.

PRODUCTION PROCESS:
BLOW ROOM

Processing are carried out in the Blow Room of a

Spinning Mill. First stage of Spinning involves converting
lightly compressed Cotton bales into the form of Opened and
Cleaned Fiber Flocks. Blow Room At this process the Fibers
in Bale form will be loosen, opened and cleaned. This is the
starting stage of Spinning Process.
CARDING:
 Carding is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans
and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web or sliver
suitable for subsequent processing. This is achieved by
passing the fibres between differentially moving surfaces
covered with "card clothing", a firm flexible material
embedded with metal pins. It breaks up locks and unorganised
clumps of fibre and then aligns the individual fibres to be
parallel with each other. In preparing wool fibre for spinning,
carding is the step that comes after teasing.
Carding: The fibres are separated and then assembled
into a loose strand (sliver or tow) at the conclusion of this
stage.
The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and
is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the
fibres nicely to make them easier to spin. The carding
machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones
surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered with small teeth,
and as the cotton progresses further on the teeth get finer (i.e.
closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the
form of a sliver; a large rope of fibres.
In a wider sense carding can refer to the four processes
of willowing, lapping, carding and drawing. In willowing the
fibres are loosened. In lapping the dust is removed to create a
flat sheet or lap of fibres; Carding itself is the combing of the
tangled lap into a thick rope or sliver of 1/2 inch in diameter,
it can then be optionally combed, is used to remove the
shorter fibres, creating a stronger yarn.
In drawing a drawing frame combines 4 slivers into one.
Repeated drawing increases the quality of the sliver allowing
for finer counts to be spun. Each sliver will have thin and
thick spots, and by combining several slivers together a more
consistent size can be reached.
Since combining several slivers produces a very thick
rope of cotton fibres, directly after being combined the slivers
are separated into rovings. These rovings (or slubbings) are
then what are used in the spinning process.
For machine processing, a roving is about the width of a
pencil. The rovings are collected in a drum and proceed to the
slubbing frame which adds twist, and winds onto bobbins.
Intermediate Frames are used to repeat the slubbing process to
produce a finer yarn, and then the roving frames reduces it to
a finer thread, gives more twist, makes more regular and even
in thickness, and winds onto a smaller tube.
The carders used currently in woolen mills differ very
little from machines used 20 to 50 years ago, and in some
cases, the machines are from that era.
Machine carders vary in size from the one that easily fits
on the kitchen table, to the carder that takes up a full room.

A carder that takes up a full room works very similarly,

the main difference being that the fibre goes through many
more drums often with intervening cross laying to even out
the load on the subsequent cards, which normally get finer as
the fibre progresses through the system.
When the fibre comes off the drum, it is in the form of a
bat – a flat, orderly mass of fibres. If a small drum carder is
being used, the bat is the length of the circumference of the
big drum and is often the finished product. A big drum carder,
though, will then take that bat and turn it into roving, by
stretching it thinner and thinner, until it is the desired
thickness (often rovings are the thickness of a wrist). (A rolag
differs from a roving because it is not a continuous strand, and
because the fibres end up going across instead of along the
strand.) Cotton fibres are fed into the machine, picked up and
brushed onto flats when carded.
Some hand-spinners have a small drum carder at home
especially for the purpose of mixing together the different
coloured fibre that are bought already carded.

COMBING:
 Combing is a method for preparing carded fibre for
spinning. Combing is divided into linear and circular
combing. The Noble comb is an example of circular combing.
The French comb is an example of linear combing. The
process of combing is accompanied by gilling, a process of
evening out carded or combed top making it suitable for
spinning. Combing separates out short fibres by means of a
rotating ring or rectilinear row of steel pins. The fibres in the
'top' it produces have been straightened and lie parallel to each
other. When combing wool, the discarded short fibres are
called noils, and are ground up into shoddy.
There are two main systems of preparing fibre for yarn:
the worsted system and the woolen system. The worsted
system is defined by the removal of short fibres by combing
and top preparation by gilling. In the woolen system, short
fibres are retained, and it may or may not involve combing.
In cotton manufacture, the Heilmann comber was
superseded by the Naismith comber. In the worsted process a
Noble comber was a common make, but now a French
comber is more common.
The Noble comb is no longer used in worsted system as
technology is inefficient. Noble combing may have used for
woolen system or long fibres 250 mm+. The predominant
technology for all fibres is the French comb system. A cotton
comber is scaled and simplified mechanically version of a
rectilinear comb relative to a mean fibre length (similar to
Naismith comber). This scaled version of the wool comb can
be seen in a stroke of the components used in a cotton
comber. The scaled down has the purpose of accommodating
fibre length and fibre physics requirements. The same scaled-
up version of a comb can be seen in the way flax is combed.

