ANALYSIS VS DESIGN

Two different types of problems arise in the study of reinforced concrete:

1. Analysis. Given a cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size and location, and yield strength, compute there
resistance or strength. In analysis there should be one unique answer.
2. Design. Given a factored design moment, select a suitable cross section, including dimensions, concrete strength
reinforcement, etc. In design there are many possible solutions.
Important notes to consider:
 Analysis is easier because all of the decisions concerning reinforcement, beam size, etc. have been made. Strength calculation
principles are only applied to determine the capacity.
 Design involves the choice of section dimensions, material strengths, and reinforcement placement to produce a cross section
that can resist the moments due to factored loads.
SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
A moment that causes on the top surface of a beam and tension in the bottom surface is called a positive moment. In beams,
compression surfaces are indicated as shaded zones in the cross-section.

Common symbols and notation used in analysis and design.

 𝐴𝑠 is the area of reinforcement near the tension face of the beam, (𝑚𝑚2 ).
 𝐴′𝑠 is the area of reinforcement near the compression face of the beam, (𝑚𝑚2 ).
 𝑏 is a general symbol for the width of the compression zone in a beam, 𝑚𝑚 .
 𝑏𝑤 is the width of the web of the beam (and may or may not be the same as 𝑏), (𝑚𝑚).
 𝑑 is the distance from the extreme fiber in compression to the centroid of the longitudinal reinforcement on the tension side
of the member 𝑚𝑚 .
 𝑑′ is the distance frome the extreme compression fiber to the centroid fo the longiditudinal compression steel (𝑚𝑚).
 𝑓′𝑐 is the specified compressive strength of concrete 𝑀𝑃𝑎 .
 𝑓𝑐 is the stress in the concrete 𝑀𝑃𝑎 .
 𝑓𝑠 is the stress in the tension reinforcement 𝑀𝑃𝑎 .
 𝑓𝑦 is the specified yield strength of the reinforcement 𝑀𝑃𝑎 .
 ℎ is the overall height of the beam cross section 𝑚𝑚 .
 𝜀𝑐 is the assumed maximum useable compression strain in the concrete.
 𝜀𝑠 is the strain in the tension reinforcement.

FLEXURE THEORY

A beam is a structural member that supports applied loads and its own weight primarily by internal moments and shears. If the
axial load, 𝑁, is zero the member is referred to as a beam.
If the axial load, 𝑁, is a compressive force the member is called a beam-column.

1
The conventional elastic beam theory results in the equation
𝑀𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼
This applies to uncracked, homogeneous rectangular beams without horizontal reinforcements. The distribution of stresses are
shown.

The theory of flexure for reinforced concrete is based on three basic assumptions which are sufficient to allow one to calculate the
moment resistance of a beam.
1. Sections remain perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane before bending remain plane after bending.
2. The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same level.
3. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the strains by using stress-strain curves for concrete
and steel.
The second assumption is necessary because the concrete and the reinforcement must act together to carry load. This implies a
perfect bond between the concrete and the steel.
In the analysis of the moment-curvature relationship of any For the stress-strain relationship of concrete, a parabola is
beam section, a simple elastic-perfectly plastic model is plotted from zero stress to the compressive stress of concrete
assumed for the reinforcing steel in tension or compression. 𝑓′𝑐 where it achieves its peak strain 𝜀𝑜 .
In tension the concrete is assumed to have a linear stress-strain
Assumed stress-strain relationship for steel
relationship up to the concrete modulus of rupture 𝑓𝑟 .

Assumed stress-strain relationship for concrete

Consider the beam section shown subjected to positive bending. In order to measure the moment capacity of the beam, a moment-
curvature relationship is generated.

The curvature Φ is the slope of the strain diagram shown.

2
Moment-curvature relationship for the beam previously shown Points 0.003 to 0.006 represent the corresponding strain in the
with 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎. concrete after the yield point of steel. For each successive point
beyond 0.003, the section moment capacity decreases at an
increasing rate.
The code specifies that the maximum useable strain value is
limited to 0.003 where the nominal moment strength of the
section is to be calculated.

Changes in the section parameters of the cross-section demonstrates an effect on the moment-curvature response of the beam
section.
Consider the material and section properties for various beam sections.

