03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 01 HW

Ch 01 HW
Due: 8:59pm on Tuesday, March 14, 2023
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

Significant Figures Conceptual Question

In the parts that follow select whether the number presented in statement A is greater than, less than, or equal to the number
presented in statement B. Be sure to follow all of the rules concerning significant figures.

Part A

Statement A: 2.567 km, to two significant figures.

Statement B: 2.567 km, to three significant figures.
Determine the correct relationship between the statements.

Hint 1. Rounding and significant figures

Rounding to a different number of significant figures changes a number. For example, consider the number
3.4536. This number has five significant figures. The following table illustrates the result of rounding this number
to different numbers of significant figures:
Four significant figures ⟹ 3.454

Three significant figures ⟹ 3.45

Two significant figures ⟹ 3.5
One significant figure ⟹ 3

Notice that, when rounding 3.4536 to one significant figure, since 0.4536 is less than 0.5, the result is 3, even
though if you first rounded to two significant figures (3.5), the result would be 4.

ANSWER:

Statement A is greater than Statement B.

Statement A is less than Statement B.

Statement A is equal to Statement B.

Correct

Part B

Statement A: (2.567 km + 3.146 km), to two significant figures.

Statement B: (2.567 km, to two significant figures) + (3.146 km, to two significant figures).
Determine the correct relationship between the statements.
ANSWER:

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Statement A is greater than Statement B.

Statement A is less than Statement B.

Statement A is equal to Statement B.

Correct
Evaluate statement A as follows: (2.567 km + 3.146 km ) = 5.713 km to two significant figures is 5.7 km .
Statement B evaluates as 2.6 km + 3.1 km = 5.7 km . Therefore, the two statements are equal.

Part C

Statement A: Area of a rectangle with measured length = 2.536 m and width = 1.4 m.
Statement B: Area of a rectangle with measured length = 2.536 m and width = 1.41 m.
Since you are not told specific numbers of significant figures to round to, you must use the rules for multiplying numbers
while respecting significant figures. If you need a reminder, consult the hint.
Determine the correct relationship between the statements.

Hint 1. Significant figures and multiplication

When you multiply two numbers, the result should be rounded to the number of significant figures in the less
accurate of the two numbers. For instance, if you multiply 2.413 (four significant figures) times 3.81 (three
significant figures), the result should have three significant figures: 2.413 × 3.81 = 9.19. Similarly,
2 × 7.664323 = 20 , when significant figures are respected (i.e., 15.328646 rounded to one significant figure).

ANSWER:

Statement A is greater than Statement B.

Statement A is less than Statement B.

Statement A is equal to Statement B.

Correct
Evaluate statement A as follows: (2.536 m ) (1.4 m ) = 3.5504 m2 to two significant figures is 3.6 m2 .
Statement B evaluates as (2.536 m ) (1.41 m ) = 3.57576 m2 to three significant figures is 3.58 m2 .
Therefore, statement A is greater than statement B.

Vector Components--Review

Learning Goal:
To introduce you to vectors and the use of sine and cosine for a triangle when resolving components.
Vectors are an important part of the language of science, mathematics, and engineering. They are used to discuss
multivariable calculus, electrical circuits with oscillating currents, stress and strain in structures and materials, and flows of
atmospheres and fluids, and they have many other applications. Resolving a vector into components is a precursor to
computing things with or about a vector quantity. Because position, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, and angular

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momentum are all vector quantities, resolving vectors into components is the most important skill required in a mechanics
course.

shows the components of F ⃗ , Fx and Fy , along the x and y axes

of the coordinate system, respectively. The components of a vector
depend on the coordinate system's orientation, the key being the
angle between the vector and the coordinate axes, often
designated θ.

Part A
shows the standard way of measuring the angle. θ is
measured to the vector from the x axis, and counterclockwise
is positive.

Express Fx and Fy in terms of the length of the vector F

and the angle θ, with the components separated by a
comma.

