Fasep 902

DE“IGN REVIEW ADVI“ORY “ERVICE“

to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY
PROGRAMME

Sewerage and wastewater

treatment : design practices 14th June 2012
General Parameters

in Consortium with &

Presenter

Reshad LAULOO
Team Leader of FASEP team

2
Contents

Introduction
Main items discussed under the presentation
Population and activity
Water supply
Sewerage system
Wastewater generation に hydraulic load
Wastewater generation に organic load
Other variables
Analysis of existing situation

3
Introduction

4
Introduction

Main activity of the FASEP team defined in the ToR:

Assuring high quality regarding DPR already produced
DPR (particularly in the sewerage sector)

FASEP team shall provide a critical review on design norms, parameters,

practices and design methods

FASEP team shall ensure a holistic approach for each DPR

Lessons learned from previous GAP I and II shall be taken into account
in order to ensure the success of the National Ganga River Basin Project

5
 Introduction

Three supporting documents updated every year since 2010

providing guidelines for project preparation regarding sewerage
Operation Manual General review
August 2011

First user: NMCG, SPMG, EA,

Other main user : NGRBA, WB , ULB
Objective: Guidance for
implementation of the program,
including appraisal of sub-projects

NGRBA Guidelines Programme Framework

Dec 2010
Main support May 2011
documents: First user : Consultant
 Compendium Main user: WB, NGRBA,
Other main user : EA, ULB,
(August 2009) NMCG, SPMG, ULB, EA,
 CPHEEO SPMG
Consultant
(Dec 1993) Objective: Guidance for
Objective: Institutional and
preparation of projects
Financial Manual + ESMF
CLP FR DPR

Technical review

6
Introduction

Observation:
Discrepancy between these documents due to the time difference between
each edition
NGRBA Guidelines require some complements to
be in line with the 2 others documents
precise what is particularly expected at FR stage as well as at DPR stage
take into account international practice
First objective defined with NGRBA: edit the Operation Manual as soon as
possible (April 2012 ?) => acceptance of a discrepancy between the 3
supporting documents
Second objective for Fasep team: re-edit the 3 documents during
assignment in order to ensure coherency between them (September 2012 ?
= end of Fasep team assignment):
Technical review of NGRBA Guidelines as well as guidance and appraisal checklist
of Operation Manual

7
Introduction

Main data used for the review:

NGRBA Guidelines + complementary documents:
Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment made by the CPHEEO (Central
Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization) に MoUD に
December 1993,
Compendium of Sewage Treatment Technologies に MoEF/NRCD に August
2009,
Independent Review of Design, Operation and Maintenance of
Sewerage Treatment Plants adjacent to Ganges River に World Bank に
December 2010,
CLP (ie CSP or Master Plan or SIP etc) / FR / DPR / Bidding Document
reviewed until now,
Site visits,
International Fasep team experience.

8
Introduction

Current objective of CLP / FR / DPR / Bidding Document

Should provide proper analysis of the existing sanitation situation in the city
Should be the basis for planning and formulation projects in the city (on basis of CDP)
CLP Should be in line with master plans (ideally water, sewerage)

Should review / update (if required) data from CLP and define project design basis and major constraints
Should chose between centralized /decentralized system , prove project feasibility, work on alternative
FR systems (techno-economic analysis) and chose most cost effective (life cost) and feasible project option

Should provide further studies on options/alternatives (open trench/trenchless, pipe material, wastewater

DPR Should refine design of the most cost effective project option

Should be based on refined project design under DPR stage

S
Bidding O M
Document

9
Introduction

Current practice and international practice

Currently: description of existing sanitation situation but often no master plan for sanitation development
Consequently: no decision between centralized or decentralized sewerage scheme at this stage
CLP International practice: choice of centralized or decentralized sewerage scheme at this stage

Currently : one of the main purposes of FR is to chose between centralized or decentralized system
Consequently : scarcely other options/alternatives studied in detail at this stage
International practice : analysis of different options (open trench/trenchless, wastewater and sludge
FR

Currently : study options and detail option retained

Consequently : options and alternatives can be discussed only at this stage
International practice : study in detail the options retained at the FR stage and complement the FR by
DPR environmental, social, financial and economic analysis

Currently : bidding document based on final solution retained at DPR stage

International practice : similar but often open for alternatives (depending on contract form) with adapted
Bidding bidding evaluation (criteria)
Document

10
Introduction

Fasep team review until now (CLP/FR)

CLP and FR do often not provide sufficient data as required by NGRBA
Guideline (chapter 2 に collection of data)
Existing infrastructure
Water supply: Most of the documents reviewed do not provide clear view
of currently existing infrastructure
Drainage and sewerage system: Most of the documents reviewed provide
main figures but no critical analysis is done regarding lack of / existing
monitoring data
Existing service
Water supply : Documents provide neither figures for water production
during the last 10 years nor service rates in order to access the water
demand
Sewerage system : None of report access the service rate and the part of on
site sanitation???

11
Introduction

Fasep team review until now (CLP/FR)

Existing environmental conditions
Quality of Ganga upstream and downstream of the city: only half of the
documents reviewed deals with this important point
Estimation of the impact of the city on Ganga by estimating
- Volume treated and untreated
- Organic load discharging into Ganga and other water body recipient
 This approach is almost never done whereas survey about Nala was
often done

The benefit of the project in terms of environment is

difficult to assess for most of the projects

12
Introduction

Fasep team review until now (CLP/FR)

Hence analysis of existing situation is often weak (missing of important
data and no critical analysis of existing data)
Difficulty to assess main parameters for short and medium term design (risk
of under or overdesign)
No possibility to assess correctly the benefit of the project
Conceptual (holistic) approach incomplete

Following proposals shall ensure that authority /

consultant will carry out correctly the existing situation
analysis

13
Introduction

General parameters : 2 approaches

For STP and Major Works For Networks, Lifting Stations and PS
Macro approach at the city level Micro approach at the neighborghood level

STP Design Environmental Financial Sewer Network

impact analysis Design

14
Introduction

NGRBA Guideline に Design Horizon

Electromechanical devices: 15 years
Sewer lines: 30 years
STP design: 10 years with provision of land for 20 years more

Resulting horizon for the main components of the ongoing

project
2010-2011: Existing situation
2015: Time for the commissioning of the work
2025: Design year horizon for STP (first phase)
2030: Design year horizon for electromechanical devices of PS
2045: Design year horizon for sewer lines, civil work for PS as well as land
requirement for STP

15
Introduction

NGRBA Guideline

Similarly: CPHEEO is a tool for design of sewerage systems

It is now being reviewed
Critical analysis of results required

16
Population and activity

17
Population and activity

Population projection
NGRBA guidelines (p35 chap 4.5.2) as per CPHEEO manual : indication
of the recognized methods:
Arithmetical progression method
Incremental increase method The
second
Geometrical progression method most
Simple graphical projection method suitable
with
Semi-Log graphical method critic
Ratio method analysis

Land use and future density method according planned development

The most accurate /

required for sewer network design at FR
stage

18
Population and activity

Population projection に current non-adapted practice

Non-adapted practice:
Average of three different methods

No critical analysis of results:

- Resulting population density
- Resulting growth rate

No analysis of the potential for development of the city:

- Some cities are already saturated (e.g. : Baranagar with a density of
population around 35 000/km2 in 2001 ) => population decreased
slightly between 2001 and 2011 by 0,92%
- Some cities are reaching saturation stage (e.g.: Panihati) => sustained
growth for the next 35 years is unrealistic
- Some cities face economic regression (closure of main industry) =>
growth will slow down or even become negative

19
 Population and activity

Results of the non-adapted practice :

