ARDUINO

What is Arduino?

According to the study conducted by Ismailov and Jo‘rayev entitled "Study of Arduino microcontroller
board.", it is mentioned that an open-source microcontroller called an Arduino can be updated at any
time and is simple to program. In 2005, the first Arduino was released. The Arduino microcontroller was
initially created for experts and students to create gadgets that can communicate with their
surroundings via sensors.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359502443_Study_of_arduino_microcontroller_board

Working Principle of Arduino

According to the paper established by Leo Louis entitled "Working Principle of Arduino and Using it as a
Tool for Study and Research." (April 2016), he elaborated that "It is also capable (Arduino) of receiving
and sending information over the internet with the help of various Arduino shields, which are
discussed in this paper. Arduino uses a hardware known as the Arduino development board and
software for developing the code known as the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment).
Built up with the 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller's that are manufactured by Atmel or a 32-bit
Atmel ARM, these microcontrollers can be programmed easily using the C or C++ language in the Arduino
IDE."

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326316390_Working_Principle_of_Arduino_and_Using_it_a
s_a_Tool_for_Study_and_Research

Application of Arduino

According to the study conducted by Kaswan, Singh, and Sagar (January 2020) entitled “Role Of Arduino
In Real World Applications.”, they have concluded that “there are number of application areas for
Arduino board, we highlight as many references as possible, however it may also be possible that we
missed out some areas. Based on this paper, we found that this is well suited for smart homes, medical,
and body control systems. It is hoped that this paper will benefit computer scientist who are keen to
contribute their works to the field of automation.”

https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/jan2020/Role-Of-Arduino-In-Real-World-Applications-.pdf
What is PIR Sensor?

The intrinsic heat detection and measurement capabilities of pyroelectric material-based passive
infrared (PIR) sensors enable them to identify any heat-emitting body moving in front of them. This 'on
the fly' presence identification has found several applications. (Sujay Narayana et al., 2015)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289446262_PIR_sensors

According to the article published by Jeremy S. Cook a Mechanical Engineer on September 2018, entitled
“The Right Tool for the Job: Active and Passive Infrared Sensors”, a pair of pyroelectric sensors are used
by passive infrared (PIR) sensors to identify heat energy in the surrounding area. These two sensors are
placed next to one another, and the sensor will activate if the signal difference between them changes
(a human entering the room, for example). That could imply that it sets off an alert, contacts the police,
or perhaps puts on a floodlight. Each of the two pyroelectric sensors is focused by IR radiation using a
set of lenses that serve as the housing for the sensor. The device's sensing area is expanded by these
lenses.

https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/understanding-active-and-passive-infrared-
sensors#:~:text=How%20Do%20PIR%20Sensors%20Work,)%2C%20the%20sensor%20will%20engage.

Application of PIR Sensor – Related Studies

A study conducted Gopal Chandra Nepal et al. published on June 2013, entitled “Passive Infrared (PIR)
Sensor Based Security System” concluded that “Despite certain lag times when recording the video, it
was found that the suggested approach can conserve recording system memory as it begins recording as
soon as the camera is turned ON. Additionally, since the lighting system only turns on when the PIR
sensor is triggered, the electricity used by it at night can be decreased. Only when an intruder is within
the PIR sensor's detecting range do the webcam and lights system turn on.”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250928842_Passive_Infrared_PIR_Sensor_Based_Security_S
ystem

According to the study conducted by Moe Myint Thu et al. published on December 2020, entitled
“Security System with PIR Sensor”, they concluded that “The human motion across the entire area can
detect by altering the infrared radiation by means of passive infrared sensor (PIR). The uses of PIR sensor
are very applicable for security. In addition, the design of the system is efficient in energy consumption
and it also applicable in the area of low energy supply or inadequate electricity supply. The operation of
the circuit is simple and easy to install in any condition.”

https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1702566.pdf?fbclid=IwAR157Jru5AVBVj0VUf5MfiEhRqjng
WKt0RYN8Mio1xdkGncwZvnhdBAX5Po
Sujay Narayana et al. conducted a study entitled “PIR sensors” published on April 2015, they concluded
that “PIR sensors are typically employed to produce a binary output to detect moving objects inside their
field of view (FoV). This restricts the data that may be gathered about the targeted. So, using the analog
signals from the sensors, we were able to simply record movement's speed, angle, and other
characteristics. We employed a tower with a pair of spot sensors and a pair of multi-lens sensors to
successfully record the analog signals. We offered a complete characterization of analog signals using
the tower. Additionally, we adjusted each sensor's gain to cover a variety of ranges. Additionally, we
discovered an empirical relationship between the peak-peak amplitude and range for multi-lens sensors.
This gives us a starting point for investigating localization options.”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289446262_PIR_sensors?fbclid=IwAR3GDeTRvbVmNVlDIBpP
YqjkLVCglQBG7ackRzued0QTQS2ucZTq7JqTgog

In the study conducted by Yogesh Pawar et al. published on April 2018 entitled “Motion Detection Using
PIR Sensor” it is mentioned that the sensors called Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors (PIR). which are
primarily employed for low-cost surveillance. Due to their PIR sensors' high-end sensitivity and region of
detection are widely used in security. PIR sensors work quite well in humans. animal detection, too.
They are typically utilized to initiate an alarm for intruders and turn on lights and other existence of a
person. However, the sensor's output is in proportion to various temporal connections between an item
in the sensor's area of vision, sensitivity of the sensor, PIR lens characteristics, and ambient heat
conditions.

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i4/IRJET-
V5I41050.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3mU4jvaHBFcbq5Q_Zt7cFC82uLE8-O2jrUJ8tB4hZR9tuuVepusVULdPU

PIR sensor is suggested as a technique for telling a human from a pet inside of a smart environment or
structure that. Two HMMs for humans and pets are supplied with wavelet-based features that are
extracted from PIR sensor outputs. The HMMs corresponding to human and pet models are trained
using sensor recordings of various human and animal actions. The probabilities of each HMM are used
to perform classification. This sensor can be used in conjunction with a system based on cameras or as a
supplementary sensor. The suggested method can be further enhanced to handle causes of false alarms
like howling winds, barking dogs, slamming doors, and so forth. Training models that are comparable to
those described in this chapter can help with this. Additionally, it can be utilized to strengthen camera-
based systems both inside and outside of intelligent buildings. (Emin Birey Soyer, July 2009)

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52925329.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0zJsob314XUa4QjxRnaMp1MVMJpialyxe-
MoH59mQWdS95GBATVjJUSYw
A study conducted by Sayo Akinloye Akinwumi et al. published on February 2021, entitled “Arduino
Based Security System using Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Sensor” concludes that “Advancement in
innovation and technology has significantly improved security in our regular day to day existence. This
research focuses on how to configure a simple home security framework using a PIR sensor (Passive
Infra-Red) in light of a microcontroller. This safety will work if the PIR (Passive Infra-Red) sensor
recognizes any individual that would not like to go into the house, and afterward the micro-controller
process and instructs a mobile phone to send an alarm signal in the form of Short Message Service
(SMS). This work has shown that utilization of Sensors ought to be utilized in shops and homes in Nigeria
and African nations in this way. This task can be of acceptable use and be mass produced economically
to be applied in different houses, shops, and even in vehicles.”