ANSWER:

Fx , Fy = F cos (θ) , F sin (θ)

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Correct
In principle, you can determine the components of any vector with these expressions. If F ⃗ lies in one of the
other quadrants of the plane, θ will be an angle larger than 90 degrees (or π/2 in radians) and cos(θ) and
sin(θ) will have the appropriate signs and values.

Unfortunately this way of representing F ⃗ , though mathematically correct, leads to equations that must be
simplified using trig identities such as
∘
sin(180 + ϕ) = − sin(ϕ)

and
∘
cos(90 + ϕ) = − sin(ϕ) .

These must be used to reduce all trig functions present in your equations to either sin(ϕ) or cos(ϕ). Unless
you perform this followup step flawlessly, you will fail to recoginze that
∘ ∘
sin(180 + ϕ) + cos(270 − ϕ) = 0 ,

and your equations will not simplify so that you can progress further toward a solution. Therefore, it is best to
express all components in terms of either sin(ϕ) or cos(ϕ), with ϕ between 0 and 90 degrees (or 0 and π/2
in radians), and determine the signs of the trig functions by knowing in which quadrant the vector lies.

Part B

When you resolve a vector F ⃗ into components, the components must have the form |F |⃗  cos(θ) or |F |⃗  sin(θ) . The
signs depend on which quadrant the vector lies in, and there will be one component with sin(θ) and the other with
cos(θ) .

In real problems the optimal coordinate system is often rotated so that the x axis is not horizontal. Furthermore, most
vectors will not lie in the first quadrant. To assign the sine and cosine correctly for vectors at arbitrary angles, you must
figure out which angle is θ and then properly reorient the definitional triangle.
As an example, consider the vector N ⃗  shown in labeled "tilted
axes," where you know the angle θ between N ⃗  and the y
axis.

Which of the various ways of orienting the definitional triangle

must be used to resolve N ⃗  into components in the tilted
coordinate system shown? (In the figures, the hypotenuse is
blue (long dashes), the side adjacent to θ is red (short
dashes), and the side opposite is yellow (solid).)

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Indicate the number of the figure with the correct orientation.

Hint 1. Recommended procedure for resolving a vector into components

First figure out the sines and cosines of θ, then figure out the signs from the quadrant the vector is in and write in
the signs.

Hint 2. Finding the trigonometric functions

Sine and cosine are defined according to the following convention, with the key lengths shown in green: The
hypotenuse (blue long dashes) has unit length, the side adjacent (red short dashes) to θ has length cos(θ) , and
the side opposite (yellow solid) has length sin(θ).

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ANSWER:

Correct

Part C
Choose the correct procedure for determining the components of a vector in a given coordinate system from this list:
ANSWER:

Align the adjacent side of a right triangle with the vector and the hypotenuse along a coordinate direction with
θ as the included angle.

Align the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the vector and an adjacent side along a coordinate direction with
θ as the included angle.

Align the opposite side of a right triangle with the vector and the hypotenuse along a coordinate direction with
θ as the included angle.

Align the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the vector and the opposite side along a coordinate direction with
θ as the included angle.

Correct

Part D
The space around a coordinate system is conventionally divided into four numbered quadrants depending on the signs
of the x and y coordinates . Consider the following conditions:

A. x > 0, y > 0
B. x > 0, y < 0
C. x < 0, y > 0
D. x < 0, y < 0
Which of these lettered conditions are true in which the
numbered quadrants shown in ?

Write the answer in the following way: If A were true in the

third quadrant, B in the second, C in the first, and D in the
fourth, enter "3, 2, 1, 4" as your response.

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ANSWER:

1,4,2,3

Correct

Part E

Now find the components N x and N y of N ⃗  in the tilted coordinate system of Part B.

Express your answer in terms of the length of the vector N and the angle θ, with the components separated by
a comma.

