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Module 5 (Me 213)

The document discusses different gas cycles including Carnot, Otto, and Diesel cycles. It provides cycle analyses and formulas for each cycle. Key aspects covered include heat added, heat rejected, work done, efficiency calculations, pressure-volume and temperature-entropy diagrams, compression ratio, cutoff ratio, and the thermodynamic processes involved in each cycle.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
136 views22 pages

Module 5 (Me 213)

The document discusses different gas cycles including Carnot, Otto, and Diesel cycles. It provides cycle analyses and formulas for each cycle. Key aspects covered include heat added, heat rejected, work done, efficiency calculations, pressure-volume and temperature-entropy diagrams, compression ratio, cutoff ratio, and the thermodynamic processes involved in each cycle.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY-ORMOCC CITY CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Mechanical Engineering Department

MODULE 5: GAS CYCLE

ENGR. ROBERT G. NAVARRO


Registered Mechanical Engineering
MS Management Engineering
Engineering Faculty

NOT APPROVED FOR REPRODUCTION


5 GAS CYCLE

Objectives:

At the end of this module, you must be able to:

1. Introduce the different of cycle;

2. Analysis the different process of cycles;

3. Derive the efficiency of different cycles;

4. Solve problem related to gas and vapor cycle;

LESSON 1. CARNOT CYCLE

The carnot cycle was introduced as the most efficient heat engine that operate between two fixed temperatures th
and tl. The thermal efficiency of carnot cycle is given by

Cycle analysis
T
T-S DIAGRAM
1 2
1-2 - Isothermal process
2-3 - Isentropic process
3-4 - Isothermal process
4-1 - Isentropic process
4 3

Formula

a) Heat Added
QA  T1 (s2  s1 )

b) Heat Rejected

QR  T3 ( s4  s3 )

c) Work Net

Wnet  Q A  QR

d) Thermal Efficiency (e)

Wnet
i. e 
QA
Q  QR
ii. e  A
QA
T  T3 Tmax  Tmin
iii. e  1 or e
T1 Tmax

Carnot Cycle
Process Description Related Formula
P1V1  P2V2

P1V1  mRT1
1-2 Isothermal Expansion
P2V2  mRT2

Q12  T1 ( s2  s1 )
2-3 Isentropic expansion
P3V3  P2V2
k k

k 1
T3 V2 
 
T2 V3 

k 1
T3  P3  k
 
T2  P2 

P3V3  mRT3

P2V2  mRT2
P3V3  P4V4

P3V3  mRT3
3-4 Isothermal Expansion
P4V4  mRT4

Q34  T3 ( s4  s3 )

P4V4  P1V1
k k

k 1
T1 V4 
 
T4  V1 
4-1 Isentropic expansion
k 1
T1  P1  k
 
T4  P4 

P3V3  mRT3

P4V4  mRT4
LESSON 2. OTTO CYCLE

Cycle Analysis

1-2 – Isentropic compression


2-3 – Isometric process (Heat Addition)
3-4 – Isentropic expansion
4-1 – Isometric process (Heat Rejection)

P 3 T 3
Pv Constant Qin

Qin

4 2
2 4
Qout

1 1 Qout

v2 v1 v s
(a) P-v diagram (b) T-s diagram
a) Clearance (c)

V2
c
V1  V2

b) Compression ratio (rk)

V1
rk 
V2
c) Thermal Efficiency (e)

1
e  1 k 1
rk

OTTO CYCLES

Process Description Related Formula


P1V1  P2V2
k k

k 1
T2  V1 
 
T1 V2 

k 1
1-2 Isentropic compression
T2  P2  k
 
T1  P1 

P1V1  mRT1

P2V2  mRT2
Q23  QA  mcv (T3  T2 )

