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Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structures

This document discusses seismic retrofitting techniques to strengthen existing structures against earthquakes. It defines seismic retrofitting as modifying structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity and ground motion. Some common retrofitting methods mentioned include adding new shear walls, steel bracings, and using fiber reinforced polymer composites to strengthen structural members. Base isolation, which isolates the superstructure from the foundation, is described as the most effective passive vibration control technique, with elastomeric and sliding systems being prevalent isolation methods. The document outlines the performance objectives and advantages of retrofitting, such as increasing public safety, structural survivability, and serviceability of buildings after an earthquake.

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Bori George
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139 views73 pages

Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structures

This document discusses seismic retrofitting techniques to strengthen existing structures against earthquakes. It defines seismic retrofitting as modifying structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity and ground motion. Some common retrofitting methods mentioned include adding new shear walls, steel bracings, and using fiber reinforced polymer composites to strengthen structural members. Base isolation, which isolates the superstructure from the foundation, is described as the most effective passive vibration control technique, with elastomeric and sliding systems being prevalent isolation methods. The document outlines the performance objectives and advantages of retrofitting, such as increasing public safety, structural survivability, and serviceability of buildings after an earthquake.

Uploaded by

Bori George
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fig: Beam Jacketing

Fig: Column Jacketing


Seismic Retrofitting

Definition

 It is the modification of existing structures to make


them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion,
or soil failure due to earthquakes.
 The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other
natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes and
severe winds from thunderstorms.
• Earthquake creates great devastation in terms of life, money
and failures of structures.

• Earthquake Mitigation is an importantfield of study from a


long time now.
• Seismic Retrofittingis a collection mitigation techniques for
Earthquake Engineering.

• It is of utmost importance for historic monuments, areas prone


to severe earthquakes and tall or expensive structures.
When is Seismic Retrofitting Needed ?
The two circumstances are:-
 Earthquake damaged buildings

 Earthquake-vulnerable buildings (with no exposure to


severe earthquakes)
Retrofit Performance Objectives

•Public safety : The goal is to protect human life, ensuring that


the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passers-

by, and that the structure can be safely exited. Under severe
seismic conditions the structure may be a total economic write-

off, requiring tear-down and replacement.


•Structure survivability: The goal is that the structure, while
remaining safe for exit, may require extensive repair (but not
replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for
occupation. This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to

bridges.
Need of Retrofitting in Existing Earthquake Vulnerable
Buildings
• Buildings have been designed according to a seismic code, but the
code has been upgraded in later years;
• Buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but
• deficiencies exist in the design and /or construction;
• Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical
monuments and architectural buildings;
• Important buildings whose services are assumed to be essential just
after an earthquake like hospitals;
• Buildings, the use of which has changed through the years;
Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
Earthquake Design Philosophy

•Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that
carry vertical and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however
building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage;
•Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain
repairable damage, while the other parts of the building may be damaged
such that they may even have to be replaced after the earthquake; and
•Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain sever (even
irreparable) damage, but the building should not collapse.
Classification of Retrofitting Techniques
Some ConventionalApproaches
Adding New Shear Walls
 Frequently used for retrofitting of non ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings.

 The added elements can be either cast‐in‐place or precast concrete elements.

 New elements preferably be placed at the exterior of the building.

 Not preferred in the interior of the structure to avoid interior mouldings


Adding Steel Bracings

 An effective solution when large openings are required.

 Potential advantages for the following reasons:

⚫Higher strength and stiffness,

⚫Opening for natural light,

⚫Amount of work is less since foundation cost may be minimized

⚫Adds much less weight to the existing structure


Retrofit of Structures using Innovative Materials
•Current research on advanced materials has mainly
concentrated on FRP composites.

•Studies have shown that externally bonded FRP


composites can be applied to various structural
members including columns, beams, slabs, and walls to
improve their structural performance such as stiffness,
load carrying capacity, and ductility.
Effectiveness of FRPC as a Retrofitting Material

(a) Wall Stresses (b)After (c) Additional


before installation of FRP
Retrofitting Steel Window Retrofitting
Fig: A 3-D Model of aBuilding frames
Fig:ARetrofitApplication combining Conventional and
Composites Retrofitting
Base Isolation (or Seismic Isolation)

Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base


isolation.

It is the most powerful tool for passive structural vibration control


technique

Er. SHISH PAL 65


Concept of Base Isolation

• Significantly Increase the Period of the Structure and the


Damping so that the Response is Significantly Reduced.

Fig: Spectral Response for a Typical Base Isolation System

Er. SHISH PAL 66


Types of Base Isolations
• Base isolation systems which uses Elastomeric Bearings

• Base isolation systems with Sliding System

Er. SHISH PAL 67


Elastomeric Base Isolation Systems
• This is the mostly widely used Base Isolator.
• The elastomer is made of either Natural Rubber or Neoprene.
• The structure is decoupled from the horizontal components of the
earthquake ground motion
A layer with low horizontal stiffness is
introduced between the structure and the foundation.

Fig: Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators

Er. SHISH PAL 68


Sliding Base Isolation Systems
• It is the second basic type of isolators.
• This works by limiting the base shear across the isolator
interface.

Fig: Metallic Roller Bearing

Er. SHISH PAL 69


Spherical Sliding Base Isolators
• The structure is supported by bearing pads that have
curved surface and low friction.
• During an earthquake, the building is free to slide on the
bearings.

Fig: Spherical Sliding Base Isolator


Er. SHISH PAL 70
Friction Pendulum Bearing
•These are specially designed base isolators which works on the
principle of simple pendulum.
•It increases the natural time period of oscillation by causing the
structure to slide along the concave inner surface through the
frictional interface.
• It also possesses a re-centering capability.

Fig: Cross-section of Friction Pendulum Bearing

Er. SHISH PAL 71


Friction Pendulum Bearing (Contd.)
•Typically, bearings measure 3 feet in dia., 8 inches in height and weight
being
• 2000 pounds
• Benicia Martinez Bridge, California is one of the largest bridges to date to
undertake a seismic isolation retrofit.
•Largest seismic isolation bearings, measuring 13 feet in diameter, and
weighing 40,000 pounds. They have a lateral displacement capacity of 53
inches, a 5 million pound design dead plus live load, and a 5 second period.

• Fig: Bearing used in Benicia Martinez Bridge (left) and Benicia Martinez Bridge (right)
Er. SHISH PAL 72
Advantages of Base Isolation
• Isolates Building from ground motion
 Lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the structure.

 Minimal repair of superstructure.


• Building can remain serviceable throughout construction.

• Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure.

Er. SHISH PAL 73

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