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BTMR1313 Assignment: Department of Electrical &electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

The document provides instructions for an electrical engineering assignment involving circuit analysis and troubleshooting of short circuits. It includes two appendices that describe questions involving: 1) Measuring short circuits in a circuit using multimeters, where measurements identify a short circuit bypassing resistors R8 and R9. 2) Designing a Wheatstone bridge circuit to function as a temperature sensor using a thermistor, with the design calibrated through numerical examples relating temperature increases to output voltage changes. Assumptions and circuit diagrams are provided, as well as tables showing resistances, voltages, and output values at different temperatures to generate a calibration equation.

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KAI ZHI LIM
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38 views

BTMR1313 Assignment: Department of Electrical &electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

The document provides instructions for an electrical engineering assignment involving circuit analysis and troubleshooting of short circuits. It includes two appendices that describe questions involving: 1) Measuring short circuits in a circuit using multimeters, where measurements identify a short circuit bypassing resistors R8 and R9. 2) Designing a Wheatstone bridge circuit to function as a temperature sensor using a thermistor, with the design calibrated through numerical examples relating temperature increases to output voltage changes. Assumptions and circuit diagrams are provided, as well as tables showing resistances, voltages, and output values at different temperatures to generate a calibration equation.

Uploaded by

KAI ZHI LIM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BTMR1313

ASSIGNMENT

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
Appendix 1

Question Number and Title:

Circuit diagrams: [obtain from the assignment, for example, figure 1.1]

Results: [to include theoretical calculation, Multisim screenshot and explanation of the
method used]

(a) Theoretical calculation

(b) Multisim Screenshot

(c) Multisim Screenshot + Explanation of the method

In order to identify the short circuit, we need to find if there are any paths with almost
zero resistance(perfect conductor). Multimeter/ammeter also can be used to check
current in each path if there is a path with current value close to 0A. Multimeter with
milliohm sensitivity is ideal as it is easier if it has a buzz function to alert for shorts.
Checking for burnt components also can check for short circuits. It's not hard to detect a
short circuit by looking for a cracked or blown or that familiar burnt scent. The
damaged component should be located and removed, and any traces connected to it
checked. A thermal camera is an alternative device to check for short circuits. When the
switch is closed, an excessive current may conduct and heat up the component. By
identifying the hotspot, we can trace back the shorted wire with a visual inspection. So, in
this case, multimeters are connected in series at 3 positions in a circuit that consists of
R7, R8 and R9. XMM1 is placed between node AB while XMM2 is placed between node
BC and XMM3 is placed between node BE. As a result, XMM1 and XMM3 show the
same result which is 2.128mA (total current) while XMM2 shows 0A. These mean that
when the current reached node B, it didn’t split; instead it just flowed to node E. Current
chose to flow toward node E as node E is assumed to be a perfect conductor (almost zero
resistance). Thus, the current bypass R8 and R9, short circuits occur.

(d) Multisim Screenshot + Explanation of the method


Appendix 2

Question Number and Title:

Results: [to include the Wheatstone bridge designed, numerical examples, explanation of
the method used and Multisim screenshots showing the operation of the sensosr]

(a) Circuit diagram of the Wheatstone bridge designed

The circuit arrangement of the Wheatstone bridge is shown below. This


circuit is designed with four arms, namely AB, BC, CD and AD and consists of
electrical resistance P, Q, R and S. Among these four resistances, P and Q are
known fixed electrical resistances. A voltmeter is connected in parallel between
terminals B and D by Z2 switch. A switch Z1 connects the voltage source to the A
and C terminals. An adjustable resistor S is connected between terminals C and D.
When the variable resistor is adjusted, the potential at terminal D changes. The
current I1 is flowing through point ADC while the current I2 is flowing through
point ABC. A variation in the resistance value of arm CD will result in a variation
in the I2 current.

By adjusting the variable resistance, we might be able to get back to the


original thing once the voltage across the resistor S, that is I2S, becomes specifically
capable of the voltage across the resistor I1Q. This means that the potential of point
B is equal to the potential of point D, so the potential difference between these two
points is zero, therefore there is no current flowing through the BD. When the Z 2
switch is closed, the voltmeter is equal to zero.
Assumption:

● Voltage of source has a fixed value


● Other 2 resistors resistance are fixed
●

(b) Circuit diagram of the Wheatstone bridge designed


Explanation of how the circuit is designed (state all assumption made)

A temperature transducer can be built with Wheatstone bridge by replacing R 2 with a


thermistor and three fixed resistors. The voltage source needs to be assumed as a fixed
value first. Next, the thermistor is also assumed to have a nominal value so that it has a
fixed resistance when there is no increment in temperature. Not only that, the resistance
of the thermistor is assumed to increase when the temperature increases. Other 3
resistors are selected to make the Wheatstone Bridge become balanced (V output = 0).
Furthermore, two multimeters will be connected parallelly with thermistor and R 4 to
measure their resistance. By doing so, we are able to find the voltage used by thermistor
and R4 with voltage divider formula,

Rx
V x= (V )
RT T

where Vx is voltage of specific resistor, Rx is resistance of specific resistor , VT is the total


voltage and RT is the total resistance that involve in sharing. Besides, voltage output,
Voutput also can be calculated by finding the potential difference between R2 and R4. A
graph of rising in temperature versus Voutput can be done in order to get a calibration
equation. As a result, we can calculate the rising in temperature by substituting a value
for the Voutput and vice versa.

Assumptions :

● R2 is thermistor
● Voltage of the source has a fixed value
● Nominal value of R2 is fixed (when no temperature increase)
● Thermistor resistor increase when temperature increase
● The other 3 resistors are selected to balance Wheatstone bridge (V output = 0)
● No heat = no output voltage

Numerical example (Calibration and Operation)

For example, a thermistor that has a nominal value of 250 Ω is placed in the Wheatstone
bridge. The other 3 resistors are selected as 200Ω, 160Ω and 200Ω respectively to balance
it. The rising of temperature is increased by 50⁰C gradually, and the resistance of
thermistor are recorded. Next , voltage divider used to calculate the voltage for
thermistor and R4. Voutput also recorded in a table in order to plot a graph of rising in
temperature versus Voutput . With the aid of graph, a calibration equation can be form.
The increment of temperature can be calculated by substitute the output voltage into the
equation.
Rising in R2 (Ω) VR2 (V) VR4 (V) Voutput (V)
temperature
(⁰C)

0 250 5.5556 5.5556 0.0000

50 307 6.0552 5.5556 0.4993

100 381 6.5577 5.5556 1.0021

150 479 7.0545 5.5556 1.4989

200 618 7.5550 5.5556 1.9994

250 829 8.0564 5.5556 2.5008

300 1185 8.5560 5.5556 3.0004


From point (0,0) and (300,3.0004)

y−0 3.0004−0
=
x−0 300−0

y
=0.01
x

y=0.01 x

where y is Voutput and x is the rising in temperature


(c) Multisim screenshots for (a)

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