ANSWER:

Nx , N y = −N sin (θ) , N cos (θ)

Correct

Exercise 1.12

Part A

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of the trace metal magnesium is 410 mg/day for males. Express this
quantity in μg/day.
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:

4.1×105 μg/day

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Correct

Part B
For adults, the RDA of the amino acid lysine is 12 mg per kg of body weight. How many grams per day should a 75 kg
adult receive?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:

0.90 g/day

Correct

Part C

A typical multivitamin tablet can contain 2.0 mg of vitamin B2 (riboflavin), and the RDA is 0.0030 g/day . How many
such tablets should a person take each day to get the proper amount of this vitamin, assuming that he gets none from
any other sources?
Express your answer as an integer.
ANSWER:

2 tablets

Correct

Part D
The RDA for the trace element selenium is 0.000070 g/day . Express this dose in mg/day .

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:

7.0×10−2 mg/day

Correct

Exercise 1.7

Part A
How many years older will you be 1.20 billion seconds from now? (Assume a 365-day year.)

ANSWER:

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38.1 years

Correct

Exercise 1.24

You are using water to dilute small amounts of chemicals in the laboratory, drop by drop.

Part A
How many drops of water are in a 1.0 L bottle? (Hint: Start by estimating the diameter of a drop of water.)
ANSWER:

∼ 10 drops of water

2
∼ 10 drops of water

5
∼ 10 drops of water

8
∼ 10 drops of water

Correct

± Vector Addition and Subtraction

In general it is best to conceptualize vectors as arrows in space, and then to make calculations with them using their
components. (You must first specify a coordinate system in order to find the components of each arrow.) This problem gives
you some practice with the components.

Let vectors A⃗ = (1, 0, −3), B⃗  = (−2, 5, 1), and C ⃗ = (3, 1, 1) . Calculate the following, and express your answers as
ordered triplets of values separated by commas.

Part A
ANSWER:

⃗ 
A −B
⃗ 
= 3,-5,-4

Correct

Part B

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ANSWER:

⃗ 
B −C
⃗ 
= -5,4,0

Correct

Part C
ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗ 
−A + B − C
⃗ 
= -6,4,3

Correct

Part D
ANSWER:

⃗ 
3A − 2C
⃗ 
= -3,-2,-11

Correct

Part E
ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗ 
−2A + 3B − C
⃗ 
= -11,14,8

Correct

Part F
ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗  ⃗ 
2A − 3(B − C ) = 17,-12,-6

Correct

Tracking a Plane

A radar station, located at the origin of xy plane, as shown in , detects an airplane coming straight at the station from the
east. At first observation (point A), the position of the airplane relative to the origin is R⃗ A . The position vector R⃗ A  has a

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∘
magnitude of 360 m  and is located at exactly 40 above the horizon.
The airplane is tracked for another 123∘ in the vertical east-west plane
for 5.0 s , until it has passed directly over the station and reached point
B. The position of point B relative to the origin is R⃗ B (the magnitude of
⃗ 
RB is 880 m). The contact points are shown in the diagram, where
the x axis represents the ground and the positive y direction is upward.

Part A

Define the displacement of the airplane while the radar was tracking it: R⃗ BA ⃗  ⃗ 
= RB − RA . What are the components of
⃗  
RBA ?

Express R⃗ BA in terms of the unit vectors ^ ^

i  and j , in meters.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Keep in mind that  R⃗ BA ⃗  ⃗ 

= RB − RA . According to the rules of vector addition and subtraction, the x component
 ⃗  ⃗ ⃗  ⃗ 
of RBA  is   (RBA )x = (RB )x − (RA )x .

Hint 2. Finding the components of R⃗ A

What are the components of R⃗ A in the x and y directions?

Express your answer in terms of the unit vectors ^ ^

i  and  j , in meters.

ANSWER:

⃗  ^ ^ m
RA = 276 i + 231 j

Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining

Hint 3. Finding the components of R⃗ B

What are the components of R⃗ B in the x and y directions?

Express your answer in terms of the unit vectors ^ ^

i  and  j , in meters.

