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Lecture 6 - Pascal Principle

This document provides an overview of key concepts in fluid mechanics, including: - Pascal's principle, which states that pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and container. - Bernoulli's equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow. It states that the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy per unit volume is constant. - Applications of Bernoulli's equation like venturi meters and curveballs. - Concepts like viscosity, diffusion, and osmosis related to fluid properties and transport.

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Nafis Sprata
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24 views

Lecture 6 - Pascal Principle

This document provides an overview of key concepts in fluid mechanics, including: - Pascal's principle, which states that pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and container. - Bernoulli's equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow. It states that the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy per unit volume is constant. - Applications of Bernoulli's equation like venturi meters and curveballs. - Concepts like viscosity, diffusion, and osmosis related to fluid properties and transport.

Uploaded by

Nafis Sprata
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluids Mechanics

• Pascal Principle
• Bernoulli’s Equation
Pressure & Pascal’s Principle
F
P “Pressure applied to any part of
A
an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undimished to every point of the
fluid and to the walls of the
container”

Each face feels same force


Transmitting force Hydraulic press

F1 F2
P 
A1 A2

An applied force F1 can


be “amplified”:

A2
F2  F1
A1
Examples: hydraulic brakes,
forklifts, car lifts, etc.
Pressure and Depth
w is weight
w  Mg  Vg   Ahg

Sum forces to zero,


PA  P0 A  w  0

Factor A
P  P0  gh
Example 9.5 (skip)
Find the pressure at 10,000 m of water.
DATA: Atmospheric pressure = 1.015x105 Pa.

9.82x107 Pa
Example 9.6

Assume the ultimate strength of legos is 4.0x104


Pa. If the density of legos is 150 kg/m3, what is
the maximum possible height for a lego tower?

27.2 m
Example 9.7
Estimate the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere given
that atmospheric pressure is 1.015x105 Pa.
Data: Rearth=6.36x106 m

5.26x1018 kg
Archimedes Principle
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid
is buoyed up by a force whose magnitude is equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Example 9.8
A helicopter lowers a probe into Lake Michigan which
is suspended on a cable. The probe has a mass of 500
kg and its average density is 1400 kg/m3. What is the
tension in the cable?

1401 N
Example 9.9a
A wooden ball of mass M and volume V floats on a
swimming pool. The density of the wood is wood <H20.
The buoyant force acting on the ball is:

a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (H20-wood)gV upward
Example 9.9b
A steel ball of mass M and volume V rests on the
bottom of a swimming pool. The density of the steel
is steel >H20. The buoyant force acting on the ball is:

a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (steel-H20)gV upward
Example 9.10
A small swimming pool has an area of 10 square
meters. A wooden 4000-kg statue of density 500
kg/m3 is then floated on top of the pool. How far
does the water rise?

Data: Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

40 cm
Paint Thinner Demo (SKIP)
When I pour in the paint thinner, the cylinder will:

a) Rise
b) Fall
Equation of Continuity
What goes in must come out!
mass density
DM   ADx   AvDt

Mass that passes a point


in pipe during time Dt

Eq. of Continuity

1 A1v1  2 A2 v2
Example 9.11
Water flows through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe at 5
cm/s. The pipe then narrows downstream and has a
diameter of of 2.0 cm. What is the velocity of the
water through the smaller pipe?

20 cm/s
Laminar or Streamline Flow

• Fluid elements move


along smooth paths
• Friction in laminar flow
is called viscosity
Turbulence

• Fluid elements move along irregular paths


• Sets in for high velocity gradients (small pipes)
Ideal Fluids
• Laminar Flow -> No turbulence
• Non-viscous -> No friction between fluid layers
• Incompressible -> Density is same everywhere
Bernoulli’s Equation

1 2
P  v   gy  const ant
2

Sum of P, KE/V and PE/V is constant

How can we derive this?


Bernoulli’s Equation: derivation
Consider a volume DV of mass DM of incompressible fluid,
1 1
DKE  Mv2  Mv12
2
2 2
1 1
 DVv2  DVv12
2
2 2
DPE  Mgy2  Mgy1
 DVgy2  DVgy1
W  F1Dx1  F2 Dx2
 P1 A1Dx1  P2 A2 Dx2
 P1DV  P2 DV
1 2 1 2
P1   gh1  v1  P2   gh2  v2
2 2
Example 9.12

A very large pipe carries Venturi Meter


water with a very slow
velocity and empties into a
small pipe with a high
velocity. If P2 is 7000 Pa
lower than P1, what is the
velocity of the water in
the small pipe?

3.74 m/s
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

•Venturi meter
•Curve balls
•Airplanes

Beach Ball & Straws Demos


Example 9.13a

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,


choose >, < or =

1 ____ 2

a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.13b

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,


choose >, < or =

Mass that passes “1” in one second


_____ mass that passes “2” in one second
a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.13c

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,


choose >, < or =

v1 ____ v2

a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.13d

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,


choose >, < or =

P1 ____ P2
a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.14 a
Water drains out of the bottom of a
cooler at 3 m/s, what is the depth of
the water above the valve? b

45.9 cm
Three Vocabulary Words

•Viscosity
•Diffusion
•Osmosis
Viscosity
v
F  A
d

•Friction between the layers


•Pressure drop required to
force water through pipes
(Poiselle’s Law)
•At high enough v/d,
turbulence sets in
Diffusion
• Molecules move from region of high concentration
to region of low concentration
• Fick’s Law:
Mass  C2  C1 
Diffusion rate   DA  
time  L

• D = diffusion
coefficient
Osmosis
Movement of water through a boundary while
denying passage to specific molecules, e.g.
salts

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