SIMPLEX/SPEED FRAME:

Simplex Machine for spinning process is industrial

machinery used for spinning process of Textile technology to
transform the drawn sliver into roving. The main function of
simplex machine is the attenuation of drawn sliver and insert
small amount of twist to give required strength of roving.
Finally, the twisted roving is wound on to bobbin.

Simplex machine is used to the carded and combed yarn

process but for the rotor spinning system this process can be
eliminated.
 Functions of this Spinning Machines

 Drafting: The main task of the spinning machines to

attenuation of the sliver to required count of the roving.
 Twisting: To hold it together, small amount of twist is
inserted. The numbers of twist is very low.
 Winding: To easily transport the twisted roving, it winds
onto the bobbin  developed by textile machine
manufacturers
Recent Developments of Simplex Machine

 Higher flyer speed: maximum 2000rpm. 1000~1500rpm is

commonly used.
 Improved drafting system: for example, SKF PK1500 and
SKF PK1600. Apron drafting, better control of fibre and
draft range 4-20.
 Improved flyer design
 Higher flyer speed: up to 1500 rpm
 Plastic flyer: Light in weight, enables higher flyer speed and
less power consumption.
 Top mounted flyer
 No spindle is used; flyer gets drives from the top.
 Suction unit in the drafting zone.
 Data collection system.
 Automatic Tension Control device(ATC)
 Improved building mechanism
 Higher content of roving
 Sliver stop motion
 Roving stop motion
 Separate flyer and bobbin drive
 Over Headed Traveling cleaner(OHTC) is used
 Speed profile
 Desired doff length can be achieved
 False twister
 Equal angle of roving
 Computerized monitor
 Inching motion
 Gearing in the oil bath for smooth running of the machine
and high production.
Main Parts of Spinning Machines of Textile Technology

Simplex machine parts

 Creel
 Sliver guide roller
 Condenser
 Pressure arm
 Drafting roller
 Cradle
 Top cloth roller
 Flyer
 Roving rail

RING FRAME:

Ring spinning is a method of spinning fibres, such as

cotton, flax or wool, to make a yarn. The ring frame
developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a
descendant of Arkwright's water frame. Ring spinning is a
continuous process, unlike mule spinning which uses an
intermittent action.
In ring spinning, the roving is first attenuated by using
drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating
spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently
rotating ring flyer. Traditionally ring frames could only be
used for the coarser counts, but they could be attended by
semi-skilled labour.

WINDING:

The formation of big yarn packages which can be

smoothly unwound, during next process is known as winding.
Winding is the most essential process both of yarn
manufacturing and fabric manufacturing. The main purpose of
winding is to make a suitable package for both woven and
knitted fabric production. The most common packages are
cone and cheese packages. Both packages are cross wound
package.

Winding Mechanism in Textile:

The winding mechanism for cross winding is mainly of

two types. They are-
 1. Random winding
2. Precision winding

Random Winding:

The principle of random winding system is rotating

winding package through frictional contact with rotating
drum. This type of drive is also called surface drive.

Two methods of yarn traversing are usually employed:

 The first one is winding system with grooved drum

traverse in which a drum carries spiral slots or grooves.
Yarn follows the grooves cut on drum surface and is
moved to and fro to traverse yarn across package length.

 The second is winding system with a plain face drum for

rotating package and cam traverse in which a yarn
traversing guide that follows a grooved cam moves yarn to
and fro across the length of the package.
Precision Winding:

 The principle of precision winding is driving the package

by mounting it on a spindle which is positively driven
from motor.
 Traversing cam is driven from spindle shaft through a
train of gears.

YARN:
 Yarn can be defined as an extensive length of linked
fibers formed by attenuation and twist which meets the
demand of basic raw materials for the production of textiles,
especially in knitting, weaving, sewing, embroidery as well as
cable and cord making. The process of manufacturing yarn is
called spinning.