ANSWER:

⃗  ^ ^ m
RB = −842 i + 257 j

ANSWER:

⃗  ^ ^ m
RBA = −1100 i + 26 j

Answer Requested

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± Vector Dot Product

Let vectors A⃗ = (2, 1, −4), B⃗  = (−3, 0, 1) , and C ⃗ = (−1, −1, 2) .
Calculate the following:

Part A

Hint 1. Remember the dot product equation

If M⃗  = (Mx , My , Mz ) and N ⃗  = (N x , N y , N z ) , then

⃗  ⃗ 
M ⋅ N = Mx N x + My N y + Mz N z .

ANSWER:

⃗ 
A ⋅B
⃗ 
= -10

Correct

Part B

What is the angle θAB between A⃗ and B⃗ ?

Express your answer using one significant figure.

Hint 1. Remember the definition of dot products

⃗  ⃗ 
⃗  ⃗ 
A ⋅ B = |A | |B| cos(θ) , where θ is the angle between A⃗ and B⃗ .

ANSWER:

θAB = 2 radians

Correct

Part C
ANSWER:

⃗ 
2B ⋅ 3C
⃗ 
= 30

Correct

Part D
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ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗ 
2(B ⋅ 3C ) = 30

Correct

Part E
Which of the following can be computed?

Hint 1. Dot product operator

The dot product operates only on two vectors. The dot product of a vector and a scalar is not defined.

ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗  ⃗ 
A ⋅B ⋅C

⃗  ⃗  ⃗ 
A ⋅ (B ⋅ C )

⃗  ⃗  ⃗ 
A ⋅ (B + C )

⃗ 
3⋅A

Correct

⃗ 
V 1 and V 2⃗  are different vectors with lengths V1 and V2 respectively. Find the following:

Part F
Express your answer in terms of V1

Hint 1. What is the angle between a vector and itself?

The angle between a vector and itself is 0.

Hint 2. Remember the definition of dot products

⃗  ⃗ 
⃗  ⃗ 
A ⋅ B = |A | |B| cos(θ) , where θ is the angle between A⃗ and B⃗ .

ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗  2
V 1 ⋅V 1 = V1

Correct

Part G

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If V 1⃗  and V 2⃗  are perpendicular,

Hint 1. What is the angle between perpendicular vectors?

The angle between vectors that are perpendicular is equal to π/2 radians or 90 degrees.

ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗ 
V 1 ⋅V 2 = 0

Correct

Part H

If V 1⃗  and V 2⃗  are parallel,

Express your answer in terms of V1 and V2 .

Hint 1. What is the angle between parallel vectors?

The angle between vectors that are parallel is equal to 0.

ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗  V1 V2
V 1 ⋅V 2 =

Correct

Exercise 1.40

In each case, find the x- and y-components of vector A⃗ .

Part A
⃗ 
A = 4.80 ^ ^
i − 5.70 j

Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. Express your answers using three significant figures.
ANSWER:

Ax Ay , = 4.80,-5.70

Correct

Part B

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⃗ 
A = 11.2 ^ ^
j − 7.91 i

Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. Express your answers using three significant figures.
ANSWER:

Ax Ay, = -7.91,11.2

Correct

Part C
⃗ 
A = − 18.0 ^ ^
i + 22.0 j

Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. Express your answers using three significant figures.
ANSWER:

Ax Ay, = -18.0,22.0

Correct

Part D
⃗  ^ ^
A = 5.0B , where B = 2^ ^
i− 4 j

Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. Express your answers using one significant figure.
ANSWER:

Ax Ay, = 10,-20

Correct

Problem 1.81

While following a treasure map, you start at an old oak tree. You first walk 825 m directly south, then turn and walk 1.25 km
at 30.0 ∘ west of north, and finally walk 1.00 km at 40.0 ∘ north of east, where you find the treasure: a biography of Isaac
Newton!

Part A
To return to the old oak tree, in what direction should you head ? Use components to solve this problem.
ANSWER:

∘
θ = 8.90 west of south

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Correct

Part B
To return to the old oak tree, how far will you walk? Use components to solve this problem.
ANSWER:

D = 911 m

Correct

Dimensions of Physical Quantities

Learning Goal:
To introduce the idea of physical dimensions and to learn how to find them.
Physical quantities are generally not purely numerical: They have a particular dimension or combination of dimensions
associated with them. Thus, your height is not 74, but rather 74 inches, often expressed as 6 feet 2 inches. Although feet and
inches are different units they have the same dimension--length.

