Module 5 (Me 213)
Module 5 (Me 213)
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Mechanical Engineering Department
Objectives:
The carnot cycle was introduced as the most efficient heat engine that operate between two fixed temperatures th
and tl. The thermal efficiency of carnot cycle is given by
Cycle analysis
T
T-S DIAGRAM
1 2
1-2 - Isothermal process
2-3 - Isentropic process
3-4 - Isothermal process
4-1 - Isentropic process
4 3
Formula
a) Heat Added
QA T1 (s2 s1 )
b) Heat Rejected
QR T3 ( s4 s3 )
c) Work Net
Wnet Q A QR
Wnet
i. e
QA
Q QR
ii. e A
QA
T T3 Tmax Tmin
iii. e 1 or e
T1 Tmax
Carnot Cycle
Process Description Related Formula
P1V1 P2V2
P1V1 mRT1
1-2 Isothermal Expansion
P2V2 mRT2
Q12 T1 ( s2 s1 )
2-3 Isentropic expansion
P3V3 P2V2
k k
k 1
T3 V2
T2 V3
k 1
T3 P3 k
T2 P2
P3V3 mRT3
P2V2 mRT2
P3V3 P4V4
P3V3 mRT3
3-4 Isothermal Expansion
P4V4 mRT4
Q34 T3 ( s4 s3 )
P4V4 P1V1
k k
k 1
T1 V4
T4 V1
4-1 Isentropic expansion
k 1
T1 P1 k
T4 P4
P3V3 mRT3
P4V4 mRT4
LESSON 2. OTTO CYCLE
Cycle Analysis
P 3 T 3
Pv Constant Qin
Qin
4 2
2 4
Qout
1 1 Qout
v2 v1 v s
(a) P-v diagram (b) T-s diagram
a) Clearance (c)
V2
c
V1 V2
V1
rk
V2
c) Thermal Efficiency (e)
1
e 1 k 1
rk
OTTO CYCLES
k 1
T2 V1
T1 V2
k 1
1-2 Isentropic compression
T2 P2 k
T1 P1
P1V1 mRT1
P2V2 mRT2
Q23 QA mcv (T3 T2 )
T3 P3
Isometric process T2 P2
2-3
(Heat Addition)
P2V2 mRT2
P3V3 mRT3
P3V3 P4V4
k k
k 1
T4 V3
T3 V4
k 1
3-4 Isentropic expansion
T4 P4 k
T3 P3
P3V3 mRT3
P4V4 mRT4
4-1 Isometric process Q41 QR mcv (T4 T1 )
(Heat Rejection)
T1 P1
T4 P4
P1V1 mRT1
P4V4 mRT4
Formula
a) Clearance (c)
V2
c
V1 V2
V1
rk
V2
V3
rc
V2
1 rc 1
k
e 1 k 1
rk k (rc 1)
DIESEL CYCLE
k 1
T2 V1
T1 V2
k 1
1-2 Isentropic compression
T2 P2 k
T1 P1
P1V1 mRT1
P2V2 mRT2
Q23 QA mc p (T3 T2 )
T3 V3
Isobaric process T2 V2
2-3
(Heat Addition)
P2V2 mRT2
P3V3 mRT3
P3V3 P4V4
k k
k 1
T4 V3
T3 V4
k 1
3-4 Isentropic expansion
T4 P4 k
T3 P3
P3V3 mRT3
P4V4 mRT4
Q41 QR mcv (T4 T1 )
T1 P1
Isometric process T4 P4
4-1
(Heat Rejection)
P1V1 mRT1
P4V4 mRT4
LESSON DUAL CYCLE
Cycle Analysis
Formula
a) Clearance (c)
V2
c
V1 V2
V1
rk
V2
V3
rc
V2
rp rck 1
e 1
r 1 k r r 1r
p p c k
k 1
DUAL CYCLE
k 1
T2 V1
T1 V2
k 1
1-2 Isentropic compression
T2 P2 k
T1 P1
P1V1 mRT1
P2V2 mRT2
Q23 QA mcv (T3 T2 )
T3 P3
Isometric process T2 P2
2-3
(Heat Rejection)
P2V2 mRT2
P3V3 mRT3
Q34 QA mc p (T4 T3 )
T4 V4
Isobaric process T3 V3
3-4
(Heat Addition)
P4V4 mRT4
P3V3 mRT3
P4V4 P5V5
k k
k 1
T5 V4
T4 V5
k 1
4-5 Isentropic expansion
T5 P5 k
T4 P4
P5V5 mRT5
P4V4 mRT4
Isometric process Q51 QR mcv (T5 T1 )
5-1
(Heat Rejection)
T1 P1
T5 P5
P1V1 mRT1
P5V5 mRT5
EXAMPLE 1.