STRUCTURE:
Spun yarn :

Spun yarn is made by twisting staple fibers together to

make a cohesive thread, or "single." Twisting fibers into yarn
in the process called spinning can be dated back to the Upper
Paleolithic, and yarn spinning was one of the first processes to
be industrialized.
 Spun yarns are produced by placing a series of individual
fibers or filaments together to form a continuous assembly of
overlapping fibers, usually bound together by twist. Spun
yarns may contain a single type of fiber, or be a blend of
various types. Combining synthetic fibers (which can have
high strength, luster, and fire retardant qualities) with natural
fibers (which have good water absorbency and skin
comforting qualities) is very common. The most widely used
blends are cotton-polyester and wool-acrylic fibre blends.
Blends of different natural fibers are common too, especially
with more expensive fibers such as alpaca, angora and
cashmere.
Yarn is selected for different textiles based on the
characteristics of the yarn fibers, such as warmth (wool), light
weight (cotton or rayon), durability (nylon is added to sock
yarn, for example), or softness (cashmere, alpaca).
Yarn is composed of twisted strands of fiber, which are
known as plies when grouped together. These strands of yarn
are twisted together (plied) in the opposite direction to make a
thicker yarn. Depending on the direction of this final twist, the
yarn will have either s-twist (the threads appear to go "up" to
the left) or z-twist (to the right). For a single ply yarn, the
direction of the final twist is the same as its original twist.
The twist direction of yarn can affect the final properties
of the fabric, and combined use of the two twist directions can
nullify skewing in knitted fabric. The mechanical integrity of
yarn is derived from frictional contacts between its composing
fibers. The science behind this was first studied by Galileo.
Carded and combed yarn:
Combed yarns are produced by adding another step of
yarn spinning, namely combing, which aligns the fibers and
removes the short fibers carried over from the previous step of
carding. Combed yarn results in superior-quality fabrics. In
comparison to carded yarns, this particular yarn is slightly
more expensive, because the weaving is a long, consuming
process. Combining separates small fibers from elongated
fibers, in which this procedure makes the yarn softer and
smoother.
Hosiery yarn:
Hosiery yarns are used in the manufacturing of Knitted
fabrics. Since the knitted materials are more delicate than
woven materials; hence hosiery yarns are made 'softer' with
fewer twists per inch than their woven counterparts. Hosiery
yarn comes from a separate spinning process, and is used with
circular knitting machines to form fabric.
Open-end yarn:
Open-end yarn is produced by open-end spinning
without a spindle. The method of spinning is different from
ring spinning. In open-end yarn, there is no roving frame
stage. Sliver from the card goes into the rotor, is spun into
yarn directly. Open-end yarn can be produced from shorter
fibers. Open-end yarns are different from ring yarns. Open-
end yarns are limited to coarser counts.
Novelty yarn:
Novelty yarns or complex yarns are the yarns with
special (fancy) effects introduced during spinning or plying.
One example is Slub yarns; the slub effect means a yarn with
thick and thin sections alternating regularly or irregularly. In a
similar manner creating deliberate unevenness, Additions or
injections of naps or metallic or synthetic fibers (along with
natural fibers) in spinning creates beautiful yarns.
Filament yarn:
Filament yarn consists of filament fibers (very long
continuous fibers) either twisted together or only grouped
together. Thicker monofilaments are typically used for
industrial purposes rather than fabric production or
decoration. Silk is a natural filament, and synthetic filament
yarns are used to produce silk-like effects.
Texturized yarn:
Texturized yarns are made by a process of air texturizing
filament yarns (sometimes referred to as taslanizing), which
combines multiple filament yarns into a yarn with some of the
characteristics of spun yarns. They are synthetic continuous
filaments that are modified to impart special texture and
appearance. It was originally applied to synthetic fibers to
reduce transparency, slipperiness and increase warmth,
absorbency and makes the yarn more opaque. It was used to
manufacture a variety of textile products: knitted underwear
and outer wear, shape-retaining knitted suits, overcoats. They
also were used in the production of artificial fur, carpets,
blankets, etc.
COLOUR:
Yarn comes in many different colors
Yarn may be used undyed, or may be coloured with natural
or artificial dyes. Most yarns have a single uniform hue, but
there is also a wide selection of variegated yarns