Primary
Basic Section Moderate 𝐴𝑠 High 𝐴𝑠 High 𝑓𝑦 Large 𝑑 High 𝑓′𝑐 Large 𝑏
Variables
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 1613 2903 4194 1613 1613 1613 1613
𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑃𝑎 413.7 413.7 413.7 551.6 413.7 413.7 413.7
𝑑 𝑚𝑚 537.5 537.5 537.5 537.5 812.5 537.5 537.5
𝑓′𝑐 𝑀𝑃𝑎 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 41.4 27.6
𝑏 𝑚𝑚 300 300 300 300 300 300 450

Effect of increasing the tension steel area, 𝐴𝑠 , moment-curvature Effect of increasing 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑑, 𝑓′𝑐 , 𝑏 and by adding compression steel
response of the beam section. 𝐴′𝑠 = 0.5𝐴𝑠

Summary on the effects of the changes in beam section variables on the moment capacity of the beam:
• Increasing the tension steel area causes a proportional increase in the strength of the section. However, the higher tension steel
areas also causes a less ductile behavior for the section.
• An increase in the steel yield strength has the same effect as increasing the tension steel area where the section moment
strength increases and the section ductility decreases.
• Increasing the effective flexural depth of the section, 𝑑, increases the section moment strength without compromising ductility.
The elastic stiffness of the section also increases because the section moment of inertia is significantly affected by the depth of
the section.
• Changes in concrete strength and section width have a small effect on moment strength.
• The addition of compression steel, 𝐴′𝑠 , has very little effect on the moment strength of the beam section. The only primary
reason for using compression reinforcement will be to increase the ductility of the beam section.
3
 STAGES OF FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR
Moment-curvature diagram illustrating the stages of flexural behavior of When transverse loads are gradually increased in
beams. magnitude until the beam fails, the beam will go
through three distinct stages before collapse occurs:
1. Concrete uncracked
2. Concrete cracked (elastic stresses)
3. Nominal strength

CONCRETE UNCRACKED

At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus
of rupture (the bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins
to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with
compression on one side and tension on the other.
Valid for concrete stress,
𝑓𝑐 ≤ 𝑓𝑟

Once the modulus of rupture of the concrete is reached, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam.
The bending moment at which these cracks begin to form is referred to as the cracking moment, 𝑀𝑐𝑟 .
The cracking moment , 𝑀𝑐𝑟 , is defined as the moment that causes the stress in the extreme tension fiber to reach the modulus of
rupture.

The code gives the following equation for the cracking moment obtained from the flexure formula:
𝑀𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 =
𝐼𝑔
thus
𝑓𝑟𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
where:
𝑓𝑟 = modulus of rupture of concrete
𝑦𝑡 = the distance from the centroidal axis of the section to its extreme fiber in tension
𝐼𝑔 = gross moment of inertia of cross-section

CRACKED CONCRETE (ELASTIC STRESSES)

During the concrete cracked stage,

 Cracks spread up to the vicinity of the neutral axis.
 The neutral moves upward.
 The cracks occur at places along the beam where the actual moment is greater than the cracking moment.
 The steel resists all the tensile load.

In the concrete cracked stage, the compressive stresses vary linearly

with the distance from the neutral axis or as a straight line.
Valid for concrete stress,
𝑓𝑟 < 𝑓𝑐 < 0.50𝑓𝑐′
and steel stress,
𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦

4
When the bending moment is sufficiently large to cause the tensile stress in the extreme fibers to be greater than the modulus of
rupture, it is assumed that all of the concrete on the tensile side of the beam is cracked and must be neglected in the flexure
calculations.
Assumptions:
 Perfect bond is made between the reinforcing bars and the concrete on the tensile side of the beam.
 The strain in the concrete and in the steel will be equal at equal distances from the neutral axis.
Concrete and steel have different moduli of elasticity thus their
stresses are not the same. A transformed section is drawn
where the steel is converted to an equivalent concrete area, 𝑛𝐴𝑠 .
In calculating the equivalent concrete area 𝑛𝐴𝑠 , their stresses
are assumed to be in proportion to the ratio of their moduli of
elasticity.
The ratio of the steel modulus to the concrete modulus is called
the modular ratio, n:
𝐸𝑡
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐

NOMINAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Beyond the yield point of steel just before failure, the tensile cracks in the beam
move further upward. At this point, stresses are no longer proportional to
strains.
The compressive force in the concrete is equal to the volume of the stress block
𝐶 = 𝛼𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑐
The tensile force in the steel at failure is
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
Considering equilibrium at failure, we have 𝑇 = 𝐶.