Solution:
Data given:
T1 290 K
V1
9
V2
Q23 7.5 kJ
P1 95 kPa
V1 3.8 Litres
Then
: Wnet qin qout
q23 q41
1009.6 kJkg
Wnet
th,Otto 0.585 58.5%
qin
What
else? W wnet
MEP net
Vmax Vmin vmax vmin
w wnet
net
v1 v2 v1 1 v2 / v1
wnet 1009.6
1298 kPa
v1 1 r 0.875 1 1/ 9
1
2. An air-standard cycle with variable specific heats is executed in a closed system with 0.003 kg of
air and consists of the following three processes:
1-2 constant volume heat addition from 95 kPa and 17oC to 380 kPa
2-3 isentropic expansion to 95 kPa
3-1 constant pressure heat rejection to initial state
a) Show the cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams.
b) Calculate the net work per cycle, in kJ.
c) Determine the thermal efficiency.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 15
CARNOT CYCLE
3. A Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with air as the working fluid. The maximum pressure
in the cycle is 800 kPa while the maximum temperature is 750K. If the entropy increase during the
isothermal heat rejection process is 0.25 kJ/kg K and the network output is 100 kJ/kg, determine a)
the minimum pressure in the cycle, b) the heat rejection from the cycle, and c) thermal efficiency of
the cycle. Draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 16
OTTO CYCLE
2. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic compression
process, the air is at 100kPa, 35oC, and 300cm3. The temperature at the end of the isentropic
expansion process is 800K and k = 1.3. Determine a) the temperature, b) highest pressure in the
cycle, c) the amount of heat transferred, and d) efficiency of the cycle. Draw the P-v and T-s
diagrams.
3. An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The minimum and
maximum temperatures in the cycle are 540 R and 2400 R. Use k of air of 1.4. Determine the a) the
amount of heat transferred to the air during the het addition process, b) the thermal efficiency and
c) the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits. Draw the
P-v and T-s diagrams.
Solution:
PRACTICE EXERCISE 17
DIESEL CYCLE
2. An ideal Diesel engine at the beginning of the compression is from 14.7 Psi a, 80oF, 1.43 ft3 to 500
Psia. Then 16 Btu per cycle are added as a heat. Make a computations for cold air, k = 1.4 and find
T2, V4, QR, e and draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.
3. An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18.2. Air is 80 oF and 14.7 psia at the
beginning of the compression process and at 3000R at the end of the heat addition process.
Accounting the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine a) cut-off ratio, b) the heat
rejection per unit mass, and c) the thermal efficiency.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 18
DUAL CYCLE
1 rp rc 1
k
TL
2. Show that the efficiency of the Ericsson cycle is given by e Ericsson 1 . Draw the P-v and T-s
TH
diagrams.
3. An ideal Stirling cycle operates with 1 kg of air between thermal energy reservoirs at 27oC and
527oC. The maximum cycle pressure is 2000 kPa and the minimum cycle pressure is 100 kPa.
Determine the net work produced each time this cycle is executed, and the cycle’s thermal efficiency.
4. An Ericsson cycle operates between thermal energy reservoirs at 627oC and 7oC while producing
500 kW of power. Determine the rate of the heat addition to this cycle when it is repeated 2000 times
per minute.
Ans. 726 kW
You made it! Congratulations for completing the tasks
given in this module. This time I want you to share your
insights about your experience as you go through the
activities in this module.
MY REFLECTION
You connect . . .
. . . with the class
Submission of practice exercises to google classroom
Active participation in an open discussion using Facebook messenger.
https://www.reddit.com/r/thermodynamics/comments/c2bkkf/history_of_therm
odynamics_the_galileo_origin_of/
https://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/thermo1.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWiCaDPM7Hk
REFERENCES
(Books)