Consultant Difference between Census Growth rate Census Growth rate Growth rate
Census
City Projection and Consultant projection 2001 Consultant difference
2001 2011 2011 % 2001-2011 2001-2011
Allahabad 1 042 229 1 500 000 1 500 000 4,13%
Kanpur 2 715 555 3 420 000 3 420 000 2,60%
Barrackpore 144 391 164494 164 494 1,31%
Budge Budge 75 531 82400 82 400 0,67%
Halisahar 124 510 140 000 140 000 1,18%
Khamarhati 314 507 363 254 363 254 1,45%
Garulia 79 926 85 106 91 000 5 894 7% 0,63% 1,31% 0,7%
Khardah 116 252 111 130 132 000 20 870 19% -0,45% 1,28% 1,7%
Baranagar 250 768 248 466 290 000 41 534 17% -0,09% 1,46% 1,6%
Maheshtala 398 214 449 423 493 913 44 490 10% 1,22% 2,18% 1,0%
Panihati 348 379 383 522 406 857 23 335 6% 0,97% 1,56% 0,6%
Kolkata 4 580 544 4 784 797 4 784 797 0,44%

Over-estimation of the
Need to review the
population for most of the Increase of the over -
population projection
cities for 2011 according estimation for long term
according last census
the last census

20
Population and activity

Example: Panihati projection

45 000 inh/km2
38 000 inh/km2
31 000 inh/km2
26 000 inh/km2

21
Population and activity

High density population

does not correspond with cities under review
indicate significant presence of slum / over-populated suburb

22
Population and activity

Population projection
Requirement for critical analysis of the results and method retained
based on
Resulting growth rate
Resulting density
Attractiveness of the city to support high growth rate
Conversion of the slums in residential areas => reduction of the population
density in the medium-long term
ぐ
Each case (project) is different !

23
Population and activity

Activity
Main industry shall be described in the different reports:
Description of the activity and importance (number of employees)
Water consumption: volume (daily and yearly), informal supply/connected
to water supply network
Treatment facilities if any
Location of the discharge point
Quality of the effluent (to assess the environment impact)
Effect, if any, on the future municipal STP
Farmland availability and type of crop to assess:
Possibility for sludge disposal
Possibility for water reuse
Tourism activity => can impact significantly on the sewerage system
G R H A V

24
Water supply

25
Water supply

Water supply
Currently
Lack of analysis regarding the existing situation:
- No data regarding the yearly water production over the past years
(international practice: 10 years analysis)
 Difficulty to assess the evolution of the bulk water supply level
(lpcd)
- Weakness regarding the description of the water supply system:
 Water production capacity
 Network length
 Estimation of the UFW
 Average timing for water supply
 Effective connection rate
 Main big consumer => can impact the bulk water supply level
 Way to supply slum => can impact the bulk water supply level
ぐ
 Difficulty to assess the water consumption
 Agency in charge of the water production should provide data to the Consultant

26
 Water supply

Simple water cycle diagram at the city scale for ongoing year
should be provided for each project (CLP and updated for FR)
Resource Treatment Supply Consumption
Effective
Effective Effective
volume of
volume volume
water
produced supplied
abstracted
(MLD/d) (MLD/d)
Total Surface (MLD/d) Population &
Network:
Water Capacity Activities
Total Treatment Length (km)
(MLD/d) (domestic,
Capacity Connection
Total institutional,
(MLD/d) rate (%)
Groundwater commercial)
Leakage (%)
Capacity (MLD/d) In-house loss & Industry
between 5 and UFW
10% between 15
and 50%
Private wells
(MLD/d)
Effective volume
Should be assessed due to
consumed
no metering on the network
(MLD/d)

27
Water supply

Water supply
NGRBA guidelines: bulk water supply level can be used for long term at
it is a national goal

28
Water supply

Water supply
Water production (MLD) に UFW (MLD)
Maximum water supply level (lpcd) =
Total population (inh)

It is a Macro Approach:
- no distinction between residential area with high level of consumption
(> 135 lpcd) and slum (< 40 lpcd)
- no distinction between domestic, institutional and commercial
consumption
- no connection rate taken into account

 Due to no metering, this approach is justified

 At micro level, distinction to be made between areas

29
Water supply

Water supply
W !
Water demand = water consumption + UFW
Old networks can not have efficiency up to 75%
- average network efficiency in France 75% (with metering in place)
- 90 % efficiency can be reached with permanent control, metering...
NGRBA Guideline: UFW should be limited to 15 % => will take time because
requires metering, specific diagnosis, works to replace network with severe
leakage, specific teams controlling the network...
 Risk to over-estimate the wastewater generation due to too optimistic
assumption for UFW
 Financial risk if the cost recovery is based on a water tariff (volume which could
be charged could be less than expected)

30
Water supply

Water supply
The bulk water supply level projection has to follow a realistic evolution
to reach the national goal (time to increase water production, cover
rate, increasing of the living standard, implement appropriate
metering...)

31
Sewerage system

32
Sewerage system

Sewerage system
Currently
Lack of analysis regarding the existing situation
- No analysis of the survey conducted along Nala => no possibility to assess
the environmental impact of the sewage discharge
- Weakness regarding the description of the sewerage system
» Effective connection rate
» Network length
» Diagnosis of the existing facility
• Under operation or not
• If not, reason of the failure
• If under operation, is there any problem
- No data regarding the monitoring of the existing STP
- ぐ

33
 Sewerage system

Simple wastewater cycle diagram at the city scale for ongoing year
should be provided for each project (CLP and updated for FR)
Wastewater Discharge
Collection Non-
generation Treatment Ganga /
discharge
water body

Sewer
Effective STP: Effective
Network: V, BOD5 V, BOD5
Treated
Capacity
Length wastewater:
Monitoring
Population Connection Volume
(Quantity +
& Activities Effective rate (%) Organic load
V, BOD5 Effective Quality) Effective
(domestic, SPS V, BOD5
V, BOD5
institutional, WW + Untreated
commercial) Infiltration Effective wastewater:
& Industry Effective V, BOD5 Volume
Restitution V, BOD5 Nalas Organic load
rate system: Effective
Length V, BOD5 Water
Name reuse:
Effective Volume
WW + V, BOD5 Organic
Drain water load

34
Wastewater generation
Hydraulic load

35
Wastewater generation

Collection

Rain flow

Wastewater

Infiltration

To Nala / Recipient / STP

36
Wastewater generation

Hydraulic load is composed of

Wastewater: estimated through water consumption (water supply level)

and restitution rate (around 80%)

Infiltration water: estimated through measurement (night flow)

Drain water (if Nala connected): estimated through measurement

Rain water (during rain event): estimated through measurement and

according to what the network can accept (network modeling)

37
Wastewater generation

Hydraulic load

Restitution Design daily

rate (80%)
flow for STP

38
Wastewater generation

Current infiltration ratios used in India

Minimum value Maximum value

500 liters per km of 5,000 liters per km of

NGRBA Guidelines
network per day network per day

5,000 liters per ha 50,000 liters per ha

per day per day

500 liters per km of 5,000 liters per km of

CPHEEO manual
network per day network per day

250 liter per manhole 250 liter per manhole

per day per day

These ratios do not consider local soil and network conditions and even
maximum values are quite low, especially for areas with a high water table
and old sewer networks (West Bengal).
Furthermore, some discrepancies can be noted:
50,000 liter per ha per day and 5,000 liter per km of network per day result in
- 10 km of network per ha, which is an extremely dense network!
Wastewater generation

Comparison with international practice (Quebec)

Intensity of Domestic (separate) Combined or

Infiltration Network Pseudo separate
Problem Network
m3/ha/d l/cm在/km/d m3/ha/d l/cm在っﾆﾏっS

6 1500 8 2000
Low
12 3000 16 4000
Medium
24 6000 36 9000
High
Hydraulic approach

Design Basis: Example of Allahabad District C (hydraulic load)

TCE presentation (in DPR)

The volume required in 2010 is based on theoretical analysis - not on the

monitoring analysis
- Theoretical approach
» Total population (198,473 in 2010, 325,180 in 2025, 421,679 in 2040)
» 100% connection to water supply network
» 100% connection to sewerage system
» 132 lpcd sewage generation (based on 150 lpcd, reconversion factor 0,8,
10% infiltration)
- No analysis regarding impact of tourism activities and rainy season
Conclusion => STP should not yet be hydraulically overloaded