Part A
In classical mechanics there are three base dimensions. Length is one of them. What are the other two?

Hint 1. MKS system

The current system of units is called the International System (abbreviated SI from the French Système
International). In the past this system was called the mks system for its base units: meter, kilogram, and second.
What are the dimensions of these quantities?

ANSWER:

acceleration and mass

acceleration and time

acceleration and charge

mass and time

mass and charge

time and charge

Correct

There are three dimensions used in mechanics: length (l), mass (m), and time (t ). A combination of these three dimensions
suffices to express any physical quantity, because when a new physical quantity is needed (e.g., velocity), it always obeys an

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equation that permits it to be expressed in terms of the units used for these three dimensions. One then derives a unit to
measure the new physical quantity from that equation, and often its unit is given a special name. Such new dimensions are
called derived dimensions and the units they are measured in are called derived units.

For example, area A has derived dimensions [A] = l2 . (Note that "dimensions of variable x" is symbolized as [x] .) You can
find these dimensions by looking at the formula for the area of a square A = s2 , where s is the length of a side of the
square. Clearly [s] = l. Plugging this into the equation gives [A] = [s]2 = l2 .

Part B

Find the dimensions [V ] of volume.

Express your answer as powers of length (l), mass (m), and time (t ).

Hint 1. Equation for volume

You have likely learned many formulas for the volume of various shapes in geometry. Any of these equations will
give you the dimensions for volume. You can find the dimensions most easily from the volume of a cube V = e3 ,
where e is the length of the edge of the cube.

ANSWER:

[V ] = l
3

Correct

Part C
Find the dimensions [v] of speed.

Express your answer as powers of length (l), mass (m), and time (t ).

Hint 1. Equation for speed

Speed v is defined in terms of distance d and time t as

d
v = .
t

Therefore, [v] = [d]/[t] .

Hint 2. Familiar units for speed

You are probably accustomed to hearing speeds in miles per hour (or possibly kilometers per hour). Think about
the dimensions for miles and hours. If you divide the dimensions for miles by the dimensions for hours, you will
have the dimensions for speed.

ANSWER:

l
[v] =
t

Correct

The dimensions of a quantity are not changed by addition or subtraction of another quantity with the same dimensions. This
means that Δv , which comes from subtracting two speeds, has the same dimensions as speed.

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It does not make physical sense to add or subtract two quanitites that have different dimensions, like length plus time. You
can add quantities that have different units, like miles per hour and kilometers per hour, as long as you convert both
quantities to the same set of units before you actually compute the sum. You can use this rule to check your answers to any
physics problem you work. If the answer involves the sum or difference of two quantities with different dimensions, then it
must be incorrect.

This rule also ensures that the dimensions of any physical quantity will never involve sums or differences of the base
dimensions. (As in the preceeding example, l + t is not a valid dimension for a physical quantitiy.) A valid dimension will only
involve the product or ratio of powers of the base dimensions (e.g. m2/3 l2 t−2 ).

Part D

Find the dimensions [a] of acceleration.

Express your answer as powers of length (l), mass (m), and time (t ).

Hint 1. Equation for acceleration

In physics, acceleration a is defined as the change in velocity in a certain time. This is shown by the equation
a = Δv/Δt. The Δ is a symbol that means "the change in."

ANSWER:

l
[a] = 2
t

Correct

Consistency of Units

In physics, every physical quantity is measured with respect to a unit. Time is measured in seconds, length is measured in
meters, and mass is measured in kilograms. Knowing the units of physical quantities will help you solve problems in physics.