The ACI Code permits the use of an equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution for nominal flexural strength. This stress
block is defined by the following:
1. A uniform compressive stress of 0.85𝑓′𝑐 shall be assumed distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by the
edges of the cross section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 from the concrete fiber
with the maximum compressive strain.

For a rectangular compression zone of constant width 𝑏 and depth to the neutral axis 𝑐, the resultant compressive force is
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏

2. The distance 𝑐 from the fiber of maximum compressive strain to the neutral axis is measure perpendicular to that axis.

5
3. The factor 𝛽1 is defined from ACI code section 22.2.2.43 and NSCP 2015
section 422.2.2.43:

For 17 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎,

𝛽1 = 0.85
For 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑐′ < 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
0.05 ′
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 𝑓𝑐 − 28
7
For 𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
𝛽1 = 0.65
To avoid potential errors of overestimating the moment capacity of the beam.
𝛽1 is limited to 0.65 for concrete strength 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and higher.
Values of 𝛽1 from tests of concrete prisms indicates that 0.65 leads to a
conservative design.

Nominal moment capacity of the beam, 𝑀𝑛 , is

𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑑 − =𝑇 𝑑−
2 2

Three types of reinforced concrete beams depending on the type of failure:

1. Balanced section – steel starts yielding when the concrete 2. Over-reinforced section – failure occurs by crushing of the
reaches its ultimate strain capacity (concrete crushes) of concrete long before steel reaches its yield strength.
𝜀𝑐 = 0.003. Beam is over-reinforced if 𝜀𝑠 < 𝜀𝑦 .

3. Under-reinforced section – failure occurs by yielding of steel long before concrete crushes. Beam is under-reinforced if 𝜀𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦

6
At balanced conditions concrete crushes and at the same time steel yields. In order to determine the amount of steel needed for
balanced conditions, it is necessary to know the required steel ratio at balanced conditions.
Steel ratio is defined by the equation
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
The steel ratio at balanced condition, 𝜌𝑏 , is used as a benchmark in order to determine whether the beam is under-reinforced or
over-reinforced.

From the strain diagram,

𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑠 𝑓𝑠
= =
𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑐
Rearranging
𝑑−𝑐 𝑓𝑠
=
𝑐 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
𝑑𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
𝑐=
𝑓𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
Since 𝑇 = 𝐶,

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

taking 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 and 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑,

𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠
𝑐=
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝛽1

Thus

𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠 𝑑𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
=
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝛽1 𝑓𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
𝜌=
𝑓𝑠 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠 + 𝑓𝑠

At balanced conditions 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 , 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 and 𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, we get the balanced steel ratio
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
On the basis of the balanced steel ratio two considerations can be made:
1. If the computed steel ratio 𝜌 of a rectangular section is less than 𝜌𝑏 , then the beam is classified as under-reinforced.
2. If the calculated steel ratio 𝜌 of a rectangular section is more than 𝜌𝑏 , then the beam is classified as over-reinforced.

The nominal moment capacity of balanced and under-reinforced sections where 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 .

𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2 2

7
For over-reinforced sections the concrete crushes before the tensile steel yields, thus there is a need to recalculate the actual depth
of the stress block in order to maintain equilibrium.

𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑠 𝑓𝑠
= =
𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑐
𝑑𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
𝑐=
𝑓𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
𝛽1 𝑑𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
𝑎=
𝑓𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
With 𝑇 = 𝐶,
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏
𝑓𝑠 =
𝐴𝑠
Substituting the first equation for a and rearranging we get,
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 2
𝑎 + 𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝑎 − 𝛽1 𝑑𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠 = 0
𝐴𝑠
A unique value for 𝑎 will be obtained and thus the nominal moment capacity can be expressed as
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2
Or
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 −
2

8
EXAMPLES
Uncracked Concrete Stage
The beam shown has a compressive strength of 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎,. It carries a bending moment of 𝑀 = 20 𝑘𝑁 −
𝑚. Determine the following:
a) The bending stresses at the top and bottom fiber of the beam
b) The bending stress in the steel
c) The cracking moment using normal weight concrete.