41
Wastewater generation

Design Basis: Example of Allahabad District C (hydraulic load)

Fasep team analysis

Impact of Salori STP already

Impact of overloaded at
tourism
rain specific times
(pilgrim)

42
Wastewater generation

Design Basis: Example of Allahabad District C (hydraulic load)

Fasep team analysis

Overload due to
Nala flow and
not only
wastewater

43
Wastewater generation

Wastewater generation
Organic load

44
Wastewater generation

CPHEEO
Pollution generation
BOD5: 45 g per cpd => 333 mg/L (for 135 lpcd)
SS: 90 g per cpd

However impact of
Septic tank (reduction by around 30% of the BOD5)
Cesspool
Open defecation
=> Concentration observed at the inlet of the STP much lower that what is
expected
Other variables

46
Other variables

Roughness Coefficient

Uniform, irrespective of pipe material に formation of a slime layer

Depends on workmanship and number of connections

Most codes of practice recommend a high roughness

Absolute roughness 1.5 mm (for use with Colebrook-White) for gravity
pipelines; 0.6 に 1 mm for pressure pipelines

47
Other variables

Peak factors
Represents relationship between peak and average flows
International Practice:

Country Peak Factor

Portugal 2.0-5.0 X domestic flow rate

France 1.5-4.0 X domestic flow rate

United Kingdom Up to 6.0 X domestic flow rate

48
Other variables

Peak factors
Are not uniform tend to decrease with population and flow

Various formulae exist

Harman:
Pf P
Where P is population in thousands

Assumes no seasonal variation

Pf Qav x ks]
Where : Pf is the peak factor,
Qav is the average flow calculated over 1 year, in l/s

49
Other variables

Small flows
For very small flows, method of design with peak factors will not work.
For one house only, Peak factor may be as much as 700

Source: Urban Drainage: D Butler and JW Davies

50
Other variables

Small flows
Resultant flows will depend on Probability of 2 or more units being
operated together
UK code BS EN 752 allows the use of a probability method of calculating
flows に until hydraulic calculation shows that 150 mm ND pipe is not
sufficient

Also: A pipe laid at 1:DN is deemed to achieve self cleansing velocity

Where DN is nominal diameter
No need for flushing
Keep a safety margin for workmanship.

51
Other variables

Small flows

Source: Urban Drainage: D Butler and JW Davies

52
Analysis of existing situation

53
Analysis of existing situation

Example Current situation:

100,000 PE (4,000 kg BOD5/d) – 50% collection rate (sewer + Nala)
Direct discharge
through Nala

Direct discharge 1,000 kg BOD5/d

through sewer

1,000 kg BOD5/d
Indirect collection
through Nala

Conventional
sewer network

Inlet :
2,000 kg BOD5/d

STP

200 kg BOD5/d BOD5 discharge: 2,200 kg DBO5/d

(90% efficiency)
Global efficiency: 45%

54
Analysis of existing situation
Long term situation (objective):
Example 100,000 PE (4,000 kg BOD5/d) – 100% collection rate through sewer
Direct discharge
through Nala

Direct discharge
through sewer
BOD5 discharge : 400 kg DBO5/d

Global efficiency : 90% Indirect collection

through Nala

BOD5 reduction due to project: 82%

Conventional
sewer network
 Analysis of existing situation is
required in order to define the
benefit of the project
STP

400 kg BOD5/d
(90% efficiency)

55
Analysis of existing situation
Short term situation (completion of STP):
Example 100,000 PE (4,000 kg BOD5/d) – 75% collection rate through sewer + Nala
tapping

Nala will carry on to collect part of

wastewater (time needed to reach
100% collection rate) which is
impacted by drainage (volume),
solid waste and animal
excrements (organic load)

 Requirement for treating main

Nala to limit impact on Ganga
at short and mid term

 Hydraulic and organic loads

from Nala to be treated at STP STP

 To be taken into consideration

for STP design as well as
interceptor

56
Fasep 902
DE“IGN REVIEW ADVI“ORY “ERVICE“
to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY
PROGRAMME

Sewerage and wastewater

treatment : design practices 14th June 2012
General Parameters

in Consortium with &

Fasep 902
DESIGN REVIEW and ADVISORY SERVICES
to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY
PROGRAMME
Sewerage and wastewater
treatment: design practices 14th June 2012
Sewer Network Design

in Consortium with &

Presenter

Elias KASSIS
Urban Water & Wastewater Planner
Of Fasep Team

2
Presentation and Discussion of
Sewer Network Design &
Implementation Issues

3
Sewer System

A wastewater collection system or sewer system, is intended

to serve urban areas. It is provided under roads and access

Beneficiaries of a sewer system are usually supplied in water

with a piped network
The sewer system can be either of a combined or of a
separate type
Combined type sewer system is usually equipped with
overflow weirs for the discharge, during heavy rains, of a part
of the diluted sewage flow into the nearby receiving water
body.

4
Projected improvements By Authorities
within the Project Area

With the construction of treatment facilities to stop

discharging the polluted flow into the River, a decision has
been taken to switch to a separate type wastewater collection
A new system intended for the collection of the wastewater
flow exclusively is expected in most cities & towns
A transition period will be required for such conversion. It
may last several years and will depend on site constraints and
allocated budget
Connection works in old neighborhoods may last longer than
expected (narrow streets, lack of information, etc..)

5
Slummy/non-structured areas

It would be necessary to rely on on-site sanitation in slummy

areas as long as modern sanitation facilities will be lacking
Such decision can systematically apply where water
consumption is not exceeding 40 to 50 liters/capita/day
With no room to lay out the sewer collector; topography
constraints and economic considerations are also factors
advocating on site sanitation in these areas
Septic Tanks are the typical facilities to consider for on site
disposal
Provisions are to be made for a periodical cleaning of tanks
and the hauling of the removed sludge for
treatment/disposal/ reuse
6
Sewer system configuration

A sewer system is generally of branched type

It can be distributed on several sewer sheds
A sewer shed is defined as a geographic/hydrologic region in
which collected wastewater flows are conveyed to a
single/low point before being diverted elsewhere
In some cases a lift or a pump station is located at low point
A sewer system groups several sewer sheds
The wastewater flow of a sewer shed is typically conveyed to
a trunk sewer interceptor and then to treatment works.
Topography is usually fixing the shape and the size of the
sewer shed. In flat areas this is done by the sewer depth.

7
Infiltration into Sewer Lines

Infiltration in pipes may vary widely (from 0 to 28 m3/ha/day)

- 20 m3/ha/day in Changhai City - Source: Metcalf & Eddy)
Infiltration expressed in unit length of pipe and on the basis of
100m of pipe per ha will vary from 0 to 3.25 l/s/km
Infiltration flow will also depend of the pipe size, material,
type of joints and pipe section length
The figure of 500 l/km/day for concrete pipes, as shown in
some design documents of the project, is equivalent to 0.006
l/s/km. It can be considered somehow optimistic.
Infiltration rate should preferably be crosschecked by direct
site measures

8
Hydraulics of a Separate Sewer System

M
connection)
Longitudinal slope selection should meet maximum & minimum velocity
requirements.
Maximum velocity limit will depend on pipe material and pipe inner wall
protection.
Minimum velocity will be established in relation with peak or average
daily flows.
Minimum velocity is also established on the basis of the cleansing velocity
required to secure the motion of solid particles of a specific density and
size
Maximum velocities are more critical at the end of the project period
(highest flow) while minimum velocities are expected at the early stage of
the project

