General Physics:

1 For constant motion: ‘v’ is the velocity in m/s, ‘s’ is the

= distance or displacement in meters
and ‘t’ is the time in sec
2 For acceleration ‘a’ − u is the initial velocity, v is the final
=
velocity and t is the time
3 Graph: in velocity-time
graph the area under the Area of a rectangular shaped graph = base × height
graph is the total Area of triangular shaped graph = ½ × base × height
distance covered
4 Weight is the force of w is the weight in newton (N), m is
gravity and mass is the = × the mass in kg and g is acceleration
amount of matter due to gravity = 10 m/s2
3
5 Density ‘ρ’ in kg/m m is the mass and V is the volume
=
(ρ is the rhoo)
6 Force F in newtons (N) = × m is the mass and a is acceleration
7 Terminal Velocity: ℎ ( )= ( )
falling with air resistance implies no net force, therefore no acceleration, constant velocity
8 Hooke’s Law F is the force, x is the extension in
= ×
meters and k is the spring constant
9 Moment of a force in N.m = × d is the perpendicular distance from
(also turning effect) the pivot and F is the force
10 Law of moment or =
equilibrium => × = ×
11 Conditions of Equilibrium Net force on x-axis=zero, net force on y-axis= zero, net moment=zero
11 Work done W joules (J) = × F is the force and d is the distance
covered by an object same direction
12 Kinetic Energy Ek in 1 m is the mass(kg) and v is the
joules (J) = × × velocity (m/s)
2
13 Potential Energy ∆Ep in Δ = × × Δℎ m is mass (kg) and g is gravity and
joules (J) ∆h is the height from the ground
14 Law of conservation of =
energy: 1
× ×ℎ = × ×
2
15 Power in watts (W) Power is the rate of doing work or
= rate of transferring the energy from
one form to another
=
16 Efficiency:
= × 100
17 Pressure p in pascal (Pa) F is the force in newton (N) and A is
= the area in m2
18 Pressure p due to liquid ρ is the density in kg/m3, h is the
= × ×ℎ height or depth of liquid in meters
and g is the gravity
5
19 Atmospheric pressure P=760mmHg = 76cm Hg =1.01x10 Pa
20 Energy source renewable can be reused non-renewable cannot be reused
Hydroelectric eg dam, waterfall Chemical energy eg petrol, gas
Geothermal eg from earth’s rock Nuclear fission eg from uranium
Solar eg with solar cell
Wind energy eg wind power station
Tidal/wave energy eg tide in ocean
 Thermal Physics:
1 Boyle’s law: Pressure and volume pV=constant p1 and p2 are the two pressures in Pa
are inversely proportional ∝ × = × and V1 and V2 are the two volumes in m3
2 Thermal Expansion (Linear) L =  ×Lo ×
Lo is the original length in meters,
 is the change in temperature in oC,
L is the change in length in meters (L1- Lo) and
 is the linear expansivity of the material
3 Thermal Expansion (Cubical) Vo is the original volume in m3,
V =  Vo 
 is the change in temperature in oC,V is
 = 3 the change in volume in m3 (V1- Vo) and
 is the cubical expansivity of the material.
4 Charle’s Law: V is the volume in m3 and T is the temperature
=
Volume is directly proportional to in kelvin (K).
absolute temperature
=
∝
5 Pressure Law: = p is the pressure in Pa and T is the
Pressure of gas is directly temperature in Kelvin (K).
proportional to the absolute =
temperature ∝
6 Gas Law (combining above laws) In thermal physics the symbol θ is used for
=
celsius scale and T is used for kelvin scale.
=
7 Specific Heat Capacity: c is the specific heat capacity in J/(kg oC),
Amount of heat energy required to = Q is the heat energy supplied in joules (J),
×∆
raise the temperature of 1 kg mass m is the mass in kg and Δθ is the change in
by 1oC. temperature
8 Thermal Capacity: amount of heat Thermal capacity=m×c The unit of thermal capacity is J/oC.
require to raise the temperature of
a substance of any mass by 1oC ℎ =
∆
9 Specific latent heat of fusion Lf is the specific latent heat of fusion in J/kg or J/g,
=
(from solid to liquid) Q is the total heat in joules (J),
m is the mass of liquid change from solid in kg or g.
10 Specific latent heat of vaporization Lv is the specific latent heat of vaporization in J/kg or
=
(from liquid to vapour) J/g, Q is the total heat in joules (J), m is the mass of