T3 P3

Isometric process T2 P2
2-3
(Heat Addition)
P2V2  mRT2

P3V3  mRT3
P3V3  P4V4
k k

k 1
T4 V3 
 
T3 V4 

k 1
3-4 Isentropic expansion
T4  P4  k
 
T3  P3 

P3V3  mRT3

P4V4  mRT4
4-1 Isometric process Q41  QR  mcv (T4  T1 )
(Heat Rejection)
T1 P1

T4 P4

P1V1  mRT1

P4V4  mRT4

LESSON DIESEL CYCLE


Cycle Analysis

1-2 – Isentropic compression


2-3 – Isobaric process (Heat Addition)
3-4 – Isentropic expansion
4-1 – Isometric process (Heat Rejection)

Formula

a) Clearance (c)

V2
c
V1  V2

b) Compression ratio (rk)

V1
rk 
V2

c) Cut-off ration (rc)

V3
rc 
V2

d) Thermal Efficiency (e)

1  rc  1 
k
e  1  k 1  
rk  k (rc  1) 
DIESEL CYCLE

Process Description Related Formula


P1V1  P2V2
k k

k 1
T2  V1 
 
T1 V2 

k 1
1-2 Isentropic compression
T2  P2  k
 
T1  P1 

P1V1  mRT1

P2V2  mRT2
Q23  QA  mc p (T3  T2 )

T3 V3

Isobaric process T2 V2
2-3
(Heat Addition)
P2V2  mRT2

P3V3  mRT3
P3V3  P4V4
k k

k 1
T4 V3 
 
T3 V4 

k 1
3-4 Isentropic expansion
T4  P4  k
 
T3  P3 

P3V3  mRT3

P4V4  mRT4
Q41  QR  mcv (T4  T1 )

T1 P1

Isometric process T4 P4
4-1
(Heat Rejection)
P1V1  mRT1

P4V4  mRT4
LESSON DUAL CYCLE
Cycle Analysis

1-2 – Isentropic compression


2-3 – Isometric process (Heat Addition)
3-4 – Isobaric process (Heat Addition)
4-5 – Isentropic expansion
5-1 – Isometric process (Heat Rejection)

Formula

a) Clearance (c)

V2
c
V1  V2

b) Compression ratio (rk)

V1
rk 
V2

c) Cut-off ration (rc)

V3
rc 
V2

d) Thermal Efficiency (e)

rp rck  1
e 1
r  1  k r r  1r
p p c k
k 1

DUAL CYCLE

Process Description Related Formula


P1V1  P2V2
k k

k 1
T2  V1 
 
T1 V2 

k 1
1-2 Isentropic compression
T2  P2  k
 
T1  P1 

P1V1  mRT1

P2V2  mRT2
Q23  QA  mcv (T3  T2 )

T3 P3

Isometric process T2 P2
2-3
(Heat Rejection)
P2V2  mRT2

P3V3  mRT3
Q34  QA  mc p (T4  T3 )

T4 V4

Isobaric process T3 V3
3-4
(Heat Addition)
P4V4  mRT4

P3V3  mRT3
P4V4  P5V5
k k

k 1
T5 V4 
 
T4 V5 

k 1
4-5 Isentropic expansion
T5  P5  k
 
T4  P4 

P5V5  mRT5

P4V4  mRT4
Isometric process Q51  QR  mcv (T5  T1 )
5-1
(Heat Rejection)
T1 P1

T5 P5

P1V1  mRT1

P5V5  mRT5

EXAMPLE 1.

An Otto cycle having a compression ratio of


9:1 uses air as the working fluid. Initially
P1 = 95 kP
a, T1 = 17°C, and V1 = 3.8 liters. During the
heat addition process, 7.5 kJ of heat are
added. Determine all T's, P's, th, the back
work ratio and the mean effective pressure.

Solution:

Data given:

T1  290 K
V1
9
V2
Q23  7.5 kJ
P1  95 kPa
V1  3.8 Litres

Pr ocess 1  2  isentropic compression 


k 1
T2  V1 
   T2  290  9 
0.4
 698.4 K
T1  V2 
Back to IGL : ButV3  V2
P3 P2
q23  Cv T3  T2  
T3 T2
 0.718 T3  698.4  P3  9.15 MPa
T3  3103.7 K
Pr ocess 3  4  isentropic exp ansion 
k 1
T4  V3 Pr ocess 4  1 Const 
    T4  T3 1/ 9  . volume
0.4
1288.8 Kheat rejection 
T3  V4 
Q  mCv T4  T1 1.4
k
P4  V3  41  
    P4  P3 1/ 9   422 kPa
P3  V4 q  C T  T
41 v 4 1  
 0.718 1288.8  290 
 717.1 kJkg