9
Minimum Longitudinal Slope in a
Separate Type Sewer System

1 Cleansing velocity method (Shields)

Ø 1 2 3
2 Sediment transport capacity
balance method (Brussels University)
mm Minimum Slope in m/km
3 Constant velocity method with
V=0.75m/s pipe half full 300 15.50 2.67 4.00
400 11.60 2.42 2.70
1 & 2 for 0.35mm sand particle
500 9.30 2.25 2.00
Additional parameter in 2 com-pared to 1
is the volumetric concentration of 600 7.80 2.12 1.60
suspended solid particles i.e. the
800 5.80 1.93 1.10
equilibrium between gravitational power
of sediments and lifting power of 1000 4.70 1.79 0.80
turbulent flow. Method 2 is more
comprehensive than Method 1 1500 3.10 1.56 0.50
Method 3 is safer for Ø < 500mm 2000 2.30 1.42 0.32

10
Hydraulics of a Separate Sewer System
(Cont’d)

Pipe minimum depth should be selected to secure:

a. adequate protection of the pipe
b. allow easy connection of beneficiaries
Pipe maximum depth will depend on soil conditions and ground water
table level as well as on techniques to be used for the pipe installation
For open trench technique; pipe depth is 6m max.
In flat areas, open trench technique will generally require the provision of
one lift/pump station every 0.50 km2. (Gulf countries, flat terrain with
weak type soil)
With modern trenchless techniques に jacking, micro-tunneling, auger
boring, horizontal directional drilling and others; pipe depth may reach 30
to 40m. (Bangkok city)
The use of trenchless techniques will depend on soil characteristics, pipe
material, site characteristics and financial constraints

11
Trenchless Method for Pipe Installation

Micro-tunneling Auger Boring Short Driven System

12
Pipe materials

Materials commonly used for gravity sewer lines in India are:

unreinforced and reinforced concrete
Other materials can be considered, such as:
HDPE (used in France & other European countries)
uPVC
GRP or FRP (used for large size pipes in Gulf countries)
Plastic corrugated outer wall (used in Turkey & in Georgia)

Alternative pipes are lighter than concrete pipes and easy to

handle. Their joints can better resist to infiltration

13
Concrete Pipe Stock at Lodhi Road –
New Delhi

14
Concrete Pipe Detail (Lodhi Rd – New Delhi)

15
Corrugated Pipes (Georgia)

16
Sewer appurtenances

Manholes
a. Material: existing manholes are usually made of bricks,
concrete blocks and cast in situ or precast concrete. Other
materials such as PVC & Fiberglass can be envisaged
b. Shape: sewer manhole should preferably be of circular
shape (optimum sizing & easy cleaning considerations)
c. Manholes spacing: will depend on maintenance
requirements and technical constraints. For a pipe size of
200mm; distance between manholes (center to center) may
reach 50 to 60m
d. The need for a scrapper manhole (required in CPHEEO
Manual) is closely linked to solid waste management issues.

17
Sewer appurtenances (cont’d)

User connection box

a. A user connection box is to be provided at each
connection to the sewer system. In France it is located
inside the user property.
b. No direct connection of users to the sewer manhole
without such box
c. Connection box will secure better protection to the sewer
collector
d. Connection box can be either built in situ or precast in
factory. Precast boxes can be made of concrete, plastic or
fiberglass materials
e. A trap at the bottom of the connection box is an
advantage for reducing grit deposit into the sewer system

18
Trenchless Renovation/Replacement
methods for Sewer Line

Pipe Renovation
Sliplining
Overturning
Lining formed in place
Spray on lining (corrosion protection measure)

Pipe Replacement
Pipe bursting or splitting (pipe is even replaced by la larger pipe size in some
cases)
Pipe eating (pipe on-line macro tunneling)

19
Pipe Renovation

Sliplining

Spray on lining に Corrosion Protection Pipe Lining Formed in Place

20
 Pipe Replacement

Pipe Bursting or Splitting & Replacement with equal or even larger capacity pipe

21
Design basis discussion

Rain flow

Wastewater

Infiltration

To Nala / Recipient / STP

22
Conversion of a Combined Type Sewer
System into a Separate Type One

23
Typical Overflow Weir across Nallah

24
Pump/Lift Stations

General
a. Modern pump technology is promoting the use of
submer-sible type pumps for wastewater transfer
b. At least one of the installed pump should remain as
standby
c. It is highly recommended to arrange for all pumps,
including the standby ones, to operate alternately
d. Pumps material are selected to resist to the adverse
effects of sewage flow and climate : In general shafts and
impellers are of stainless steel with a minimum rate of
20% for Chromium and 11% for Nickel. The pump body
can be made either of cast/ductile iron or of bronze
25
Pump/Lift Stations (Cont’d)

Pumps wet well

Is usually designed to secure an operation cycle of not less than 10
minutes duration for each one of the pumps in operation
Vertical distance between start up & stop levels of two consecutively
operating pumps should not be less than 120mm. (a distance of 150
to 200mm is recommended)
To avoid septic conditions, retention time of sewage flow into the
pump wet well at low flow should not exceed 30 minutes in hot
weather
Air change for aeration (air change 12 times/hour during operation
and 30 times/hour during visits)

26
Pump/Lift Stations (Cont’d)

Pumps Pressure Header

Total length < 400m to avoid septic conditions at low flow and the
constitution of filamentous bacteria (a threat to the treatment
process)
Exposed sections of the pipe will be made either of steel or of
ductile / cast iron. In both cases internal and external protection is to
be provided.
Buried type pipes can be made of steel or cast/ductile iron with
protection for inner and outer wall. HDPE can also be used
(depending on pressure rates)
Cathodic protection will be required for steel pipes at least
For main pumping stations dual force mains can be envisaged to: a)
obtain the required velocity for both initial and ultimate flow
conditions and b) allow easy inspection & maintenance works

27
Pump/Lift Stations (Cont’d)

Ancillary Equipment & Facilities

Valves & check valves
Pressure gauges
Bulk meter(s) in Chamber
Surge control (surge tank with air bladder cushion is very convenient for the sewage flow)
Coarse screens at pumping station inlet works (automatic and manual types in parallel are
recommended)
Emergency by-pass at wet well
Aeration & odor control
Electric cabinet and power transformer
Standby power generator with fuel storage tank
Access road with enough space for tracks and fence provision
Water supply and low voltage power distribution system
Overhead crane
Safety Kits

28
Typical Surge Tank with Air Bladder

29
Typical Submersible Type P/S Footprint

Fence

Electrical
Cabinet

Valves Chamber

Pumps Wet Well

Paved Area

Fuel Tank
Power Generator

Fence

30
Hydraulic Model Simulation

Two types of hydraulic models can be used to simulate a

sewer system operation
The steady state simulation
The extended period simulation

The extended period simulation applies a timely changing in

the system flow rate over a period of 24 hours and longer. It
requires extensive data input including the 24 hours
wastewater generation curves.
In general, the steady state generation at peak flow can be
used for sizing the system. The extended period simulation
one will be used to check its operation and to adjust some
design parameters mainly at pumping/lifting facilities

31
Unit price source

At a feasibility study level; it would be more appropriate to

rely on updated prices gathered from recent successful (or
attributed) tenders for similar projects in the area rather than
on applicable available rates which need continuous updating
& revisions

32
Prefeasibility Report

Prior to the preparation of the Feasibility Report (FR) some

preparatory works are required to bridge an unavoidable gap
between the CSP & the FR
Requirements are shown in the next table of contents
A part of the information required is already available in the
CSP
It is worth noting that water and wastewater issues are to be
considered jointly for a better approach of the FR preparation

33
Contents of a Prefeasibility Report

1 Introduction 3 Project Background

3.1 The project beneficiary
3.2 Water and Environmental program
PART I 3.3 Financing of the work program
2 The Project Area 3.4 Projects status
2.1 The area History
2.2 Administrative 4 Projects in the study area
2.3 Land and Topography
2.4 Climate PART II
2.5 Hydrology and Watercourses 5 Population, economical and
2.6 Geology social aspects in the study area
2.7 Soil Conditions 5.1 Population (Existing & Future
2.8 Urban Development Projections within the Project
2.9 Transportation Horizon)
5.2 Economic activity in the area
5.3 Services
34
Contents of a Prefeasibility Report