vapour change from liquid in kg or g.
11 Thermal or heat transfer In solid = conduction
In liquid and gas = convection and also convection current
(hot matter goes up and cold matter comes down)
In vacuum = radiation
12 Emitters and Radiators Dull black surface = good emitter, good radiator, bad reflector
Bright shiny surface = poor emitter, poor radiator, good reflector
13 Another name for heat radiation Infrared radiation or radiant heat
14 Melting point Change solid into liquid, energy weaken the molecular bond, no
change in temperature, molecules move around each other
15 Boiling point Change liquid into gas, energy break molecular bond and
molecules escape the liquid, average kinetic energy increase, no
change in temperature, molecule are free to move
16 Condensation Change gas to liquid, energy release, bonds become stronger
17 Solidification Change liquid to solid, energy release bonds become very strong
18 Evaporation Change liquid to gas at any temperature, temperature of liquid
decreases, happens only at the surface
 Waves, light and sound:
1 Wave motion Transfer of energy from one place to another
2 Frequency f Number of cycle or waves in one second, unit hertz (Hz)
3 Wavelength λ Length of one complete waves, unit, meters (m)
4 Amplitude a Maximum displacement of medium from its mean position, meters
5 wavefront A line on which the disturbance of all the particles are at same point from
the central position eg a crest of a wave is a wavefront
6 Wave equation 1 = × v is the speed of wave in m/s, f is the frequency in
(hertz) Hz, λ is the wavelength in meters
7 Wave equation 2 1 T is the time period of wave in seconds
=
8 Movement of particles Longitudinal waves=> back and forth parallel to the direction of the waves
of the medium Transverse waves=> perpendicular to the direction of the waves
9 Law of reflection Angle of incidence i = angel of reflection
=
10 Refraction From lighter to denser medium → light bend towards the normal
From denser to lighter medium → light bend away from the normal
11 Refractive index n ∠ ℎ
(Refractive index = =
∠ ℎ
has not units)
12 Diffraction Bending of waves around the edges of a hard surface
13 Dispersion Separation of different waves according to colours or frequency for example
by using prism
14 Image from a plane mirror Virtual, upright, same size and laterally inverted and same distance from
the mirror inside
15 Image from a convex lens When close: virtual, enlarge, upright
When far: real, small, upside down
16 Image from a concave lens Virtual, upright, small
17 Critical angle When light goes from denser to lighter medium, the incident angle at
which the reflected angle is 90o, is called critical angle.
18 Total internal reflection When light goes from denser to lighter medium, the refracted ray bend
(TIR) inside the same medium called (TIR) eg optical fibre
19 Electromagnetic Spectrum: travel in vacuum, oscillating electric and magnetic fields
←λ (decrease) and f (increase) λ (increases) and f (decrease)→
Gammas X-Rays Ulra violet Visible Infrared Micro Radio waves
rays rays (light) rays rays waves
20 Gamma rays: for killing cancer cells Visible light: light rays, monochromatic means one colour
X-rays: in medicine Infrared: remote controls, treatment of muscular pain
UV rays: for sun tan and sterilization Micro waves: international communication, mobile phones
of medical instruments Radio waves: radio and television communication
21 Colours of visible light Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
-7
VIBGYO R wavelengths 4×10 m 7×10-7m
22 Speed of light waves or In air: 3×108m/s In water: In glass:
8
electromagnetic waves 2.25×10 m/s 2×108m/s
23 Light wave Transverse electromagnetic waves
24 Sound wave are particles of the medium come close to each other → compression
longitudinal waves particles of the medium move away → rarefaction
25 Echo 2× v is the speed of sound waves,
= d is the distance in meters between source and the
reflection surface and t is the time for echo
26 Properties of sound Pitch is similar to the frequency of the wave
waves Loudness is similar to the amplitude of the wave