Part A
Gravity causes objects to be attracted to one another. This attraction keeps our feet firmly planted on the ground and
causes the moon to orbit the earth. The force of gravitational attraction is represented by the equation
Gm 1 m 2
F =
2
,
r
where F is the magnitude of the gravitational attraction on either body, m1 and m2 are the masses of the bodies, r is
the distance between them, and G is the gravitational constant. In SI units, the units of force are kg ⋅ m/s2 , the units of
mass are kg, and the units of distance are m. For this equation to have consistent units, the units of G must be which of
the following?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To solve this problem, we start with the equation
Gm 1 m 2
F =
2
.
r
For each symbol whose units we know, we replace the symbol with those units. For example, we replace m1
with kg. We now solve this equation for G.

ANSWER:

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3
kg

2
m⋅s

2
kg⋅s

3
m

3
m
2
kg⋅s

m
2
kg⋅s

Correct

Part B
One consequence of Einstein's theory of special relativity is that mass is a form of energy. This mass-energy relationship
is perhaps the most famous of all physics equations:
2
E = mc ,

where m is mass, c is the speed of the light, and E is the energy. In SI units, the units of speed are m/s. For the
preceding equation to have consistent units (the same units on both sides of the equation), the units of E must be which
of the following?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To solve this problem, we start with the equation

2
. E = mc

For each symbol whose units we know, we replace the symbol with those units. For example, we replace m with
kg . We now solve this equation for E .

ANSWER:

kg⋅m

2
kg⋅m

2
s

2
kg⋅s

2
m

2
kg⋅m

Correct
To solve the types of problems typified by these examples, we start with the given equation. For each symbol
whose units we know, we replace the symbol with those units. For example, we replace m with kg. We now
solve this equation for the units of the unknown variable.

Measurements in SI Units

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Familiarity with SI units will aid your study of physics and all other sciences.

Part A
What is the approximate height of the average adult in centimeters?

Hint 1. Converting between feet and centimeters

The distance from your elbow to your fingertips is typically about 50 cm .

ANSWER:

100 cm

200 cm

300 cm

Correct
If you're not familiar with metric units of length, you can use your body to develop intuition for them. The
average height of an adult is 5 f eet 6.4 inches. The distance from elbow to fingertips on the average adult is
about 50 cm . Ten mm (1 cm ) is about the width of this adult's little finger and 10 cm is about the width of the
average hand.

Part B
Approximately what is the mass of the average adult in kilograms?

Hint 1. Converting between pounds and kilograms

1
Something that weighs 1 pound has a mass of about kg .
2

ANSWER:

80 kg

500 kg

1200 kg

Correct
Something that weighs 1 pound has a mass of about (1/2) kg . This is a useful conversion to keep in mind!

Exercise 1.20

Four astronauts are in a spherical space station.

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Part A

If, as is typical, each of them breathes about 500 cm3 of air with each breath, approximately what volume of air (in cubic
meters) do these astronauts breathe in a year?
ANSWER:

2 3
1 × 10 m

3 3
1 × 10 m

4 3
1 × 10 m

5 3
1 × 10 m

Correct

Part B
What would the diameter (in meters) of the space station have to be to contain all this air?
ANSWER:

3 m

30 m

300 m

3000 m

Correct

Components of Vectors

Shown is a 10 by 10 grid, with coordinate axes x and y .

The grid runs from -5 to 5 on both axes. Drawn on this grid are
four vectors, labeled A⃗ through D⃗ . This problem will ask you
various questions about these vectors. All answers should be in
decimal notation, unless otherwise specified.

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Part A

What is the x component of A⃗ ?

Express your answer to the nearest integer.

Hint 1. How to derive the component

A component of a vector is its length (but with appropriate sign) along a particular coordinate axis, the axes being
specfied in advance. You are asked for the component of A⃗ that lies along the x axis, which is horizontal in this
problem. Imagine two lines perpendicular to the x axis running from the head (end with the arrow) and tail of A⃗ 
down to the x axis. The length of the x axis between the points where these lines intersect is the x component of
⃗ 
A . In this problem, the x component is the x coordinate at which the perpendicular from the head of the vector
hits the x axis (because the tail of the vector is at the origin).

ANSWER:

Ax = 3

Correct

Part B

What is the y component of A⃗ ?

Express your answer to the nearest integer.