PART III
6 Existing water supply 8 Main problems affecting
conditions に Water the water & the waste-
Consumption and Demand water systems
- Future Projections
8.1 Mapping and physical information
6.1 Water Production and Distribution
6.2 Existing Water Consumption and
unaccounted - for - water 9 Areas to be served by both
water and sewage system
7 Wastewater conditions in the project horizon に
7.1 Existing Sanitation Conditions - Expected extension of ser-
General ved areas in the different
7.2 Population connected to the
wastewater system cities, towns & settlements
7.3 Existing facilities

35
 Contents of a Prefeasibility Report

PART IV 11 Sewage flow estimate

10 Water Demand Projections 11.1 Rates of water returned to
10.1 Domestic Water Demand sewers
10.2 Other water demands 11.2 Projected sewage flow
(Institutional, Commercial & 11.3 Storm water and ground
Industrial) water contributions
10.3 Water demand peaks 11.4 Peak and Minimum Flows of
10.4 Total water consumption Sanitary Waste Water
10.5 Unaccounted for water and
water production at source 12 Water and waste water
systems characteristics and
appurtenances
12.1 Water system
12.2 Waste water system

36
 Contents of a Prefeasibility Report

PART V
13 Phasing of the proposed works
14 Common action to be taken 16 Waste water Development
for both water supply and Scheme
waste water collection system 16.1 General considerations about
14.1 Water supply existing system and repair
14.2 Waste water works
14.3 The mapping system 16.2 Development of a waste water
15 Water Supply Development / storm water collection and
Scheme transfer scheme
15.1 General Considerations about 16.3 Wastewater treatment and
existing system & repair works disposal
15.2 Source of water supply and 17 Construction Cost and
treatment facilities Implementation Schedule に
15.3 Water transmission, storage Long-Term Horizon
and distribution facilities

37
Contents of a Prefeasibility Report

ANNEXURES Annex 9 Sewers Data

Annex 1.1 Population Annex 10 Reagents Data
Annex 1.2 Population Forecasts Annex 11 Pipe Data
Annex 2 Raw Water Production at Sources Annex 12 Breakdown of Typical Daily Flow
Annex 3.1 Domestic Water Consumption, Curve
number of customers & Annex 13.1 Investment Procurement Plan
beneficiaries Annex 13.2 Water Tariff Evolution
Annex 3.2 Total Monthly Water Annex 14 Unit Price Based on Tender of
Consumption Contracting Firms
Annex 3.3 Large Water Consumers
Annex 4 Existing Water Supply Balance
Annex 5 Key Driving Parameters
Annex 6 Large Water Consumers
Annex 7 Water Quality Measures
Annex 8 Storage Facilities

38
THANK YOU

39
Fasep 902:
DE“IGN REVIEW ADVI“ORY “ERVICE“
to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN ATHORITY
PROGRAMME

Sewerage and wastewater

treatment: design practices 15th June 2012
STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes

in Consortium with &

Presenter

Markus DÄCHERT
Wastewater Treatment Engineer
Sanitation Senior Expert
of FASEP* team

* Fonds et A au SEcteur Privé

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 2

Contents – Part I

Introduction

Major sewage treatment processes

Natural or Aerated Ponding
Extended Aeration (EA) / Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR / FAB)
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
Biofiltration
Activated sludge with membrane filtration
Combination of processes

Choice approach of sewage treatment process (multi criteria

matrix)

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 3

Introduction

Choice of process technology shall take into account the

following elements (4 axes)
Design basis Major constraints
Daily / peak hydraulic flows (dry, wet, Land availability and topography
intermediate season) Soil condition and seismicity
Average and peak organic loads Flooding and protected areas
(BOD5, COD, SS, N, P)
Access and supplying facilities
Seepage treatment
Service maintenance and
 for short/mid/long term
STP technology existing structures
O&M skills & design
Indian (general) standard
Sludge (recycling/disposal) Acceptability of the
Landscape integration and nuisance recipient (discharge standard could
reduction (odour/noise) be more stringent)
Energy recovery / reuse of treated Development of legislation
water (water, sludge)
Additional constraints Discharge requirements

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 4

Introduction

Design basis
Hydraulic load (short/mid/long term)
Daily flow (average and maximum according to seasonality)
- to be determined as discussed previously
- precise if part of (d)rain water is treated
Peak (hourly) flow
- to be determined as discussed previously
Organic load (short/mid/long term)
Difficulty to assess the existing organic load per capita due to
- Use of septic tanks (seepage shall be transferred and treated on STP)
- Impact of Nala (self-purification along the main Nala)
- Impact of animal excrement
- Impact of solid waste
Existing organic load shall be based on
- Pollution survey along Nala
- Monitoring data of STP (BOD5, SS, COD (impact of industry), N, P (ratio
C/N/P))

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 5

Introduction

Discharge requirements

Definition of treatment standard of STP depends particularly on:

Calculation / estimation of acceptability and sensitivity of recipient water body
Based on this calculation / estimation following questions have to be answered:
- Is carbon removal sufficient?
- Need for nitrification stage?
- Complementary denitrification stage necessary?
- Additional phosphorus treatment needed?
- Need for abatement of bacteriological pollution?
Development of treatment standards in the future (Indian legislation)

Definition of treatment standard impacts the choice of treatment process

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 6

Treatment processes

Following major sewage treatment processes are presented

hereafter:
Natural / Aerated Ponding

Extended Aeration (EA) / Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) combined or not with ASP

Process complexity
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR / FAB)

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

Biofiltration

Activated sludge with membrane filtration

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 7

Treatment processes

Natural / Aerated Ponding に commonly used in India

Advantages:
Low CAPEX (land availability / costs?!) and OPEX
Very easy operation
Drawbacks:
Limited treatment performance
Large area required
No energy recovery potential

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 8

Treatment processes

Extended Aeration (EA) / Activated Sludge Process (ASP) に

commonly used in India

Advantages:
Well known process
Modularity on biological tanks (aerobic, anaerobic, anoxic)
Rather easy operation
Sound treatment performance particularly on nitrogen and phosphorus removal
Drawbacks:
Rather high CAPEX
Elevated Area required

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 9

Treatment processes

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) combined or nor

with Activated Sludge Process (ASP) に commonly used in India

Advantages:
Well known process in India
Rather easy operation
Drawbacks:
Limited treatment efficiency for municipal wastewater if not combined with ASP
Strongly anoxic effluent (high immediate O2 demand) and risk of sludge washout
Rather high CAPEX if combined with ASP
Elevated Area required if combined with ASP

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 10

Treatment processes

Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR / FAB) often used in India

Advantages:
Load adaptability BOD5/m3.d ; 2 to 5 h detention time (carbon removal only))
Sound treatment performance particularly on carbon removal
Interesting to rehabilitate (upgrade) existing STP STP
Drawbacks:
Rather high OPEX (aeration 24h/24 to keep media in suspension; power cut?)
Denitrification stage with additional tanks
High sludge production

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 11

Treatment processes

SBR に in some extent used in India

Advantages:
Land requirement lower than EA/ASP (no
secondary clarifiers) particularly when
arranged as multi storey tanks
Sound treatment performance if sequences
are well adapted to sewerage conditions
and if removal of treated effluent is well
assured by adapted equipment (floating and
baffle device)

Drawbacks:
More complicated operation (automation)
Adaptability to hydraulic load variation
Elevated tank volumes or buffer tanks
needed if infiltration is high

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 12

Treatment processes

Biofiltration / Submerged Attached Growth Process に not yet

used in India on sewerage sector
Advantages:
Very small footprint due to
- high performance of primary treatment
(coagulation, flocculation, decantation)
- elevated pollution load in biofilter tanks
- absence of secondary clarifiers
Sound treatment performance
Generating highly fermentable primary sludge (digestion)
Drawbacks:
Complicated and highly automated operation
Generating non stabilized primary sludge (post
stabilization necessary if no digestion)
High OPEX (mainly due to high reactant consumption
(primary treatment) and elevated sludge production