27 Speed of sound waves Air : Water: Concrete : Steel:
330-340 m/s 1400 m/s 5000 m/s 6000–7000 m/s
Electricity and magnetism:
1 Ferrous Materials Attracted by magnet and can be iron, steel, nickel and cobalt
magnetized (iron temporary and steel permanent)
2 Non-ferrous materials Not attracted by magnet and copper, silver, aluminum, wood, glass
cannot be magnetized
3 Electric field The space or region around a charge where a unit charge experience force
Direction is outward from positive charge and inward into negative charge
4 Electric field intensity Amount force exerted by the E is the electric field intensity in N/C
charge on a unit charge (q) placed
at a point in the field =
5 Current (I): Rate of flow I is the current in amperes (A),
of charges in conductor = Q is the charge in coulombs (C)
t is the time in seconds (s)
6 Current In circuits the current always choose the easiest path
7 Ohms law Voltage across the resistor is V is the voltage in volts (V),
directly proportional to current, I is the current in amperes (A) and
V⋉ I provided if the physical R is resistance in ohms (Ω)
conditions remains same =
8 Voltage (potential Energy per unit charge q is the charge in coulombs (C),
difference) V is the voltage in volts (V)
= = Energy is in joules (J)
ℎ
9 E.M.F. E.M.F. = lost volts inside the power source + terminal potential difference
Electromotive force EMF=Ir+IR
10 Resistance and resistivity R is the resistance a resistor,
= L is the length of a resistor in meters
ρ is the resistivity of resistor in Ω.m A is the area of cross-section of a
resistor in m2
11 Circuit In series circuit→ the current stays the same and voltage divides
In parallel circuit → the voltage stays the same and current divides
12 Resistance in series = + +
1 1 1 1 R, R1, R2 and R3 are resistances of
13 Resistance in parallel
= + + resistors in ohms
14 Potential divider or
=
potentiometer
15 Potential divider
=( )× =( )×
+ +
16 Power P is the power in watts (W)
= × = × =
17 Power The unit of energy is joules (J)
=
18 Diode Semiconductor device... current pass only in one direction, rectifier
19 Transistor Semiconductor device works as a switch , collector, base, emitter
20 Light dependent resistor LED resistor depend upon light, brightness increases the resistance decrease
21 Thermistor Resistor depend upon temperature, temperature increase resistance decrease
22 Capacitor Parallel conductor with insulator in between to store charges
23 Relay Electromagnetic switching device
24 Fleming’s RH or LH rule thuMb First finger seCond finger
Direction of motion Direction of magnetic field Direction of current
25 Transformer Vp and Vs are the voltages; np and ns are the no of turns
= in primary and secondary coils
26 Transformer = Power in primary coil =Power in secondary coil
× = × Ip and Is the currents in primary and secondary coil

=
27 E.M induction Emf or current is induced in a conductor when it cuts the magnetic field lines
28 a.c. generator Produce current, use Fleming’s right hand rule
29 d.c. motor Consume current, use Fleming’s left hand rule
30 Logic Gates AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate NAND Gate NOR Gate
1 2 out 1 2 out in out 1 2 out 1 2 out
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
31 Cathode rays Stream of electrons emitted from heated metal (cathode). This process is
called thermionic emission.
32 CRO Horizontal or y-plates for vertical movement of electron beam
Timebase or x-plates for horizontal movement

Atomic Physics:
1 Alpha particles Double positive charge
α-particles Helium nucleus
Stopped by paper
Highest ionization potential

2 Beta-particles Single negative charge

β-particles Fast moving electrons
Stopped by aluminum
Less ionization potential
3 Gamma-particles No charge
γ-rays Electromagnetic radiation
Only stopped by thick a sheet of lead
Least ionization potential
4 Half-life Time in which the activity or mass of substance becomes half
5 Atomic symbol A is the total no of
protons and neutrons
Z is the total no of protons
6 Isotopes Same number of protons but different number of
neutrons