Scribd
Upload
39 views

Lecture 1 Signals

This document summarizes key topics from Lecture 1 of a Digital Signal Processing course. It discusses definitions of signals and systems, differences between continuous and discrete time signals, common signal operations like flipping, scaling and shifting, properties of signals including even/odd and periodicity. It also introduces important signals like the delta function, unit step function and their relationship. It demonstrates decomposing signals into even and odd parts using MATLAB. Finally, it discusses converting between Cartesian and polar forms of complex exponential signals and conditions for discrete time signals to be periodic.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Osama Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views

Lecture 1 Signals

This document summarizes key topics from Lecture 1 of a Digital Signal Processing course. It discusses definitions of signals and systems, differences between continuous and discrete time signals, common signal operations like flipping, scaling and shifting, properties of signals including even/odd and periodicity. It also introduces important signals like the delta function, unit step function and their relationship. It demonstrates decomposing signals into even and odd parts using MATLAB. Finally, it discusses converting between Cartesian and polar forms of complex exponential signals and conditions for discrete time signals to be periodic.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Osama Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Digital Signal Processing

Lecture 1 Contents (Signals)


Follows Section 2.1 of the textbook (Proakis and
Manolakis, 4th ed.).

By
Dr. Muhammad Imran Farid
Lecture 1 Contents
• What is a signal? What is a system?
• Continuous time vs. discrete time (analog vs. digital)
• Signal transformations
• Flipping/time reversal
• Scaling
• Shifting
• Combining transformations; order of operations
• Signal properties
• Even and odd
• Decomposing a signal into even and odd parts (with Matlab demo)
Lecture 1 Contents
• Periodicity
• Special signals
• The delta function
• The unit step function
• The relationship between the delta and step functions
• Decomposing a signal into delta functions
• The sampling property of delta functions
• Complex number review (magnitude, phase, Euler's formula)
• Real sinusoids (amplitude, frequency, phase)
• Real exponential signals
• Complex exponential signals
Digital Signal Processing
Lecture 1 (Signals)

By
Dr. Muhammad Imran Farid
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is a discrete version of Signal and Systems
• Basic Operations to a signal
Verify by plugging some numer
shift

flip

Check by plugin values


scale

to check
% code for even and odd in DSP Lecture 1
clear all;
close all;
clc;

x = rand(1,9) - 0.5;
figure(1), stem(x,'LineWidth',2);

% to make the middle value zero


figure(2), stem(-4:4, x,'LineWidth',2);

% flip version of x
negx = fliplr(x); % flip left to right
figure(3), stem(-4:4, negx,'LineWidth',2);

% even and odd part of x


evx = (x + negx)/2;
odx = (x - negx)/2;
figure(4), stem(-4:4, evx,'LineWidth',2);
figure(5), stem(-4:4, odx,'LineWidth',2);

% verify whether we get beck original signal from even odd or nor ?
q = evx + odx;
figure(6), stem(-4:4, q,'LineWidth',2);
(signal repeats after certain integer)
Delta function

Unit Step
function
• An another way of seeing the relationship between continuous and discrete delta
function
derivative
Continuous time Continuous Time
step function delta function

Life is easier in
digital world

Delta function is just the


difference between the
two step functions

Analogy to continuous part


• For every value of k of delta, we are multiplying it with the corresponding values of X and add them all
up to get X[n]
• We use it a lot in convolution etc….
• Lets say we have a signal as a function of
k

• We can pick up any value of signal using delta function


Cartesian to
polar

Polar to
Cartesian
Not periodic (because amplitude change) but a sense of
Real envelope on
periodicity inside the envelope
top of sinusoid

• If r < 0 it’s the decreasing envelope


• If r = 0 we don’t have envelope and it’s the regular sine and cosine
• If r > 0 it’s the increasing envelope
• In a similar way in discrete time signal
• In a similar way in discrete time signal

𝛽<0

• If 𝛽 < 0 it’s the decreasing envelope


• If 𝛽 = 0 we don’t have envelope and it’s the regular sine and cosine
• If 𝛽 > 0 it’s the increasing envelope
• If we add 2𝜋 in any frequency, we ends up getting the same frequency
• Means there is no infinitely high frequencies in discrete time world
The lowest frequency one can get in
discrete world is one

• The highest frequency one can get


in discrete world is the back and
forth as quickly as possible
• This is the as fast digitally we can
go
Ideal

in practice

• Aim is to design a filter as close as possible to the ideal


• We need to be careful to determine whether a signal is periodic in the discrete world.
• Cosine is periodic but that is not always true in discrete world

Period looks like this


EXAMPLE:
for N to be an integer we must
have k = 2 for N to be 5

This will never be an integer


% code for even and odd in DSP Lecture 1
clear all;
close all;
clc;

n = -10:10;
x = cos(4*pi/5*n);
figure(1), stem(x,'LineWidth',2);

%non periodic example


x = cos(7*n);
figure(2), stem(x,'LineWidth',2);

• So we need to be very careful about very particular cosine that are periodic in discrete time world
• We will talk a lot about it in when Insha'Allah we will cover Fourier Series and Fourier Transform

You might also like