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 13

Treatment processes

Activated sludge with membrane filtration に currently not used

in India (public sector)
Advantages:
Small footprint due to higher sewerage
concentrations in biological tanks and to the
absence of secondary clarifiers
Excellent treatment performance (physical
barrier) even regarding bacteria / virus
(performance depending on membrane
permeability: MF, UF, NF, RO)
Drawbacks:
Complicated and highly automated operation
High CAPEX (if not upgrade of existing STP)
High OPEX (mainly due to aeration of biological
tanks and membranes and to regularly
replacement of membranes)
Elevated membrane surface or buffer tanks
needed if infiltration is high
STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 14
Treatment processes

Disinfection
Chlorination
Requires injection of chlorine
Simple operation
Formation of toxic derivate if
nitrogen was not or just
partially transformed in
gaseous nitrogen (N2); issue for
reuse (irrigation)?
Dechlorination tanks?
UV
Done by open channel (banks of UV lamps) or
by closed reactor
May be required to set up filtration stage
before
No by-product produced (reuse for irrigation)
OPEX rather high (electricity consumption
and lamp replacement)

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 15

Treatment processes
Thickening Gravity  Gravity thickener
 Reed beds

Dynamic  Flottation thickener

Sludge treatment  Gravity-belt thickener

Stabilization Biological  Anaerobic digestion

 Autothermal thermophilic
aerobic digestion
 Composting

Chemical  Lime

Dewatering Mechanical  Centrifuge


Pressure  Belt filter press,
 Filter presses

Drying Natural  Sand drying bed

 Solar drying

Dryer  Direct dryer

 Indirect dryer

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 16

Treatment processes

Dewatering performance

% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Thickener
Gravity thickener
Gravity-belt thickener

Dewatering
Belt filter press
Centrifuge
Filter presses

Dryer

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 17

Treatment processes

By using digestion for sludge stabilization it is possible to

recover energy

Heat (by burning gas in heating facilities)

Electricity (by implementing cogeneration)
Natural gas

Digestion also allows:

Reduction of sludge amount
Reduction of Carbon footprint by
reducing GHG emission
CDM funding

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 18

Treatment processes

Sludge disposal
Agriculture (need of monitoring ; ø discharge ration in
F TDS
Composting (need of monitoring)
Landfill
Incineration (thermal)

Sludge management in Europe

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 19

Treatment processes

Depending on project constraints, modifications and/or mixtures

of presented sewerage treatment processes are possible:

Extended Aeration (EA) or Activated Sludge Process (ASP) combined with final
Natural Ponding (as tertiary treatment  disinfection stage)

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) combined with Fixed Biofilm Reactor (FBR) 
e.g. Organica® 1.0

Activated Sludge Process (ASP) combined / upgraded with Fixed Biofilm Reactor
(FBR)  Organica® 2.0 (contract awarded for enhancement of 23 MLD STP in
Kapashera, New Delhi)

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 20

Choice of process

Multi criteria matrix

STP PROCESS
PROCESS 1 PROCESS 2 PROCESS N-1 PROCESS N
CRITERIA

LAND AVAILABILITY

LAND REQUIREMENT

LAND SAVING POTENTIAL

TREATMENT PERFORMANCE
CONTINUITY OF SERVICE DURING
CONSTRUCTION OF STP
(IF ENHANCEMENT OF STP)
PROCESS EXPANDABILITY (INFLUENT /
EFFLUENT QUALITY)

PROCESS EXPANDABILITY (QUANTITY)

IMPACT OF PRIMARY TREATMENT

SLUDGE QUANTITY

SLUDGE RECYCLING POSSIBILITIES

LANDSCAPE INTEGRATION

ODOUR & NOISE NUISANCE

OPERATION SKILL NEEDED

PROCESS KNOW-HOW AND EXPERIENCE

PROCESS SENSITIVITY ON MAJOR

HYDRAULIC AND ORGANIC
FLUCTUATION
E&M WORKS MAINTENANCE

CAPEX

OPEX

CARBON EMISSION

STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes 21

Fasep 902:
DE“IGN REVIEW ADVI“ORY “ERVICE“
to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN ATHORITY
PROGRAMME

Sewerage and wastewater

treatment: design practices 15th June 2012
STP Part I: Sewage treatment processes

in Consortium with &

Fasep 902:
DE“IGN REVIEW ADVI“ORY “ERVICE“
to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY
PROGRAMME

Sewerage and wastewater

treatment: design practices 15th June 2012
STP Part II: Design expectation

in Consortium with &

Presenter

Markus DÄCHERT
Wastewater Treatment Engineer
Sanitation Senior Expert
of FASEP* team

* Fonds et A au SEcteur Privé

STP Part II: Design expectation 2

Contents – Part II

Introduction

General design expectation for STP

STP design expectation at stage

Master Plan (MP)
Feasibility Report (FR)
Detailed Project Report (DPR)
Tender Document (TD)
Diagnosis (upgrading of existing STP)

STP Part II: Design expectation 3

Introduction

Choice of process technology based on analyse of following data!

Design basis Major constraints
Daily / peak hydraulic flows (dry, wet, Land availability and topography
intermediate season) Soil condition and seismicity
Average and peak organic loads Flooding and protected areas
(BOD5, COD, SS, N, P)
Access and supplying facilities
Seepage treatment
Service maintenance and
 for short/mid/long term
STP technology existing structures
O&M skills & design
Indian (general) standard
Sludge (recycling/disposal) Acceptability of the
Landscape integration and nuisance recipient (discharge standard could
reduction (odour/noise) be more stringent)
Energy recovery / reuse of treated Development of legislation
water (water, sludge)
Additional constraints Discharge requirements

Which data is necessarily needed at which project stage?

STP Part II: Design expectation 4
STP design expectation

General design expectation for STP

Sewerage Investment Plan / City Master Plan
Centralized or decentralized treatment facilities
Land requirement based on ratio (ha/MLD.d or ha/kgBOD5.d)
Cost estimation (CAPEX and OPEX) based on ratio
Feasibility Report (FR)
Process comparison (water / sludge / odour line)
Preliminary design based on reference solution
Degree of precision

Refine cost estimation (CAPEX and OPEX) developed during Sewerage Investment Plan
/ City Master Plan stage
Detailed Project Report (DPR)
Refine preliminary design during FR stage by including topographical / geological
surveys and environmental, social, resettlement, institutional, financial and economic
findings
Refine and finalize cost estimation (no need for detailed design if DB / DBO tendering
procedure)

STP Part II: Design expectation 5

STP design expectation

Regarding Sewerage Investment Plan / City Master Plan

Only basic design is required to define STP capacity (MLD / kgBOD5.d)

C C

use of average ratios whatever is the size of the STP (land requirement, CAPEX, OPEX
ratios)
under or overestimation of land requirement, CAPEX and OPEX for the
implementation of the STP

 Ratio has to be adapted to the size of the STP

STP Part II: Design expectation 6

 STP design expectation

L Sewage Treatment in Class I Towns:

Recommendations and Guidelines December 2010)

Requirement to use
asymptote curve
and not average
value However 3 parameters on
one graph => difficulty to
asses the plant footprint
according to STP capacity

STP Part II: Design expectation 7

STP design expectation

Land ratio discussion

Proposition to simplify footprint evaluation with only 2 parameters (e.g. process
and hydraulic capacity)

STP Part II: Design expectation 8

STP design expectation

Land ratio discussion

Regarding MBBR process: the land ratio is based on the use of lamella
settling tanks
 reduce the land requirement

Regarding SBR : it is generally admitted that the footprint is 2/3 of the ASP.
The ratio presented in the compendium (1/2) seems optimistic but may be

Sludge treatment: the land requirement can be very different from one
process to another:
M
low but OPEX is elevated
Drying bed: land requirement is high but OPEX is low
Digestion can reduce the OPEX but require space
Ratio in the compendium does not take into account drying bed process or
digestion
STP Part II: Design expectation 9
 STP design expectation