 Heathered or tweed: yarn with flecks of different coloured

fibre
 Ombre: variegated yarn with light and dark shades of a
single hue
 Multicolored: variegated yarn with two or more distinct
hues (a "parrot colourway" might have green, yellow and
red)
 Self-striping: yarn dyed with lengths of colour that will
automatically create stripes in a knitted or crocheted object
 Marled: yarn made from strands of different-coloured yarn
twisted together, sometimes in closely related hues

A comparison of yarn weights (thicknesses): the top skein

is aran weight, suitable for knitting a thick sweater or hat. The
manufacturer's recommended knitting gauge appears on the
label: 5 to 7 stitches per inch using size 4.5 to 5.1 mm needles.
The bottom skein is sock weight, specifically for knitting
socks. Recommended gauge: 8 to 10 stitches per inch, using
size 3.6 to 4.2 mm needles.Spool of all purpose sewing thread,
closeup shows texture of 2-ply, Z-twist, mercerized cotton
with polyester core.
Weight:
Yarn quantities for handcrafts are usually measured and
sold by weight in ounces (oz) or grams (g). Common sizes
include 25g, 50g, and 100g skeins. Some companies also
primarily measure in ounces with common sizes being three-
ounce, four-ounce, six-ounce, and eight-ounce skeins. Textile
measurements are taken at a standard temperature and
humidity, because fibers can absorb moisture from the air.
The actual length of the yarn contained in a ball or skein can
vary due to the inherent heaviness of the fibre and the
thickness of the strand; for instance, a 50 g skein of lace
weight mohair may contain several hundred metres, while a
50 g skein of bulky wool may contain only 60 metres.
There are several thicknesses of craft yarn, referred to as
weight. This is not to be confused with the measurement and
weight listed above. The Craft Yarn Council of America is
making an effort to promote a standardized industry system
for measuring this, numbering the weights from 0 (finest) to 7
(thickest).
Each weight can be described by a number and name.
Size 0 yarn is called Lace, size 1 is Super Fine, size 2 is Fine,
size 3 is Light, size 4 is Medium, size 5 is Bulky, size 6 is
Super Bulky, and size 7 is Jumbo.
Each weight also has several common, unregulated terms
associated with it. However, this naming convention is more
descriptive than precise; fibre artists disagree about where on
the continuum each lies, and the precise relationships between
the sizes.
 These terms include, fingering, sport, double-knit (or
DK), worsted, aran (or heavy worsted), bulky, super-bulky,
and roving.
Another measurement of yarn weight, often used by
weavers, is wraps per inch (WPI). The yarn is wrapped snugly
around a ruler and the number of wraps that fit in an inch are
counted.
Labels on yarn for handicrafts often include information
on gauge, which can also help determine yarn weight. Gauge,
known in the UK as tension, is a measurement of how many
stitches and rows are produced per inch or per cm on a
specified size of knitting needle or crochet hook.
The proposed standardization uses a four-by-four
inch/ten-by-ten cm knitted stockinette or single crocheted
square, with the resultant number of stitches across and rows
high made by the suggested tools on the label to determine the
gauge. In Europe, textile engineers often use the unit Tex,
which is the weight in grams of a kilometre of yarn, or
decitex, which is a finer measurement corresponding to the
weight in grams of 10 km of yarn. Many other units have been
used over time by different industries.
Yarn size
Depending on the exact yarn weight and the gauge of the
knitter or crocheter and how tight or loose the yarn is held, the
gauge listed below can vary. For this reason it is important to
check the gauge of the pattern being used to be sure so the
finished project is the desired size. Most patterns have a listed
gauge to create an item of the size(s) indicated in the pattern.
 Knitting
Crochet
gauge Metric US
gauge US
Category Metric (number of knitting knitting
Symbol Description (single hook
name hook size stitches per needle needle
crochet to size
four size size
four inch)
inches)