SOLUTION
a) Bending stresses at the top and bottom fibers
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
300 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 3
𝐼𝑔 = = 5.40 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12
The neutral axis is at the center due to symmetry, thus 𝑦 = 300 𝑚𝑚. Changing the units of the bending
moment to 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚, we have 𝑀 = 20 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚.
𝑀𝑦
𝑓=
𝐼
20 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 =
5.40 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝒇𝒕𝒐𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂
The beam is symmetrical, 𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝒇𝒃𝒐𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂

b) Bending stresses in the steel

𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝑛= =
𝐸𝑐 4700 𝑓𝑐′
200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛=
4700 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛 = 8.04
With 𝑦 = 225 𝑚𝑚,
20 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 225 𝑚𝑚
𝑓225 𝑚𝑚 =
5.40 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑓225 𝑚𝑚 = 0.83 𝑀𝑃𝑎
The stress obtained is for the concrete beam. Steel has a different modulus of elasticity so we need to
multiply the modular ratio to obtain the stress in the steel.
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓225 = 8.04 0.83 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂

9
c) Cracking moment
The modulus of rupture
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 1 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦
At the extreme tension fiber, 𝑦 = 300 𝑚𝑚
3.28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 5.40 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
300 𝑚𝑚
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

The 8 m simple beam has a compressive strength 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the allowable uniformly
distributed load should the beam not be allowed to crack.

SOLUTION
Locate the neutral axis
100 𝑚𝑚 400 𝑚𝑚
100 𝑚𝑚 700 𝑚𝑚 500 𝑚𝑚 − + 400 𝑚𝑚 300 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑦ത =
100 𝑚𝑚 700 𝑚𝑚 + 400 𝑚𝑚 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑦ത = 292.11 𝑚𝑚

The moment of inertia

700 𝑚𝑚 100 𝑚𝑚 3
𝐼𝑔 = + 700 𝑚𝑚 100 𝑚𝑚 450 𝑚𝑚 − 292.11 𝑚𝑚 2
12
300 𝑚𝑚 400 𝑚𝑚 3
+ + 300 𝑚𝑚 400 𝑚𝑚 292.11 𝑚𝑚 − 200 𝑚𝑚 2
12
𝐼𝑔 = 4.42 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
The modulus of rupture
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 1 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2.84 𝑀𝑃𝑎
The cracking moment
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦
At the extreme tension fiber, 𝑦 = 292.11 𝑚𝑚
2.84 𝑀𝑃𝑎 4.42 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
292.11 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 42.97 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 42.97𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
10
The simple beam has length of 8 𝑚
𝑤𝑙 2
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
8
8𝑀𝑐𝑟 8 42.97 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑤= 2 =
𝑙 8𝑚 2
𝒘 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

Cracked Concrete Stage

Compute the flexural stresses in the concrete and steel for the beam after the concrete has cracked. The beam
is reinforced with 4 − 28 𝑚𝑚 Ø bars. Use 𝑀 = 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 and 𝑛 = 8.

𝑥
400 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 6272𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 500 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 178.09 𝑚𝑚
Moment of inertia
400 𝑚𝑚 178.09 𝑚𝑚 3
𝐼𝑒 = + 6272𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 500 𝑚𝑚 − 178.09 𝑚𝑚 2
3
𝐼𝑒 = 2.79 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
Bending stresses, 𝑀 = 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 120 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 =
𝐼𝑒
120 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 178.09 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 =
2.79 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑀𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑓𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑒
6
8 120 × 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 500 𝑚𝑚 − 178.09 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 =
2.79 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Compute the flexural stresses in the concrete and steel for the beam after the concrete has cracked. The beam
is reinforced with 3 − 32 𝑚𝑚 Ø bars. Use 𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 and 𝑛 = 9.