CAPEX Sewage Treatment in Class I Towns:

Recommendations and Guidelines December 2010)

200 .Lacs/MLD Salori STP

Requirement to use
asymptote curve 14 MLD Salori STP As for land ratio difficulty
and not average to asses CAPEX according
value
to STP capacity
 Proposition to simplify
CAPEX evaluation with
only 2 parameters (e.g.
process and hydraulic
capacity) and to reflect on
ratio for each project
STP Part II: Design expectation 10
STP design expectation

FR stage
Design basis Major constraints
Daily / peak hydraulic flows (dry, wet, Land availability and topography
intermediate season) Soil condition and seismicity
Average and peak organic loads Flooding and protected areas
(BOD5, COD, SS, N, P)
Access and supplying facilities
Seepage treatment
Service maintenance and
 for short/mid/long term
STP technology existing structures
O&M skills & design
Indian (general) standard
Sludge (recycling/disposal) Acceptability of the
Landscape integration and nuisance recipient (discharge standard could
reduction (odour/noise) be more stringent)
Energy recovery / reuse of treated Development of legislation
water (water, sludge)
Additional constraints Discharge requirements

STP Part II: Design expectation 11

STP design expectation

FR stage

Requirement

Preliminary design :
- Check that the STP fits with the land available  layout of the STP on the
proposed land is required
- Specify CAPEX as well as the OPEX

Discuss the most appropriate process technology

STP Part II: Design expectation 12

STP design expectation

FR stage: Process comparison 480 MLD STP (long term 830 MLD)
ASP (higher standard) ASP (lower standard)

SBR (lower standard) Biofiltration (lower

standard)

STP Part II: Design expectation 13

STP design expectation

DPR stage
Design basis Major constraints
Daily / peak hydraulic flows (dry, wet, Land availability and topography
intermediate season) Soil condition and seismicity
Average and peak organic loads Flooding and protected areas
(BOD5, COD, SS, N, P)
Access and supplying facilities
Seepage treatment
Service maintenance and
 for short/mid/long term
STP technology existing structures
O&M skills & design
Indian (general) standard
Sludge (recycling/disposal) Acceptability of the
Landscape integration and nuisance recipient (discharge standard could
reduction (odour/noise) be more stringent)
Energy recovery / reuse of treated Development of legislation
water (water, sludge)
Additional constraints Discharge requirements

STP Part II: Design expectation 14

STP design expectation

DPR stage: Example of process comparison

Water line

Sludge line

STP Part II: Design expectation 15

 STP design expectation

Tender Stage: Choice of tender procedure (based on WB /

FIDIC SBD)

RED FIDIC: YELLOW FIDIC: SILVER FIDIC: GOLD FIDIC:

Design by project Design by contractor Design by contractor Design by contractor

owner

Project management Project management Project management Project management

by project owner by project owner by contractor by contractor

Operation by
contractor

Risk borne by contractor

STP Part II: Design expectation 16

 STP design expectation

Red FIDIC
Design is under responsibility of the project owner and fixed for bidding
Major risks are borne by the client
RED FIDIC: YELLOW FIDIC: SILVER FIDIC: GOLD FIDIC:
CAPEX reduction / increase frequently encountered
Design by project Design by contractor Design by contractor Design by contractor
owner

Project management Project management Project management Project management

by project owner by project owner by contractor by contractor

Operation by
Yellow FIDIC (Design and Build) contractor
Based on preliminary design
Risk borne by contractor
Design open for bidding (contractor can propose their patented processes)
M

STP Part II: Design expectation 17

 STP design expectation

Silver FIDIC (EPC / Turnkey projects)

Design is open for bidding (contractor can propose their patented
processes)
Most of the risks are borne by the contractor
RED FIDIC: YELLOW FIDIC: SILVER FIDIC: GOLD FIDIC:
Project management by project owner is very limited
Design by project Design by contractor Design by contractor Design by contractor
owner C

Project management Project management Project management Project management

Gold FIDIC (Design, Build and Operate)
by project owner by project owner by contractor by contractor

Design is open for bidding (contractor can propose their patented

Operation by
processes) contractor

Almost all risks are borne by the contractor

Risk borne by contractor
Project management by project owner is very limited
Contractor is in charge of operation after construction
Quality of design and construction should reflect future STP operation

STP Part II: Design expectation 18

STP design expectation

International tendering process for DB & DBO

At least prequalification stage and two stages bidding

First phase of contractor selection (prequalification)

Bidder experience on similar projects in Asia
Bidder experience in wastewater and sludge treatment
Bidder organization
Proposed staff and equipment

Second phase of bid preparation by contractors allowed to submit a bid

STP Part II: Design expectation 19

STP design expectation

International tendering process for DB & DBO

Evaluation of first technical proposals from bidders may be based on
following criteria
Proposed guarantees
Flexibility / adaptability of process to the project
Possibility of increasing STP capacity in future
Quality & robustness of proposed equipment
Physical and carbon footprint of proposed solution
ぐ

Phase of clarifications requested by Project Owner on the bids

Evaluation of updated technical proposal
Evaluation of financial proposal based on the lowest bid (life cycle cost)
Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)
Operational Expenditure (OPEX) including Carbon Financing Revenue (CFR) of the
proposed solution
STP Part II: Design expectation 20
STP design expectation

Diagnosis stage: Upgrading of STP needs critical review of

existing assets

Condition of the existing STP

Does upgrading allow the continuity of service of the existing STP? => if yes,
project shall take into account the cost for temporary works
Is it possible to extend the existing STP rather than built another STP next the
existing one?
Is there also rehabilitation work to conduct in order to ensure the sustainability
of the existing STP? If yes, project shall take into account rehabilitation cost.

Monitoring of the STP shall be analyzed to define

Current hydraulic load (no theoretical but daily measured values) during major
seasons of the year (dry season, monsoon, post monsoon)
Pollution loads at the inlet and outlet of STP during major seasons of the year
(dry season, monsoon, post monsoon)

STP Part II: Design expectation 21

Fasep 902:
DE“IGN REVIEW ADVI“ORY “ERVICE“
to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY
PROGRAMME

Sewerage and wastewater

treatment: design practices 15th June 2012
STP Part II: Design expectation

in Consortium with &

FASEP N#902
DE“IGN REVIEW ADVI“ORY “ERVICE“
to the NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY
PROGRAMME

Operations Manual –
Checklists and Guidance Note for 15th June 2012
NGRBA Programme

in Consortium with &

Presenter

Vijendra Vikramaditya -
Wastewater Specialist

and Marion Faidherbe -

Permanent Engineer

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 2

SUMMARY
1. Operations Manual
2. Annual Planning
3. NGRBA flowchart
4. Concept Paper
5. FR
1. Steps for approval of FR
2. Critical requirements at FR stage
3. FR Checklist and Guidance Note
6. DPR
1. Steps for approval of DPR
2. Critical requirements at DPR stage
3. DPR Checklist and Guidance Note
7. Program Implementation Schedule

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 3

Clarification on vocabulary

City level Plan: Investments sectors

CSP MWW
Master Plan SWM
Sewerage Investment Industrial WW
Plan RFD
Etc.

Sub-project Concept Paper = Concept Note

DPR
Annual Planning = Annual
Action Plan

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 4

Operations Manual

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 5

Operations Manual

Objective

Supports the implementation of the programme

Clarify the procedures

Users

W B, MoEF/NMCG,

SPMG, ULBs, EAs

PMC/TSCs

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 6

Operations Manual …contd.

Content
Sub-Project Investment Framework and Processes
(Procedures and all the steps/stages)
Concept Note

Annual planning

FR/DPR checklists and guidance notes

Project Implementation arrangements (Roles and

responsibilities of different stakeholders at different
stages)

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 7

Operations Manual …contd.

Financial Management (Utilization certificates/ reimbursement

claims)

Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Procedures

Procurement Arrangements

Environment and Social safeguards (Regulatory Framework, ESMF

etc.)