Then
: Wnet  qin  qout
 q23  q41
 1009.6 kJkg
Wnet
th,Otto   0.585  58.5% 
qin
What
else? W wnet
MEP  net

Vmax  Vmin vmax  vmin
w wnet
 net 
v1  v2 v1 1  v2 / v1 
wnet 1009.6
   1298 kPa
v1 1  r  0.875 1  1/ 9 
1

wcompr u12 Cv T2  T1 


rbw   
wexp ans u34 Cv T3  T4 
 0.225  22.5% 
PRACTICE EXERCISE 13
DERIVATION OF THE EFFICIENCY

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.

1. Derive the efficiency of the ideal Carnot cycle.


T1  T3
Answer: ecarnot 
T1
2. Derive the efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle.
1
Answer: ecarnot  1  k 1
rk
3. Derive the efficiency of the ideal Diesel cycle.
(rc  1)
k
1
Answer: ecarnot  1  k 1
[ ]
rk k (rc  1)
4. Derive the efficiency of the ideal Dual cycle.
rp rc  1
k
1
Answer: ecarnot  1  k 1
[ ]
rk rp  1  krp (rc  1)
PRACTICE EXERCISE 14
THREE-PROCESS CYCLE

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.


1. A three process cycle of an ideal gas, for which cp = 1.064 and cv = 0.804 kJ/kg-K, is initiated by
an isentropic compression (1-2) from 103.4 kPa, 27oC to 608.1 kPa. A constant volume process (2-
3) and a polytropic (3-1) with n = 1.2 complete the cycle. Circulation is a steady rate of 0.905 kg/s,
calculate a) heat addition, b) Work net, c) heat rejection and d) efficiency. Show the P-v and T-s
diagrams.

2. An air-standard cycle with variable specific heats is executed in a closed system with 0.003 kg of
air and consists of the following three processes:
1-2 constant volume heat addition from 95 kPa and 17oC to 380 kPa
2-3 isentropic expansion to 95 kPa
3-1 constant pressure heat rejection to initial state
a) Show the cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams.
b) Calculate the net work per cycle, in kJ.
c) Determine the thermal efficiency.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 15
CARNOT CYCLE

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.


1. Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.003 kg of air. The temperature limits
of the cycle are 300 K and 900 K, and minimum and maximum pressures that occur during the cycle
are 20 kPa and 2000 kPa. Determine the following: V1, V2, V3, V4, P2, P4, and e. Draw the P-v and T-
s diagrams.
2. The thermal energy reservoirs of an ideal gas Carnot cycle are at 1240 oF and 40oF, and the
device executing this cycle rejects 100Btu of heat each time cycle is executed. Determined a) the
total heat supplied to, b) the change of entropy at the heat addition, c) the total work produced by
this cycle each time it is executed and d) efficiency of the cycle. Draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.

3. A Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with air as the working fluid. The maximum pressure
in the cycle is 800 kPa while the maximum temperature is 750K. If the entropy increase during the
isothermal heat rejection process is 0.25 kJ/kg K and the network output is 100 kJ/kg, determine a)
the minimum pressure in the cycle, b) the heat rejection from the cycle, and c) thermal efficiency of
the cycle. Draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 16
OTTO CYCLE

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.


1. An Otto cycle having a compression ratio of 9/1 uses air as the working fluid. Initially P1 = 95 kPa,
T1 = 17oC, and V1 = 3.8L. During the heat addition process, 7.5 kJ of heat are added. Determine the
T2, T3, T4, e, and clearance. Draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.

2. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic compression
process, the air is at 100kPa, 35oC, and 300cm3. The temperature at the end of the isentropic
expansion process is 800K and k = 1.3. Determine a) the temperature, b) highest pressure in the
cycle, c) the amount of heat transferred, and d) efficiency of the cycle. Draw the P-v and T-s
diagrams.