ANSWER:

Ay = 3

Correct

Part C

What is the y component of B⃗ ?

Express your answer to the nearest integer.

Hint 1. Consider the direction

Don't forget the sign.

ANSWER:

By = -3

Correct

Part D

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What is the x component of C ⃗ ?

Express your answer to the nearest integer.

Hint 1. How to find the start and end points of the vector components
A vector is defined only by its magnitude and direction. The starting point of the vector is of no consequence to its
definition. Therefore, you need to somehow eliminate the starting point from your answer. You can run two
perpendiculars to the x axis, one from the head (end with the arrow) of C ⃗ , and another to the tail, with the x
component being the difference between x coordinates of head and tail (negative if the tail is to the right of the
head). Another way is to imagine bringing the tail of C ⃗ to the origin, and then using the same procedure you used
before to find the components of A⃗ and B⃗ . This is equivalent to the previous method, but it might be easier to
visualize.

ANSWER:

Cx = -2

Correct

The following questions will ask you to give both components of vectors using the ordered pairs method. In this method, the
x component is written first, followed by a comma, and then the y component. For example, the components of A⃗ would be
written 3,3 in ordered pair notation.

The answers below are all integers, so estimate the components to the nearest whole number.

Part E

In ordered pair notation, write down the components of vector B⃗ .

Express your answers to the nearest integer.
ANSWER:

Bx By, = 2,-3

Correct

Part F

In ordered pair notation, write down the components of vector D⃗ .

Express your answers to the nearest integer.

ANSWER:

Dx , Dy = 2,-3

Correct

Part G

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What is true about B⃗  and D⃗ ?

ANSWER:

They have different components and are not the same vectors.

They have the same components but are not the same vectors.

They are the same vectors.

Correct

Exercise 1.29

Vector A⃗ has y -component Ay = +16.0 m . A⃗ makes an angle of 20.0 ∘ counterclockwise from the +y -axis.

Part A

What is the x-component of A⃗ ?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

Ax = -5.82 m

Answer Requested

Part B

What is the magnitude of A⃗ ?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

A = 17.0 m

Correct

Exercise 1.40

You are given two vectors A⃗ = ^

^ + 5.00 j
−3.00 ι and B⃗  = ^
^ + 2.00 j
8.00 ι . Let counterclockwise angles be positive.

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Part A

What angle θA , where 0∘ ≤ θA < 360

∘
, does A⃗ make with the +x-axis?
ANSWER:

θA = 121 ∘

Correct

Part B

What angle θB , where 0∘ ≤ θB < 360

∘
, does B⃗  make with the +x-axis?
ANSWER:

θB = 14.0 ∘

Correct

Part C

Vector C ⃗ is the sum of A⃗ and B⃗ , so C ⃗ = ⃗ 

A +B
⃗ 
. What angle θC , where 0∘ ≤ θC < 360
∘
, does C ⃗ make with the
+x -axis?

ANSWER:

θC = 54.5 ∘

Correct

Exercise 1.42

Part A

Given two vectors A⃗ = 4.80 ^ ^ ⃗  ^ ^ ⃗  ⃗ 

i + 7.00 j and B = 5.50 i − 2.20 j , find the scalar product of the two vectors A and B .

ANSWER:

⃗ 
A ⋅B
⃗ 
= 11.0

Correct

Part B
Find the angle between these two vectors.

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ANSWER:

θ = 77.4 ∘

Correct

Vector Cross Product

Let vectors A⃗ = (1, 0, −3), B⃗  = (−2, 5, 1), and C ⃗ = (3, 1, 1) .
Calculate the following, expressing your answers as ordered triples (three comma-separated numbers).

Part A

Hint 1. The cross product

If M⃗  = (Mx , My , Mz ) and N ⃗  = (N x , N y , N z ) , then

⃗  ⃗ 
M × N = (My N z − Mz N y , Mz N x − Mx N z , Mx N y − My N x ) .