Risk and Mitigation framework

Communication and Public OUtreach

Governance and accountability Policy (GAAP)

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 8

Annual Planning

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 9

 Annual Planning
State Level Annual Central Annual NGRBA Annual Submission to ESC
Planning Meeting Planning Meeting Plan - By end of
- By end September - By October - By November January

ひ Review by SPMG of ひ Organised by ひ Prepared by ひ NMCG submits

Concept Papers prepared NMCG with the NMCG, based the NGRBA
by ULBs/EAs for inclusion 5 SPMGs and on previous Annual Plan to
of particular sub-projects input of WB I consultations ESC for
in the Annual Plan approval
ひ Meeting Organised by ひ Finalise Annual ひ Includes a list
SPMG with relevant ULBs Plans of sub-projects
and EAs to discuss the for the next
selection of sub-projects financial year
for the particular
Financial Year
ひ Agreement on
ひ Draft State Annual Plan
Annual Plan by
approved by State
World Bank
Executive Committee of
(only on EAP
SRCA
Part)
ひ Submission by SPMG to
NMCG

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 10

NGRBA Programme Flowchart

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 11

 NGRBA Programme Flowchart
Project for which
the Concept Paper
has been City Level Plan to be prepared
approved and and submitted for approval
included in the
Annual Plan

Preparation of FR by EA
Proposed Approx 4 months Submission of
Collection of Submission of FR from SPMG
Identification of EA Collection of Analyses of data and different FR from EA to to NMCG and
available plan (CSP/
for preparation of primary data with options and Choice of best SPMG and approval / sent
SIP/ MP) and
FR support of ULB option and land requirements approval back for
update
(1 month) modifications
Preparation of the FR and sharing with (1 month)
Consultation with local community
ULB

Preparation of DPR by EA
Submission of DPR
Proposed approx 4 months
from SPMG to NMCG,
Consultation with local Submission of DPR
Collection of appraisal, including
Initiation of Land community and from EA to SPMG,
secondary data site visit and public
Identification of EA Acquisition preparation of appraisal with site
with support of consultation if
for preparation of along with ULB Environmental and Social visits as required in
ULB required, with third
DPR Assessment coordination with ULB
party appraisal and
and approval by
approval / sent back
SPMG (1 month)
Preparation of the DPR and sharing for modifications by
Preparation of detail design NMCG (2 months)
with ULB

Legend - Agreement on the DPR by the World Bank, for EAP Projects only
State Level Central Level - Submission of DPR by NMCG and ESC approval and release of fund
Note: Suggested timeframe for preparation of documents are indicative (2 months)

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 12

Concept Paper

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 13

Concept Paper

Objective
To present the broad background of a sub-project and its expected
components
Benefits to the Ganga and the people, with indicative costs
Justification of a project
Acceptance of SPMG/ULB

Preparation
ULB or EA
Reviewed by SPMG

Submission
SPMG to submit to NMCG By August each year before the annual plan
If eligible, inclusion in the Annual Plan by approval of ESC (February/ March)

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 14

Concept Paper for MWW

Filling up the Concept Paper

The more information, the better understanding of the project, and sound
justification

Critical data in view of inclusion in the Annual Plan

Present situation
Population served
WW treated, as compared with actual wastewater flowing directly to Ganga
Costs (with cost ratio: cost /inh, cost /MLD, cost / km of sewer)
O & M Costs (on percentage basis)
If possible, evaluation of the benefit to Ganga, in terms of removal of BOD
Part of an holistic approach to enhance the sanitation status of a city
Involvement of the ULB

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 15

Feasibility Report (FR)

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 16

Steps for approval of FR – State Level

Approval of the
FR at the State
Submission of
Level by ULB, EA
FR from
and SPMG
SPMG to
Review of the FR through signature
NMCG
Preparation of FR by the SPMG, of the Program
by Consultant in using Guidance Level MoA
close consultation Note and
with ULB, EA and Checklist
other parties (Guidelines and
involved Framework)
(1 month)
Accordingly,
upgrade FR by
Consultant and
review with all
parties

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 17

Steps for approval of FR – Central Level

Approval of the FR
by NMCG and
communication to
the SPMG to
Review of the FR proceed with the
by NMCG, DPR submission
following the
Submission of FR
Guidance Note
from SPMG to
and Checklist
NMCG
(Guidelines and Accordingly,
Framework) upgrade FR as
(1 month) needed by the
Consultant and
review with all
parties for approval
of corrections

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 18

Critical requirement at FR stage

Agreement between NMCG, SPMG and ULB through

MoA, and other relevant consent of the involved
authorities
Consistancy with City Level Plan (CSP, SIP, MP etc.)
Adoption of appropriate Population projection and water
and wastewater figures
Land requirement に detailed identification of each plot
supported by detailed maps, description of the
surroundings

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 19

Critical requirement at FR stage …contd

Design Basis as per NGRBA Guidelines/ CPHEEO Manual and best

international practices

Option analysis

Life Cycle cost analysis for different treatment processes/ technologies

Maximum depth of sewer based on Geo-technical survey

Minimum velocity in sewers

E S M F screening format /matrix

Capital and O & M Costs

Cost/ Resource Recovery

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 20

FR Checklist and guidance note

Objective
Support the review of FR in view of its acceptance

Users
Principal: NMCG and SPMG
Secondary: EA and Consultant

Structure
The Checklist follows the different chapters indicated in the NGRBA
Guidelines/ Framework, May 2011
The Guidance presents
The eligibility condition
Key issues to ensure the appropriateness of the FR

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 21

Detailed Project Report

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 22

Steps for approval of DPR – State Level

Approval of the
DPR at the State Submission of
Level by ULB, EA DPR from
and SPMG through SPMG to
signature of the NMCG
Review of the DPR Project Level MoA
Preparation of DPR
by the SPMG, using
by Consultant in
Guidance Note and
close consultation
Checklist
with ULB, EA and
(Guidelines and
other parties
Framework)
involved
(1 month)

Accordingly,
upgrade DPR by
Consultant and
review with all
parties

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 23

 Steps for approval of DPR – Central Level

Engaging TPA by
ESC to consider
NMCG
and approve the
project
TPA to appraise the
DPR, site visits will
MoAs to be updated
be facilitated by Recommendation/
with the ESC’s
SPMG Approval of the
approved cost of
DPR by NMCG
DPR
and communication
to the SPMG to
Review of the DPR
proceed with the Bid
by NMCG and
documents
World Bank (for EPA
Submission of DPR only), following the
from SPMG to Guidance Note and
NMCG Checklist Accordingly,
(Guidelines and upgrade DPR, as
Framework) required, by the
(2 months) Consultant and
review with all
parties for approval
of corrections

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 24

Critical requirement at DPR stage

Agreement of SPMG, ULB and EA through investment MoA

(project level), and other relevant consent of involved
authorities

Consistancy with the approved FR

Detailed Design as per NGRBA Guidelines/ CPHEEO Manual

and the best practices

Final Location and Detailed Layout of PS and STP, if not as per

FR

Detailed Design of sewers

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 25

Critical requirement at DPR stage...contd.

Approximate cost of compensation, if land to be acquired

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Outcome of Communication and Public Outreach

GAAP Plan

Detailed Economic analysis and cost recovery (user charges

choice supported by discussion with ULB/ population)

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 26

DPR Checklist and guidance note

Objective
Support the review of DPR in view of its appraisal and approval

Users
Principal: NMCG and SPMG

Secondary: EA, Consultant, and TPA

Structure
The Checklist follows the different chapters and the checklist
indicated in the NGRBA Guidelines

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 27

DPR Checklist and guidance note..contd.

The Guidance presents the key issues in

General

Technical

Financial and Economic

Environmental, Social, Communication and GAAP

Procurement

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 28

Program Implementation Schedule

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 29

Program Implementation Schedule

Mission Statement:
N G

All projects to be Approved before 2017

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 30

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Questions, if any ?

Operations Manual – Checklists and Guidance 31