3. An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The minimum and
maximum temperatures in the cycle are 540 R and 2400 R. Use k of air of 1.4. Determine the a) the
amount of heat transferred to the air during the het addition process, b) the thermal efficiency and
c) the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits. Draw the
P-v and T-s diagrams.
Solution:
PRACTICE EXERCISE 17
DIESEL CYCLE

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.


1. An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20, cut-off ratio of 10, k = 1.4 and uses air as
the working fluid. The state of air at the beginning of the compression process is 95 kPa, 4.0 L and
20°C. If the maximum temperature in the cycle is not to exceed 2200 K, determine P2, V2, T3, V3,
T4, P4, e and draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.

2. An ideal Diesel engine at the beginning of the compression is from 14.7 Psi a, 80oF, 1.43 ft3 to 500
Psia. Then 16 Btu per cycle are added as a heat. Make a computations for cold air, k = 1.4 and find
T2, V4, QR, e and draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.

3. An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18.2. Air is 80 oF and 14.7 psia at the
beginning of the compression process and at 3000R at the end of the heat addition process.
Accounting the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine a) cut-off ratio, b) the heat
rejection per unit mass, and c) the thermal efficiency.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 18
DUAL CYCLE

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.


1. At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard dual cycle with a compression
ratio, rk of 18, the temperature is 300 K, volume is 5.0 L and the pressure is 1 bar. The pressure
ratio, rp for the constant volume part of the heating process is 1.5. The cut-off ratio for the constant
pressure part of the heating process is 1.2. Determine T2, P2, V2, T3, P3, V3, V4, T4, P4, total heat
added, amount of heat rejected, e and draw the P-v and T-s diagrams.

1  rp rc  1 
k

2. Show that the efficiency of the dual combustion engine is given by e  1  k 1  


rk  rp  1  rp k (rc  1) 

and draw the P-v and T-s diagram of this cycle.


PRACTICE EXERCISE 19
STIRLING AND ERICSSON CYCLE

Instruction: Solve the following problems and show your solution.


TL
1. Show that the efficiency of the Stirling cycle is given by eStirling  1  . Draw the P-v and T-s
TH
diagrams.

TL
2. Show that the efficiency of the Ericsson cycle is given by e Ericsson  1  . Draw the P-v and T-s
TH
diagrams.

3. An ideal Stirling cycle operates with 1 kg of air between thermal energy reservoirs at 27oC and
527oC. The maximum cycle pressure is 2000 kPa and the minimum cycle pressure is 100 kPa.
Determine the net work produced each time this cycle is executed, and the cycle’s thermal efficiency.

4. An Ericsson cycle operates between thermal energy reservoirs at 627oC and 7oC while producing
500 kW of power. Determine the rate of the heat addition to this cycle when it is repeated 2000 times
per minute.
Ans. 726 kW
You made it! Congratulations for completing the tasks
given in this module. This time I want you to share your
insights about your experience as you go through the
activities in this module.

MY REFLECTION

You connect . . .
. . . with the class
 Submission of practice exercises to google classroom
 Active participation in an open discussion using Facebook messenger.

. . . with the world

https://www.reddit.com/r/thermodynamics/comments/c2bkkf/history_of_therm
odynamics_the_galileo_origin_of/

https://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/thermo1.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWiCaDPM7Hk

REFERENCES
(Books)

1. Thermodynamics 1, 1st Edition, Hipolito B. Sta. Maria, Copyright 1991, reprint


2011. (ISBN 971-08-4683-3)
2. Fundamentals Thermodynamic, 6th Edition, Richard E. Sonntag, Claus
Borgnakke and Gordon J. Van Wylen, Copyright 2003.
3. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition, Yunus A. Cengel
and Michael A. Boles, Copyright 2008 (ISBN 978-0-3901-8347-4)
4. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th Edition, Michael J.
Moran and et.al, John Wiley & Son, Inc. Copyright 2011 (ISBN 13 978-0470-49590-
2 and ISBN 978-0470-91768-8)

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