11
SOLUTION
Assume the neutral axis is in the flange
𝜋 2
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 9 3 32 𝑚𝑚 = 6912𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑥
600 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 6912𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 600 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 175.33 𝑚𝑚 > 100 𝑚𝑚
The assumption is incorrect. Assume the neutral axis is in the web.
𝑥
600 𝑚𝑚 − 300 𝑚𝑚 100 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 − 50 𝑚𝑚 + 300 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 6912𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 600 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 183.39 𝑚𝑚 > 100 𝑚𝑚
It’s clear that the neutral axis is in the web.
Moment of inertia
300 𝑚𝑚 183.39 𝑚𝑚 3 300 𝑚𝑚 100 𝑚𝑚 3
𝐼𝑒 = +
3 12
+ 300 𝑚𝑚 100 𝑚𝑚 183.39 𝑚𝑚 − 50 𝑚𝑚 2
+ 6912𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 600 𝑚𝑚 − 183.39 𝑚𝑚 2
𝐼𝑒 = 4.94 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
Bending stresses, 𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 140 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 =
𝐼𝑒
6
140 × 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 183.39 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 =
4.94 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑀𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑓𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑒
9 140 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 − 183.39 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 =
4.94 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Compute the flexural stresses in the concrete and steel for the beam after the concrete has cracked. The beam
is reinforced with 4 − 25 𝑚𝑚 Ø bottom bars and 3 − 16 𝑚𝑚 Ø top bars. Use 𝑀 = 100 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 and 𝑛 = 8.

SOLUTION
Locating the neutral axis
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 8 4 25 𝑚𝑚 2 = 5000𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4
Because of the effect of creep, the compressive stress in the compression steel is twice than that carried by
concrete, hence, the modular ratio will be multiplied twice.

12
The space occupied by the rebar is deducted from the transformed area
2𝑛𝐴′𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 = 2𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠
𝜋
2𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 8 − 1 3 16 2 = 2880𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑥
300 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 + 2880𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝑥 − 75 𝑚𝑚 = 5000𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 500 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 169.86 𝑚𝑚
Moment of inertia
300 𝑚𝑚 169.86 𝑚𝑚 3
𝐼𝑒 = + 2880𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 169.86 − 75 𝑚𝑚 2
3
+ 5000𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 500 𝑚𝑚 − 169.86 𝑚𝑚 2
𝐼𝑒 = 2.28 × 109 𝑚𝑚4

Bending stresses, 𝑀 = 100 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 100 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

For concrete
𝑀𝑦𝑐
𝑓𝑐 =
𝐼𝑒
100 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 169.86 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐 =
2.28 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
For compression steel
𝑀𝑦𝑠′
𝑓𝑠′ = 2𝑛
𝐼𝑒
2 8 100 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 169.86 𝑚𝑚 − 75 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠′ =
2.28 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
′
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
For tension steel
𝑀𝑦𝑠
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑒
6
8 100 × 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 500 𝑚𝑚 − 169.86 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 =
2.28 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Nominal Flexural Strength
Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam if 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The beam is
reinforced by 3 − 32 𝑚𝑚∅ bars.

SOLUTION
Check if the type of beam based on failure
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝜋
32 𝑚𝑚 2
3
𝜌= 4 = 0.0134
300 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 13
Balanced steel ratio
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.85 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑏 = = 0.02881
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎 + 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌 < 𝜌𝑏
Beam is under-reinforced. Internal equilibrium of the beam yields
𝑇=𝐶

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
At failure, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝜋 2
3 32 𝑚𝑚 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 300 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑎 = 140.24 𝑚𝑚
At Nominal strength
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑑 −
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝜋 2
140.24 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 3 32 𝑚𝑚 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 600 𝑚𝑚 −
4 2
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam if 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The beam is
reinforced by 6 − 32 𝑚𝑚∅ bars.

14
SOLUTION
Identify the type of beam failure
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 6 32 𝑚𝑚 2
𝜌= = 4 = 0.02883
𝑏𝑑 325 𝑚𝑚 515 𝑚𝑚
Balanced steel ratio
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.85 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑏 = = 0.02161
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎 + 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏
Beam is over-reinforced.

Since 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏
𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑠
=
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠
𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠
=
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 =
𝑐
𝜀𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 0.85𝑐 𝑏
𝑐
𝜋 2
0.003 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 515 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑐
6 32 𝑚𝑚 = 0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.85 𝑐 325 𝑚𝑚
4 𝑐
𝑐 = 329.78 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 0.85 329.78 𝑚𝑚 = 280.31 𝑚𝑚

Nominal strength
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 −
2
0.003 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 515 𝑚𝑚 − 329.78 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = = 336.99 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
329.78 𝑚𝑚
Tension steel does not yield.
𝜋 2
280.31𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 6 32 𝑚𝑚 336.99 𝑀𝑃𝑎 515 𝑚𝑚 −
4 2
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

15