Lace fingering, 33 - 40 sts 1.5 - B-1 33 - 40 sts 1.5mm -

crochet 10- 2.25 mm 2.25mm
count thread

Super fine sock, fingering, 21 - 32 sts 2.25 - B-1 - 27 - 32 sts 2.25mm

baby 3.5 mm E-4 -3.25mm

Fine sport, baby 16 - 20 sts 3.5 - E-4 - 23 -26 sts 3.25mm

4.5 mm 7 -
3.75mm

Light DK, light 12 - 17 sts 4.5 - 7 - I- 21 - 24 sts 3.75mm

worsted 5.5 mm 9 - 4.5mm

Medium worsted, 11 - 14 sts 5.5 - I-9 - 16 - 20 sts 4.5mm -

Afghan, Aran 6.5 mm K-10 5.5mm
1/2

Bulky chunky, craft, 8 - 11 sts 6.5 - 9 mm K-10 12 - 15 sts 5.5mm -

rug 1/3 - 8mm
M-13

Super bulky, roving 5 - 9 sts 9 - 15mm M-13 7 - 11 sts 8mm -

Bulky -Q 12.75mm

Q 12.75mm
6 sts and 15mm and 6 sts and
Jumbo jumbo, roving and and
fewer higher fewer
larger higher
Packing:

Fibre Packing Density of Yarn Density of yarn is limited

to density of fibre of which it is composed.Maximum value is
known as packing coefficient and this limit is decided by
amount of twist. Packing coefficient (Pc) = Yarn
Density/Fibre Density
Yarn is packaged (or put up) in different forms: balls,
skeins (rhymes with canes), and hanks. The differences in
yarn packaging shouldn't have much effect on the yarn you
choose, but the shape does determine how you work with
them.
 Ball: Yarn that's well, wrapped into a ball shape.

 Skein: Yarn wrapped in a loose twist. Yarn packaged as balls

and skeins come ready to knit. After you find the end, you can
cast on and go.

 Hank: Yarn wound into a large circle and then folded. You
need to wind hanks into a ball before you can use them. If you
try to knit with the yarn in hank form, you’ll quickly end up
with a tangled mess.

Your local yarn store may offer a winding service to

convert hanks of yarn to balls by using a yarn (or ball) winder
and a swift — two pieces of equipment that allow you to
make an easy-to-use “cake” of yarn that sits flat while you
knit it. If you find yourself with many hanks to wind, you can
even buy your own winder and swift.
MAINTANENCE:

Fireproof construction

Cotton mills were huge fire risks, cotton fibres in the air
could form an explosive mixture in their gas-lit interiors. The
first mills using fireproof construction were built in
Shropshire and Derbyshire in the 1790s and Philips & Lee's
mill built in Salford in 1801–2. Fireproofing took the form of
cast iron columns and beams from which sprang jack arches
that were infilled with ash or sand and covered with stone
flags or floorboards. In some mills timber was also eliminated
from the roof structure which was supported by cast or
wrought iron trusses. Until the properties of cast iron were
properly understood some mills constructed using the early
technology collapsed. In Manchester extensive testing of cast
iron as a structural material was carried out by Eaton
Hodgkinson and William Fairbairn in the early 1820s.
Fireproof construction was expensive and timber, sometimes
clad in plaster or metal continued to be used throughout the
19th century. Rolled steel beams and reinforced concrete
flooring was introduced in a limited way in the 1880s but not
widely adopted in Lancashire mills until the 20th century.
Other factors
Cotton is sensitive to temperature and humidity. Heating
systems used wrought iron pipes suspended at a height of 7
feet (2.1 m) to carry steam under pressure. In summer the
system was barely used but in winter the boilers would be
fired up two hours before the shift started to warm up the mill.
As heat was applied the humidity dropped and system of
humidifiers, either atomizers which played an air jet against a
jet of water or ones that injected a stream/air mixture into the
room.
Early fire fighting systems used sprinklers supplied by
water captured on flat roofs in shallow tanks. Later mills had a
water tank at the top of the stair tower. Water for the
sprinklers had to be protected from freezing and evaporation.
Water pressure needed to be above 7 psi and the header tank
at least 15 feet (4.6 m) above the highest sprinkler. The
provision of light, water tanks and heating system defined the
structure and shape of the mill.
Health of the workers:
A cotton mill was not a healthy place to work. The air in
the mill had to be hot and humid to prevent the thread from
breaking: 18 °C to 26 °C and 85% humidity was normal. The
air in the mill was thick with cotton dust, which could lead to
byssinosis – a lung disease.
Protective masks were introduced after the war, but few
workers wore them as they made them uncomfortable in the
stifling conditions. The same applied to ear protectors.
 The air led to skin infections, eye infections, bronchitus
and tuberculosis. The noise levels in a weaving shop, where
the shuttles in 500 plus looms were being thumped 200 times
a minute led to levels of deafness in all who worked there.
The lubrication was carcinogenic and led to cancers of the
mouth and cancer of the scrotum; known as mule-spinners
cancer.
A mill worker could expect to work a thirteen-hour day,
six days a week with two weeks off for the wakes week
holidays in summer. Unsurprisingly, a series of Factory Acts
were passed to attempt to ameliorate these conditions.
In the early days when the cotton towns were expanding
rapidly, living conditions for the workers were poor. Badly
planned housing was seriously overcrowded. Open sewers and
shared privies led to diseases such as cholera; Manchester was
hit by an epidemic in 1831 that claimed hundreds of lives.
In Rammohan textiles
Production team
Gents = 40
Ladies = 50
H.R department
Total = 10
Finance department
Total = 15
Marketing department
Total = 10
MARKETTING:

GLOBAL MARKETTING:

Textile yarns are majorly used in the textile industry

for the manufacturing of apparel, home textiles, medical, and
sports products. The global textile yarn market will be
growing at a CAGR of 4.2% to reach $15.20 Billion by 2025
from $12.1 Billion in 2019 during 2019-2025.

From 2013 to 2019, the most notable rate of growth in

terms of cotton yarn production, amongst the leading
producing countries, was attained by Viet Nam (+24.2%),
while cotton yarn production for the other global leaders
experienced more modest paces of growth.

Global Textile Yarn Market: Competitive Players

The major market players in the global textile yarn market are

 Parkdale Mills Incorporated

 Hengli Group
 Kairuide Hulding Co Ltd.
 Vardhman Textiles Limited
 Birleik Koyunlulular Mensucat TIC. V.
 Weiqiao Textile Company Limited
 E SAN.
  Low & Bonar Plc.
 Raymond Limited
 Huvis Corporation
 Grasim Industries Limited

DOMESTIC MARKETTING:
The textile industry in India traditionally, after
agriculture, is the only industry that has generated huge
employment for both skilled and unskilled labour. The textile
industry continues to be the second-largest employment
generating sector in the India. It offers direct employment to
over 35 million in the country.
 According to the Ministry of Textiles, the share of
textiles in total exports during April–July 2010 was 11.04%.
During 2009–2010, the Indian textile industry was pegged at
US$55 billion, 64% of which services domestic demand. In
2010, there were 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135
textile finishing factories in all of India. According to AT
Kearney’s ‘Retail Apparel Index’, India was ranked as the
fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009.
India is the second largest producer of fibre in the world
and the major fibre produced is cotton. 60% of the Indian
textile industry is cotton-based. Other fibres produced in India
include silk, jute, wool, and man-made fibres.
India is first in global jute production and shares 63% of
the global textile and garment market. India is second in
global textile manufacturing and also second in silk and
cotton production. 100% FDI is allowed via automatic route
in textile sector. Rieter, Trutzschler, Saurer, Soktas, Zambiati,
Bilsar, Monti, CMT, E-land, Nisshinbo, Marks & Spencer,
Zara, Promod, Benetton, and Levi’s are some of the foreign
textile companies invested or working in India. Between
January and July 2021, India exported textile products worth
Rs 1.77 lakh crore, which is 52.6 per cent more than the same
period last year.
Mumbai, Tiruppur and Erode are mainly deal with
Rammohan textiles.
In Rammohan textiles

1KG YARN = 300 – 315 rupees.

USES:

Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres,

suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing,
crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, or rope
making. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand
or machine. Yarn is used in multiple different clothing types
and as a necessity for other things. It is commonly used when
knitting beanies, gloves, weaving wool sweaters, cardigans,
and jackets. Additionally, it can be used to make soft, warm
wool socks. Besides using yarn for clothing attire purposes, it
could also be used when doing arts and crafts such as making
puppets, do-it-yourself pom poms, or as a decorative
appliance. Moreover, you can make a lot more do-it-yourself
projects with knitting yarn, like knitting a cup holder or a
basket. Uses of Cotton Yarn because cotton makes for a soft
baby yarn, knitters love to make cool cotton knit blankets.
Cotton also makes some of the best baby blankets.