ANSWER:

⃗ 
B ×C
⃗ 
= 4,5,-17

Correct

Part B
ANSWER:

⃗ 
C ×B
⃗ 
= -4,-5,17

Correct

Part C
ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗ 
(2B) × (3C ) = 24,30,-102

Correct

Part D

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ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗  ⃗ 
A × (B × C ) = 15,5,5

Correct

Part E
ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗  ⃗ 
A ⋅ (B × C ) = 55

Answer Requested

⃗ 
V and V 2⃗  are different vectors with lengths V1 and V2 respectively. Find the following, expressing your answers in terms of
1

given quantities.

Part F

If V 1⃗  and V 2⃗  are perpendicular,

Hint 1. What is the angle between perpendicular vectors?

The angle between vectors that are perpendicular is equal to π/2 radians or 90 degrees.

Hint 2. Magnitude of the cross product

⃗  ⃗ 
⃗  ⃗ 
|A × B| = |A | |B| sin(θ) , where θ is the angle between A⃗ and B⃗ .

ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗  V V
|V 1 ×V 2| = 1
⃗ 
2
⃗ 

Correct

Part G

If V 1⃗  and V 2⃗  are parallel,

Hint 1. What is the angle between two parallel vectors?

The angle between vectors that are parallel is equal to 0.

ANSWER:

⃗  ⃗ 
|V 1 ×V 2|
= 0

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Correct

Problem 1.63

A patient with a dislocated shoulder is put into a traction apparatus as shown in . The pulls A⃗ and B⃗  have equal magnitudes
and must combine to produce an outward traction force of 12.5 N on the
patient's arm.

Part A
How large should these pulls be?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

F = 7.37 N

Correct

Problem 1.81

Vector A⃗ has magnitude 17.0 m and vector B⃗  has magnitude 12.0 m . The scalar product A⃗  ⋅ B⃗  is 81.0 2
m .

Part A
What is the magnitude of the vector product between these two vectors?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

∣ ⃗  ⃗ ∣
∣
A ×B
∣
= 187 m2

Answer Requested

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Problem 1.52

A maser is a laser-type device that produces electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the microwave and radio-wave
bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. You can use the radio waves generated by a hydrogen maser as a standard of
frequency. The frequency of these waves is 1,420,405,751.786 hertz. (A hertz is another name for one cycle per second.) A
clock controlled by a hydrogen maser is off by only 1 s in 100,000 years. (The large number of significant figures given for the
frequency simply illustrates the remarkable accuracy to which it has been measured.)

Part A
What is the time for one cycle of the radio wave?

Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

t = 7.04×10−10 s

Correct

Part B
How many cycles occur in 9 h ?
Express your answer using three significant figures.

ANSWER:

N = 4.60×1013 cycles

Correct

Part C

How many cycles would have occurred during the age of the earth, which is estimated to be 4.6 × 109 years?
Express your answer using three significant figures.

ANSWER:

N = 2.06×1026 cycles

Correct

Part D
By how many seconds would a hydrogen maser clock be off after a time interval equal to the age of the earth?
Express your answer using three significant figures.

ANSWER:

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t = 4.60×104 s

Correct

Problem 1.60

Three horizontal ropes pull on a large stone stuck in the ground, producing the vector forces A⃗ , B⃗ , and C ⃗ shown in the
figure .

Part A
Find the magnitude of a fourth force on the stone that will make the vector sum of the four forces zero.

ANSWER:

90.2 N

Correct

Part B
Find the direction of a fourth force on the stone that will make the vector sum of the four forces zero.

ANSWER:

∘
256 counterclockwise from +x-axis

Correct

Exercise 1.48

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Part A

For the two vectors A⃗ and B⃗  in the figure , find the scalar
product A⃗ ⋅ B⃗ .

ANSWER:

⃗ 
A ⋅B
⃗ 
= -6.62 2
m

Correct

Part B

Find the magnitude of the vector product A⃗ × B⃗ .

ANSWER:

5.55 m
2

Correct

Part C

What is the direction of the vector product A⃗ × B⃗ ?

ANSWER:

+z-direction

-z-direction

Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 85.1%.
You received 40.84 out of a possible total of 48 points.

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